『한성신보(漢城新報)』의 의병보도와 그 특징(1895~1896)

김항기 한국역사연구회 2020 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.116

As Righteous Armies (義兵) rose across the country after Eulmisabyeon (The Mishap in the Year of Ram (1895)) and Danbalryeong (斷髮令, 1895), Japan felt the need to thoroughly respond to these developments. Along with military suppression and conciliatory measures, Japan wanted to reduce the significance of these Righteous Armies through public opinion campaigns. Especially, when it became difficult to interfere with the internal affairs of Korea after the King's Flight to the Russian Legation, it published reports criticizing both the "New Government" and the Righteous Armies, and tried to use Hanseong Shinbo (漢城申報) to engage in an active public opinion campaign. According to the report on the Righteous Armies, there were no reports in late 1895 right after the Eulmisabyeon, and more than 70% of the reports were concentrated in the period from February to April 1896. In terms of region, Gyeonggi Province accounted for the largest portion, followed by Gyeongsang Province, Chungcheong Province and Gangwon Province. In terms of content, there were the most reports on the current condition and the status of the Righteous Armies, followed by the suppression and the response of the Righteous Armies. According to the contents of the report, the rise of the Righteous Armies was characterized as attributable to Danbalryeong and Eulmisabyeon, but this was criticized as a nominal reason because, in substance, they were nothing but a group of robbers and rioters. Besides, while reporting the activities of the Righteous Armies of each region, there was a tendency to deliberately disparage their activities by emphasizing civilian damage caused by them, and to exaggerate or reduce the size of the Righteous Armies depending on the situation. In addition, in the process of reporting, Japan highlighted the damage incurred to the Japanese by creating an image of the innocent Japanese who was brutally murdered by the Righteous Army. With this kind of fabrication, the Japanese launched a public opinion campaign to dispel Japan's aggression centered on the Eulmisabyeon, and to turn the Japanese into victims of good faith. This seems to have played an important role in compensating Japanese victims since that time. Through these reports of Righteous Armies, Hansung Shinbo faithfully fulfilled its role as the organ of the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Another notable point is the emergence of articles on Righteous Army activities in the Pyongyang area, which were rarely dealt with in previous studies. Although it was not a large amount of articles to carry out full-fledged research, it is regarded as meaningful since there was room to provide clues on the activities of Righteous Army in North Korea including Pyongyang.

대한제국기(1898~ 1908) ≪제국신문≫의 법제개혁론

김항기 한국근현대사학회 2022 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.103 No.-

본고는 대한제국기 대표적인 신문인 ≪제국신문≫의 사법제도 개혁인식에대해 살펴보았다. 대한제국기는 舊法과 新法이 함께 운영되면서 근대적 형태만남아 있는 사법제도가 운영되고 있었기 때문에 여러 가지 문제점이 산적해 있었으나 대한제국 정부는 이를 적절히 해결하지 못하였다. 이에 ≪제국신문≫은정부의 사법제도 운영 실태에 대해 비판하였다. 그 주된 내용은 재판제도의 문란함과 이를 해결할 의지가 없는 정부의 정책에 집중되고 있었다. ≪제국신문≫은사법제도의 개혁 방향을 세 가지로 제시하였다. 첫째, 공정한 재판제도, 둘째, 갑오개혁기 도입된 신법 운영과 증거재판주의, 셋째, 백성들이 법을 알고 이를통해 자신의 권리를 지켜나가야 한다는 점이었다. ≪제국신문≫은 대한제국기 사법제도 관련 문제점 해결을 위해 재판제도 운영에는 공정성이 필요하며, 그 방안은 갑오개혁기 제정된 법과 제도를 실현하는것이라고 인식하고 있었다. 따라서 이 같은 방향으로 개혁이 이루어지면 사법제 Jeguk-Shinmun criticizes the problems in the operation of the judicial system as well as the movement to strengthen the monarchy through reporting on the actual state of the judicial system. Such criticism can also be confirmed in reports pointing out the limitations and problems of the Criminal Law. Jeguk-Shinmun gives sharp criticism to the government’s operation of the judicial system. The main content of the criticism is focused on the promiscuity of the trial system and the government’s policy that has no will to solve it. Accordingly, Jeguk-Shinmun suggested three directions for reforming the judicial system. First, a trial system based on impartiality and fairness, second, operating new laws introduced in the first half of the year rather than indiscriminate legislation, and judicial evidence in operating the trial system, third, people should know the law and protect their defending rights. If policies are implemented in this direction, the judicial system can play a role in protecting people’s lives and property, not as a means of social control, and this is recognized as the ‘right law(正法)’ worth keeping.

