朝鮮時代 文科及第者의 分館實態에 관한 硏究 - 1623년~1720년 시기를 중심으로 -

이창걸 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2009 한국학논총 Vol.31 No.-

This is to study the appointment tendency of passers of the Munkwa Examination (文科及第者, Civil Service Examination) to the temporary office positions (Bungwanjik, 分館職) in Samgwan (三館, Three Influential Offices) before they were trusted with first official duty in the government of Joseon dynasty. The temporary post is similar to the internship of these days. I made research on the appointment patterns of the passers of civil service examination to the temporary posts of Three Influential Offices (Bungwanjik, 分館職) and the periods needed for the promotion to their highest governmental posts (最高職) from the initial office duties (初職) with sample group. As we can see in any other researches, the promotion process is not easy as a bureaucrat in Joseon dynasty. At the time being temporarily appointed as intern in Samgwan (三館, Three Influential Offices), meaning Seonggyungwan(成均館), Seungmunwon(承文院) and Gyoseogwan (校書館), the passers were already discriminated. Gyoseogwan Bungwan official (校書館 分館者) were shut out of the route to key positions of the government. Those Gyoseogwan (校書館) officials were mainly born of concubine and from the northwestern provinces of Joseon. Mostly, they were appointed to the positions outside the capital (外官職) and other marginal governmental offices. Their elevation route looks very simple relatively to the other groups. On the other side, Seungmunwon (承文院) was regarded as more important government division than Gyoseogwan (校書館) even in the time of temporary appointment to the Three Influential Offices (三館分館). The passers of the Munkwa Examination who were appointed to the Seungmunwon (承文院), generally inhabited in Hanseongbu (漢城府, capital area of Joseon), were descendants of good families in power. Those who were appointed to the Seonggyungwan were descendants of Ruling Elites inhabiting in local areas of Joseon (在地士族). The Gyoseogwan (校書館) officials were obviously treated discriminatingly than Seungmunwon and Seonggyungwan. While Seungmunwon (承文院) officials advanced to Seungjeongwon (承政院), Yemungwan (藝文館), Sejasigangwon (世子侍講院), Uigeumbu (義禁府), and offices outside the capital (外官職) as their first office duties (初職) and Seonggyungwan (成均館) officials advanced mainly to Seonggyungwan (成均館), Seungjeongwon (承政院), Six Ministries (六曹), and offices outside the capital (外官職), and the Gyoseogwan (校書館) officials were mostly ordained to the offices outside the capital (外官職). In the temporary appointment and promotion process thereafter of the Munkwa examination (文科) passers, family background (出身背景) and the lineages class (門地) were the most important factor. Those who were appointed as Seungmunwon (承文院) officials built up the power bloc (權力同盟) through their superior family power and marital connection (婚姻網). Comparing to the Seungmunwon Bungwan officials (承文院 分館者), the Seonggyungwan Bungwan officials (成均館 分館者) were inferior in family background(出身背景) and influence(影響力). The Gyoseogwan Bungwan officials' (校書館 分館者) were in lowest class for family lineage(門地). The passers who were residing in Hanseongbu(漢城府) were mostly appointed to Seungmunwon and Seonggyungwan in their internship period. They were positioned at Chamha Cheongyojik(參下 淸要職), for example Seungjeongwon(承政院), Seonggyungwan(成均館), Samsa(三司) and Sejasigangwon(世子侍講院) as their first office duties. 본 논문은 조선시대 문과급제자들의 分館 실태와 그 경향성을 살펴보려고 하였다. 문과 급제자들 중에서 일정한 부분을 표본으로 추출하여, 이들의 분관유형과 분관직에서 初職으로 임명되는 시기, 그들의 초직에서 최고관직으로 이르기까지 소요되는 기간을 추정하여 보았다. 실제 이들의 관직 승진 조사에서 드러난 것은 기존의 연구와 마찬가지로 조선시대에 관료들의 승진과정이 순탄하지 않음을 알 수 있다. 또 三館으로 分館되는 시점에서 성균관, 승문원, 교서관에서 이미 차별화가 되고 있었다. 교서관은 핵심관직으로 승진하는 과정에서 배제되어 왔으며 교서관 분관자에는 서북지역의 인물과 庶子 출신이 포함되어 있었으며, 이들의 관직임명에 있어서 대부분은 外官職과 기타 주변부(Marginal) 관직에 임명되고 있었다. 관직의 경로도 비교적 단순한 유형을 보여주고 있다. 반면 승문원은 교서관에 비해 분관되는 시점에서 이미 핵심 관직으로 주목받고 있었다. 승문원에 분속되는 급제자들은 주로 한성부에 거주하며 그들의 가문과 威勢가 매우 높은 名文家들의 후예임이 밝혀졌고 성균관 분관자들은 지방에 거주하고 있는 在地士族의 후예였으며 校書館 分館者들은 承文院과 成均館 分館者에 비해 철저하게 차별받았다고 할 수 있다. 승문원 분관자는 승정원ㆍ예문관ㆍ세자시강원ㆍ의금부ㆍ외관직 등의 초직에 진출한 반면, 성균관 분관자들은 사헌부ㆍ성균관ㆍ승정원ㆍ육조ㆍ외관직 등에 주로 진출하였다. 교서관 분관자는 주로 周邊部 外官職에 보임되고 있었다. 급제자들의 분관과 그들의 관직 승진에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 출신배경이 중요한 역할을 한다는 점도 파악할 수 있었다. 승문원 분관자의 父祖들은 그들의 우세한 가문의 영향력과 ‘혼인’을 매개로 한 ‘婚姻網’으로 權力同盟(Power Bloc)을 지속적으로 구축하였으며, 성균관 분관자들은 승문원 분관자의 출신배경과 영향력에는 크게 떨어지는 경향이 있었다. 교서관 분관자는 출신배경이 매우 미미하였다. 한성부 거주자는 승문원과 성균관에 주로 분관되었으며 初職入仕에서는 承政院, 成均館, 三司와 世子侍講院 등 ‘參下 淸要職’에 주로 임명되었다.

