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최수영 한국전략문제연구소 1996 전략연구 Vol.3 No.2
North Korea appears to be undergoing considerable changes. In particular, social and economic changes which are unfavorable to North Korea, are noticeable. Due to economic stagnation after the mid-1980s and economic recession in the 1990s, the economy has deteriorated. In addition, this economic crisis incurred a lot of absurdities and deviant activities in the society and economy. Judging from this situation, some reports say that North Korea stands on the brink of collapse and that the collapse is only a matter of time. The North Korean people are suffering from triple difficulties, that is, food, energy and foreign currency shortages. The deep-seated problems of the North Korean economy are the structural dilemma and inefficiency which have been accumulated since the mid-1960s. Breakup of economic relations with other socialist countries is one of the major causes of economic recession in North Korea in the 1990s. Joint venture projects and limited opening policies, such as Rajin-Sonbong Free Economic and Trade Zone, which North Korea tried to avoid the economic stagnation, failed to attain the desired result This also aggravated its economic difficulties. Even the nature gave disasters to North Korea, namely the three bad floods in the summer of 1995. Present structure of the social class in North Korea is a product of the social control policy which sustain the North Korean society. For the past twenty years, the social status of the people has generally improved on the surface. However, considering the privilege of the nucleus class, which actually rules the North Korean society, has remained unchanged. We can realize how difficult and hard it is to rise in social status in North Korea. The North has consolidated a structure which is thoroughly ruled by the nucleus class, more particularly a certain power elite. Even in such a society in North Korea, office workers and professional workers, who are called the "new middle class" or "working intellectuals," grew larger in numbers and improved in their knowledge. The North Korean authorities is worrying that these intellectuals may possibly convert into critics or unstable forces against the North Korean regime. Judging from such an anxiety, we can say that they brought more likelihood that North Korea will change. In addition, real earning differentials between nucleus class and non-nucleus one widened further apart. Even urbanization and improvement in education could possibly exert an undesirable effect on North Korea because it has been a strictly controlled society. With deteriorating economy, North Korean people cannot live on daily rations provided by the state. Under this serious situation, the people themselves cannot but seek self-help to make up with shortage of daily necessities and low-quality food. In this process, people begin to learn capitalistic means of living, as well as trends of individualism and materialism proliferated. Bribery became daily practice among all the people ranging from common citizen to senior officials. Pilferage and embezzlement are prevalent. Such deviant activities of North Koreans were not limited within domestic problems but extended to breaking away from their regime for exile abroad. Another noticeable phenomenon since the mid-1990s, which is different from the past, is the increasing number of escapees including people in high class. Escapees, who were the North Korean elites before, imply clear evidence that something is wrong with the North Korean regime. Peasants are rarely estranged from their regime because their mobility is restricted more than other classes. Worsening economic difficulties transformed the North Korean socio-economic structure into a dual structure between official and non-official spheres. In addition, non-official one grew larger. Expansion of non-official sphere hinders fulfillment of state's plan, and it subsequently reproduces on an enlarged scale laxity and instability in the North Korean regime. A typical example of non-official sphere relates with the black market and high prices in peasants' market where some trade is allowed. Sufferers from this dual structure consist of common people who are politically, economically and socially inferior. In the past, the biggest complaint of non-nucleus class was disadvantage in politics, but they are now suffering directly from the disadvantage in material side attributed to the dual structure of society and economy. It is, therefore, possible that a conflict could emerge between nucleus class, beneficiaries of the dual structure, and non-nucleus one, the victims of the same structure. Such a class conflict is considered direct factor which will weaken binding and controlling power of the socialist system. Kim Jong-il regime could, therefore, possibly be in an early stage of crisis which is very similar to that of East" European communist countries that collapsed in the late 1980s. We can not, however, conclude at present that this crisis will lead to a collapse of the entire North Korea. In spite of those adverse conditions, the party's control - with militarized measure - is intact. The military is still strong and people are accustomed to hardships. The North Korean regime is, therefore, expected to survive yet under deteriorating and unstable situations.