일제강점초기(1910~1915) 총독부재판소의 의병판결과 그 성격

김항기 수선사학회 2020 史林 Vol.0 No.72

. Since Japan occupied Korea, they proclaimed ‘Joseon Criminal Order’ under the name of improvement of the Korean punishments which had been too strict compared to those in Japan. However, they retained some articles of ‘Criminal Law Statue’ with the rationale of the special characteristics of the Korean security situation. One of the typical articles was robbery rate. Japan assessed the old Korean law as the severe punishment while they utilized the robbery rate in ‘Criminal Law Statue’ which could oppress the remaining army raised in the cause of justice efficiently because the degree of punishment was harder than the Japanese one. With this, Japan could secure the legitimacy and treat them juridically. As a result, lots of the army were punished on charges of robbery. There were so many cases to be sentences as the robbery charges in most of the territories except for Choongchung Province. With respect to the distribution of sentences, the most common sentence was not more than 10 years of imprisonment followed by not more than 5 years of imprisonment. Death penalty which was the hardest sentence was not infrequent. To these charges by Japan, the generals of army raised in the cause of justice considered as unfair law enforcements and reacted them with a variety of ways such as legal battles to request to apply ‘rebellion’ charge rather than robbery or petty offenders since they were political group. Criminal law is enforced based on the punishment right of the nation to keep the public order and to realize public interests. Yet, Japan suppressed those who were against Japan using the criminal law by the jurisdiction they seized from the Korean occupation and used it as a tool to justify their reign, therefore, the sentences to the army raised in the cause of justice showed the violent colonization process without justification.

1896~1910년간 충청지역 의병판결과 의병의 대응

김항기 한국민족운동사학회 2021 한국민족운동사연구 Vol.- No.107

As the invasion of the Japanese imperialism had been accelerated since opening the port, anti-imperialism movement against this had been intensified. Starting with forceful occupation of Gyeongbokgung Palace in 1894, Japanese outright invasion policies had been performed such as the Eulmi Incident in 1895, the Eulsa Treaty in 1905, dethronement of Gojong, and disband the army in 1907. Depending on the main agent of the trials by times, judgements had been changed. Also, these changes were shown the most in the judgement on the righteous army in Chungcheong. In 1895, the main agent of the judgement on the righteous army in Hongju was the Korean government. Hence, ‘the law in the Ming dynasty’ was applied in the judgement on the righteous army. According to Article 2 of ‘the cases of imprisonment punishment,’ they got the punishment sending to the remote area as political offenders. However, the sentence was not executed due to the Gojong’s prerogative of mercy execution. In 1905, the righteous army opposed to Eulsa Treaty continuing resistance to reject the Japanese invasiveness. Japan forced to conclude the protocol between Korea and Japan during the Russo-Japanese War. In Article 4 of this protocol, Japan made the basis to be able to intervene the Korean rebellion if occurred. Therefore, it was necessary for the Korean political situation to be on rebellion if Japan intended to intervene the Korean governmental affairs ‘legally.’ As a result, the righteous army were treated as ‘political offenders’ applying rebellion crime based on ‘a code of criminal law.’ Moreover, cases that were arrested and tried in the course of collection of war funds and munitions from Japanese performing the activities of the righteous army were applied with the rebellion crime rather than the robbery crime. Yet, a variety of legal principles were applied to the judgement on the righteous army including rebellion, robbery, murder, arson, riot, and so on during the course of dominating and executing judicial power by Japan since 1907. Japan treated the righteous army as non-political offenders by dominating and executing judicial power. Japan applied with the crimes of rebellion, robbery, and riot according to Articles of 195, 593, and 677 in the code of criminal law, respectively, to punish the righteous army. Because the righteous army aimed the political purposes, there were more cases to be punished as robbery crime rather than rebellion crime though they had to be treated basically as the rebellion. Since July 1908, the ratio of robbery crime was increased compared to the rebellion crime. The analysis results of judgement on the righteous army in Chungcheong revealed that Japan had utilized the judicial system actively as the tool to control the rebel effectively in the course of dominating Korea. 본고는 시기별 재판 주체에 따른 의병판결의 변화 양상을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 일제가 사법권을 장악하고 행사하는 과정에서 나타난 의병에 대한 사법적 탄압의 실태는 물론 식민지 형사법체제 토대 구축 과정을 고찰하고자 했다. 특히 충청지역 의병 판결을 중점적으로 분석하였다. 그 이유는 1907년 이후 의병판결이 집중된 다른 지역과 달리 충청지역은 의병항쟁 초기인 1896년부터 국권을 빼앗긴 1910년까지 의병항쟁이 지속된 전시기 판결을 확인 할 수 있는 자료가 남아있기 때문이다. 연구결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1895년 한국정부가 주도한 의병판결에서는 『대명률』을 적용하여 적용되었고 「징역처단례」 제2조에 의해 국사범으로 유배형을 받아야 했다. 하지만 고종의 사면권 행사로 형이 집행되지 않았다. 이후 일제는 러일전쟁 과정에서 「한일의정서」체결을 강제하였다. 이 중 4조에 한국에 내란이 발생할 경우 일본이 개입할 수 있는 근거를 마련하였다. 따라서 일제는 한국 국정에 ‘합법적’으로 개입하기 위해 한국의 정치적 상황이 내란 상황일 필요성이 있었다. 그 결과 일제가 개입한 재판에서 의병들은 「형법대전」 내란죄의 적용을 받아 ‘국사범’으로 ‘처리’되었다. 심지어 의병 활동을 하면서 일본인으로부터 군자금과 군수품을 모집하다 체포되어 재판을 받는 경우에도 강도죄가 아닌 내란죄가 적용되었다. 하지만 1907년 이후 일제가 사법권을 장악하고 행사하는 과정에서는 내란, 강도, 살인, 방화, 폭동 등 다양한 법리가 의병판결에 적용되었다. 일제는 사법권 장악과 행사를 통해 의병을 상사범으로 처리하였다. 충청지역의 의병판결을 분석한 결과 일제는 한국을 장악하는 과정에서 자신들의 의도와 목적에 맞게 재판을 운영하였다. 그 결과 일제는 의병판결의 ‘정당성’을 확보하고 의병항쟁의 목적을 ‘폄하’는 도구로 재판제도를 적극적으로 활용한 사실을 확인 할 수 있었다. 일제의 판결에 대해 의병들은 의병항쟁은 일제의 침략에 대응하는 구국의 행위이고 정당하다는 점을 강조하며 대응하였다.