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)

이창걸 대한외과학회 2004 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2004 No.5

敎育社會學에 있어서의 社會調査法

李昌杰 진주교육대학교 1969 論文集 Vol.1969 No.3

Social research methods are so important that they may provide a turing point with the area of educational sociology. The educational sociology being n branch of empirical science, its theory and rule should net be based on the desk research but inducted from the actual facts. To this effect, the social research is to be an essential means for obtaining pertinent materials from them. The conventional educational activities should be subject to criticism due to the fact that they was controlled by dogma and prejudices. Thus, the dissertation covers the outline of the social research and also deals with the necessity for studying it bur educators. 2. The characteristics of modern education-social realism-requires the educators to be prepared with the ability to carry out successful social research. Social lag has been, at the modern times, brought about by the gap between highly developed technology, anti social behaviors, systems and thoughts. Social realism in education takes up the existing social lag as a problem and tries to approach with positive solution for the problem. 3. The fundamental research methods are as follow; "Survey" is to excavate the social facts with the definite motive and object toward practical utilization. "Research" is a pure scientific investigation with a view to discover general rules in education based an the social facts. There are, besides, statistical method, case stuffily, uncontrolled method and controlled method. 4. Technical aspect of research methods is applied to the conducting of the fundamental research methods as well. "Observation" is a methods of obtaining data through direct experiences but not through any intermedium. "Interview" is a method of obtaining information through conversation. There are other methods of obtaining data through questionnaire and document study. 5. The social research is a principal means providing educational sociology with scientific characteristics through measuring methods. Since social phenomena have their own meanings and value, different from natural phenomena, the limit of its measurement should be borne in mind.