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최수영 한국경제연구원 2015 한국경제연구원 정책연구 Vol.2015 No.30
본 보고서에서는 북한의 대중국 지하자원 수출이 감소하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 북한의 대중 지하자원 수출액은 2013년 18.4억 달러로 최대치를 기록했지만, 2014년에 들어 15.2억 달러로 감소했다. 북한의 대중 수출 품목 중 지하자원이 차지하는 비중도 2013년 63.2%에서 2014년 53.7%로 줄었다. 최수영 한경연 초빙연구위원은 “2013년을 기준으로 북한의 대중 수출액은 29.1억 달러였는데 그 중 지하자원 품목의 수출액은 18.4억 달러로 전체 대중 수출의 절반 이상을 차지하고 있다”며, “북한의 총수출 감소현상은 대중 자원수출액 감소가 크게 작용한 결과”라고 주장했다. 최근 2015년 3분기까지도 주력 수출품목인 광물자원의 대중 수출 감소 현상이 이어지고 있다. 보고서는 “북한이 2010년에 들어 플러스 성장을 거둘 수 있었던 것은 풍부한 지하자원과 양질의 노동력을 활용해 중국과의 무역을 확대했기 때문”이라며, “북한의 대중 지하자원 수출 감소가 지속되면 외화확보에 큰 타격을 입을 수 있다”고 주장했다. 2013년 북한의 대중 수출액은 29.1억 달러로 총 수출액 32.1억 달러의 90.5%였으며 2014년 북한의 총 수출액 대비 대중수출액 비중은 89.8%였다. 최 초빙연구위원은 특히 2010년 ‘5·24 조치’ 이후 북한이 남북교역 중단에 따른 경화 수입 감소분을 만회하기 위해 대중국 수출 확대에 집중하면서 북한이 경제운용에 필요한 외화를 확보할 수 있었다고 설명했다. 그는 또 “중국의 자원 수요 증가와 원자재 국제가격 상승이 북한의 대중 지하자원 수출 확대를 견인했는데, 최근 중국의 경제성장률이 하락하면서 자원 수요가 감소하고 환경규제가 강화되는 등 수출 환경이 개선될 여지가 낮은 것으로 보인다”고 설명했다. 보고서는 다만 북한의 총 수출에서 지하자원이 차지하고 있는 비중이 50% 이상을 넘어서고 있기 때문에 여전히 광물자원 수출은 북한의 주된 외화 획득원으로 볼 수 있다고 주장했다. 실제로 개성공단의 북한 노동자에 지급되는 임금은 연간 약 1억 달러인데 반해, 북한의 무연탄 수출액은 연간 10억 달러 이상에 달하는 것으로 나타났다. 최 초빙연구위원은 “북한의 4차 핵실험과 장거리 미사일 발사로 유엔을 통한 강도 높은 대북제재 결의안이 마련되고 있는 가운데, 국제사회의 대북경제제재는 북한의 주된 외화 획득 통로인 대중국 지하자원 수출을 차단할 때 실효성을 높일 수 있다”며, 중국의 대북제제 참여가 시급하게 필요하다고 주장했다.
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친환경농업을 기반으로 하는 에너지 순환형 마을조성 모델개발에 관한 연구
최수영,유덕기 한국유기농업학회 2010 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.18 No.2
The green craze has hit all the world lately. The green revolution which means immense changes for sustainable development under the new environment-economy system is foretelling that we should have new angle to the environment and economy. This paper is about the development of the model and indicators for construction of ECO(Energy Circulating Organic)-Village which is the green growth option of local community. This model is composed of three concepts - SPDC (about procedural methodology of Model), Virtuous Circle (about functional relationships of three requisites), Network (about spatial relationships between communities) - and evaluation indicators. Environment, tourism, industry (Energy & Organic Agriculture) are set as the three requisites for green growth of local community. Nations of the world plunge into the green war which is silent, general, sweeping changes. We can not win this war with the existing thinking system and policy. We need revolutionary changes reconsidering of environmental value and sustainable development strategy of the region. Each of us should go through the changes and this work would be the one among those efforts.
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STRONG COHOMOLOGICAL RIGIDITY OF A PRODUCT OF PROJECTIVE SPACES
최수영,서동엽 대한수학회 2012 대한수학회보 Vol.49 No.4
We prove that for a toric manifold (respectively, a quasitoric manifold) M, any graded ring isomorphism $H^*(M){\rightarrow}H^*({\Pi}_{i=1}^{m}\mathbb{C}P^{ni})$ can be realized by a diffeomorphism (respectively, a homeomorphism) ${\Pi}_{i=1}^{m}\mathbb{C}P^{ni}{\rightarrow}M$.
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