AR 몰입형 전신 재활치료를 위한 신체 상호작용에 관한 연구

김항기,이동춘,이기석,김대환,백낙훈,Kim, Hang-Gi,Lee, Dong-Chun,Lee, Gi-Seok,Kim, Dae-Hwan,Baek, Nak-Hun 한국정보처리학회 2022 정보처리학회지 Vol.29 No.2

[특집소개] 한국독립운동사의 국제적 성격과 제국주의-식민지 문제에 대한 접근

김항기 한국독립운동사연구소 2023 한국독립운동사연구 Vol.- No.84

개항기(1876~1910) 중앙권력의 江華지역 군대 활용 양상 변화와 그 성격

김항기 동국대학교 동국역사문화연구소 2023 동국사학 Vol.78 No.-

Ganghwa Island(江華島) traditionally served as a royal refuge during the Goryeo and Joseon periods because it was a key area of the water defense and was a strategically important location connected to each region across the country due to its geographical specificity as an island. However, the imperialist powers that invaded East Asia through inclusion diplomacy based on their superior naval power began to invade through the sea, and Ganghwa was also at the center of it. Daewongun(興宣大院君) used the troops of Ganghwa Island as a key method of the policy of rejecting trade diplomatic relations. On October 16, 1866, shortly after Byeonginyangyo, the Simdoyeongjodogam(沁都營造都監) was established, and on November 16, 1866, Jinmuyeong(鎭撫營) was promoted to Jeong 2-pum Amun to serve as a liberation camp while positioning Jinmuyeong in the same position as the central military camp. However, since Gojong(高宗) began his family’s government, the central power’s national policy has eased the policy of rejecting trade relations, unlike the Daewon-gun period, weakening the defense system centered on Jinmuyoung. Later, Gojong used the troops in Ganghwa as a tool for exercising power as needed by the central power. In 1894, Gojong mobilized Ganghwa Island troops to suppress Donghak Peasant Army. In addition, Ganghwa-do used the military for security maintenance activities, not military duties. As the central power was transferred to the Residency-General and the troops were dissolved, the military role in the Ganghwa Island region changed once again. It was converted from a military that was a means of exercising central power to a righteous army that resisted the new central power, Japanese imperialism. As its character changed from a military that kept power to a military that resisted power, the dissolution soldiers of the Ganghwa-do army played an important role in the righteous army resistance in Hwanghae-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Gangwon-do. 강화도는 전통적으로 수도방어의 핵심지역이면서, 섬이라는 지리적 특수성으로 전국 각 지역과 뱃길로는 연결되는 전략적으로 중요한 위치였기 때문에 고려와 조선시대에는 왕실의 피난처역할을 하였다. 하지만 우월한 해군력을 바탕으로 포함외교를 통해 동아시아를 침략한 제국주의 열강은 바다를 통한 침략을 시작했고 강화도 그 중심에 있었다. 대원군은 통상수교 거부정책의 핵심적인 방법으로 강화도의 군대를 활용하였다. 병인양요 직후인 1866년 10월 16일 沁都營造都監을 설치하고 1866년 11월 16일 진무영을 정2품 아문으로 승격시켜 진무영을 중앙군영과 동일한 지위에 위치시키면서 해방영으로 역할을 하도록 하였다. 하지만 고종이 친정을 시작한 이후 중앙권력의 국가정책은 대원군기와는 달리 통상수교 거부정책을 완화해 나가가면서 진무영을 중심으로 한 방어체계가 약화되었다. 이후 고종은 강화지역 군대는 중앙권력에 필요에 의해 권력행사의 도구로 활용하였다. 1894년 고종은 동학농민군 진압에 강화도 군대를 동원하였다. 또한 군대의 임무가 아닌 치안유지 활동에도 강화도 군대를 활용하였다. 중앙권력이 통감부로 이관되고 군대가 해산되면서 강화도 지역의 군대 역할은 다시 한번 변화하였다. 중앙권력의 행사 수단이었던 군대에서 새로운 중앙권력인 일제에 저항하는 군대인 의병으로 전환 된 것이다. 권력을 지키던 군대에서 권력에 저항하는 군대로 그 성격이 변화하면서 강화도 군대의 해산병들은 황해도를 비롯해 경기도ㆍ강원도 일대 의병항쟁에서 중요한 역할을 담당하였다.