家族病理와 逸脫行動에 관한 硏究

李昌杰 진주교육대학교 1987 論文集 Vol.31 No.1

Of all the institutions that have come down to us from the past none is in present day so disorganized as the family. Recently, highly advanced technology and sudden change in social structure have accelerated family disorganization. And yet family disorganization is maid to be one root cause of many deviant behaviors including juvenile delinquency. In America they are described as drugs and alcohol abuse, drops out, teen pregnancy, teen suicide and teen sex etc. We are also being faced with these difficult problems in korea. Therefore, the followings are the concrete problems suggested in this study. The first question is what kind of family pathologies pause various deviant behaviors including juvenile crimes. The second is what can be the therapy for deviant behavior due to family pathology. 2. Theoretical approaches to deviant behavior dealt with in the present study include ① biological theory ② psychoanalytic theory ③ behaviorism ④ phenomenological theory ⑤ control theory ⑥ anomie theory ⑦ conflict theory ⑧ differential association theory ⑨ labeling theory. 3. Family variables were categorized into single parent family, poor family, mother's employment outside the home, parental rejection, family conflict and parental control-deficit family and what etiology of the family variables cause deviant behavior were searched out in the present study. When the effect of each of the family variables was examined while controlling for the others, only parental rejection demonstrated significant associates with deviant behavior. It suggested that single parent family, mother's employment outside the home, family conflict and parental control-deficit family have been relevant to deviant behavior only when their factors are mediated by parental rejection. In short the results of the present analysis suggested that the predominent causal flow is from parental rejection to deviant behavior. Accordin91y mast heavy emphasis should be placed on the emotional bond between parent and child according to Hirschi's social control theory. Second, adolescent treatment programs including family therapy component is proposed. In this case parent involvement, understanding and concern for their deviant children should be promoted. Third, socio-environmental factors which encourage parental indifference and hostility should be modified and eliminated.

증상완화목적의 방사선치료

이창걸,Lee, Chang-Geol 한국호스피스완화의료학회 2009 한국호스피스.완화의료학회지 Vol.12 No.1

방사선치료의 목적은 완치목적 그리고 증상완화목적 두 가지로 나뉜다. 전체 암환자의 약 45%는 방사선치료를 받으며 이중 25${\sim}$30%는 증상완화목적의 치료를 받고있다. 방사선치료는 비록 생존기간의 연장에는 영향을 미치지 않으나 증상완화효과는 대단히 우수하며 임종시까지 삶의 질을 유지하는데 큰 역할을 한다. 증상완화 방사선치료의 적응증으로는 골전이에 의한 통증, 뇌전이, 척수압박으로 인한 신경학적 증상, 암으로 인한 기관지, 식도, 상대정맥 폐쇄 증상, 기관지, 비뇨생식기계 직장의 암성출혈 등이다. 이 중 골전이에 대한 치료가 가장 흔한 적응증이며 통증조절 외에 병적골절예방 및 척수압박예방의 효과를 가지며 약 70${\sim}$80%의 증상 완화효과를 나타낸다. The aim of palliative radiotherapy (RT) is to control cancer-related local symptoms with minimal radiation reaction. About one third of all radiation treatments are given with palliative intent. Indications for RT in symptom palliation are as follows: Pain from bone metastasis, pressure symptom from brain and spinal cord, obstruction of bronchus, esophagus, superior vena cava and malignant cancer bleeding from bronchus, urinary tract, uterine cervix and rectum. In hospice palliative care, RT is very effective for symptom palliation and improvement of quality of life without influence on survival.

하인두암의 방사선치료 성적

이창걸,노준규,류삼열,박경란,서창옥,김귀언,홍원표,김병수,Lee Chang Gul,Loh John J.K.,Ryu Sam Youl,Park Kyung Ran,Suh Chang Ok,Kim Gew Earn,Hong Won Pyo,Kim Byung Soo 대한방사선종양학회 1988 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.6 No.1

A rerospective review of fifty patients with carcinoma of hypopharynx treated with $RT{\pm}surgery$ was studied for eleven-year period from 1974 to 1984. Of the 50 patients,46 were pyriform sinus in origin, 4 were posterior pharyngeal wall. Eighty-eight percent of patients were locoregionally advanced(stage III, IV) and 78% of patients presented conical lymphadenopathy. 5-year disease-free survival rate of the pyriform sinus ca. was $25.4\%$ in RT alone group, $80\%$ in combined modality group and $30.6\%$ in overall. Local control rate with RT alone in early stage (II) was excellent $(100\%)$, however combined modality appears to be better for local control$(80\%)$ in advanced stage (III, IV) as compared with that of RT alone group $(32\%).$ On basis of this study, RT alone is effective in terms of local control and functional preservation in treatment of early stage of pyriform sinus ca. while surgery can be reserved for salvage purpose when RT fails and combined modality is recommended in patients with locally advanced stage for better local control and survival.

家族制度의 人性 形成에 미치는 影響

李昌杰 진주교육대학교 1977 論文集 Vol.15 No.1

1. Personality in greatly influenced by the environment factors. The family is the environment which a human being is destined to be met with for the first time of his life, is the most important institntion which is charged with socializing the children, and is a social group which forms the basic personality of a human being. So the present thesis was designed to testify which pattern of the family institntion gives better infleences to the formation of personality and to find out positively the raison detre of our traditional extended family. 2. Broadly speaking, significant difference was found in the Emotional Stability, Sociability, Dominance and masculinity between the extended family and the nuclear family as a result of the present survey. And the extended family gives better effects on the formation of personality. 3. With the rapid change of socio-cultural aspects our traditional extended family is confronted to be changed into nuclear family. But it should he strongly recognized that nuclear family contains serions problems such as that of the old men, the lonely crowd and of hringing up the children. Consequently our traditional extended family is a derirable institution for the formation of better personality, for the solution of proglem of old men and for the maintenance of Family Ethik, filial picty, Hyo.

初等敎師의 勤務成績評定制에 관한 調査硏究

李昌杰 진주교육대학교 1982 論文集 Vol.25 No.1

1. The scientific and suitable performance of merit rating is not likely to be seen with the current performance rating system for teachers. 2. Teacher's performance rating system is originally designed for the effective personnel management, but it should be mainly utilized as the basic data in supervising, teaching, method with a view to improving the quality of teachers. 3. Performance rating items should be made public to all teachers concernep, which will lead to the improvement of teacher's attitude towards his teaching profession.

敎育大學生의 敎職觀에 관한 調査硏究

李昌杰 진주교육대학교 1980 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

學校社會의 人間關係 改善에 관한 一硏究 : 敎師를 中心으로 centering around teachers

李昌杰 진주교육대학교 1975 論文集 Vol.10 No.1

(1) The dissertation was designed to make a contribution to the effectual attainment of the objectives of school education by improving the human relations among teachers in various interaction patterns. The study of human relations was derived from the Hawthorne Experiments which proved the fact that advancement of production efficiency can be attained not by improving physical working conditions alone but mainly by improving the complicated human relations in the organizations. The Hawthorne Experiments had come to a conclusion that the human being should be regarded as a mere producer of manpower, contributing to formation of the theory of human relations in the scientific sense through the study of the rules and principles of human behavor in the interdisciplinary approaches among the disciplines of psychology, sociology and anthropology with special emphasis upon studies of psychological motivations and social influences among members of the organization. (2) The importance of human relations has come to be keenly recognized in the field of education as the harmonious development of well-rounded personality has been increasingly emphasized as an objective of education. (9) The significance of human relations in school education can be summarized under 3 major points. First, the educational significance of human relations can be pointed. The formation of peronality of an individual is largely influenced by social learning on the basis of human relations. Especially the formation of personality in earlier period is largely done through model learning. Thus parents and teachers who are to be the models of social learning are urged to maintain good human relations with children in order to fulfil the role of model for healthy development of their personality. Second, effects of human relations upon learning process should be noted. The learning process is heavily dependent on the social learning process through human relations. Learning is not mere transmission of knowledges and techniques such as reading, writing and arithmetic, but it also involves social learning process through human, relations with children. Third, it can be pointed that human relations give great influences to the processes of administration. (4) It is intended to analyse and diagnose the contents and processes of human relations by dividing into 4 categories centering teachers such as administrators-teachers, teachers-teachers, teachers-students and teachers-parerts. (5) In the research study questionnairs were given to primary school teachers. They were asked to check 3 most important items in descending order in terms of human relations among 27 items which in tern were subdivided into 4 major dimensions. From theme results an attempt was made to give some proposals for improving human relations in school society. (6) Finally from a review of theoretical work in thin area and on the basis of my own investigation conclusions were drawn as follows. In short, the respect for the individual personality should, first of all, be required in order to establish good human relations in school society. Next, social skills to form human relations such as individual motivations, sense of social cognition of an in dividual, morals and communication should also be considered.