갑오개혁기(1894∼1896) 민사소송제도의 시행과 ‘私權’ 신장

김항기 한국근현대사학회 2013 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.67 No.-

This study aims to elucidate the historical significance of the Kabo reformand to analyze how the perception of a private right was adopted and extendedin the society at the time by examining circumstances surrounding the establishmentand operation of civil action system, which was established during the Kabo reformperiod (1894~1896). Before the reform, the traditional judicial system was not divided into civilaction and criminal action, and the judicial responsibilities were dispersed intomany different offices. But during the reform, the judicial structure had gottensystemized and, therefore, more people could easily use the system than before. An analysis of trial results shows us that there were higher rate of favorabledecisions for the plaintiff. It also tells us that a large number of commoners useda civil action system actively and many of them won their trials. But when adefendant was from the higher class and the plaintiff was from the lower class,there were more chances for the defendant to win the trial. The fact that higherclass people won more trials than the lower class people means that equalopportunities were given to everyone to access the judicial system, but the resultsof trials were still not completely free from the influence of the old status system. However, before the reform, people from the lower class couldn’t even accessthe judicial system at all. Therefore, the fact that the lower class people coulduse the judicial system more easily and there were still some cases that theywon the trial over the higher class people has an important significance. Civilaction system established during the Kabo reform period played an importantrole for the extension of a private right of commoners at the time. During the reform period, commoners actively used an appellate trial system to defend their private right. When they were not satisfied with a result of trial,regardless of the outcome of the trial, they freely lodged an appeal. Theestablishment of an appellate trial system meant that there were a specific wayfor the people to get compensation for disadvantages they received from an unfairtrial, thus, more people used the system. People also realized that their privateright was could be protected through the system. On this wise, an appellatetrial system played a significant role for the protection and extension of a privateright of commoners. From the information gathered above, it is possible to regard the Kabo reformas an practical reform not just ‘a paper reform’, cause it actually had substantialimpacts on lives of commoners at the time.

부동산과 복지국가

김항기(HangGi Kim),권혁용(Hyeok Yong Kwon) 한국정치학회 2017 한국정치학회보 Vol.51 No.1

이 논문은 자산과 가계부채의 증가가 미시적 차원에서 시민의 복지태도에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 그동안 정치경제학 연구에서 개인의 소득이나 노동시장 내 지위에만 주목하면서 개인이나 가구가 소유하고 있는 ‘자산’이 재분배 선호에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 매우 제한적이었다. 최근 앤젤(Ansell 2012, 2014)이 자산이 사회보험의 대체재로서 자가보험의 효과를 갖기 때문에 복지선호를 낮춘다는 연구를 제시하였다. 이 논문은 새로운 설명으로 가계부채비율 변수를 자산가격과 결부시켜 논의를 전개한다. 자산가격 대비 부채비율이 높다면 시민의 복지태도가 높아진다. 두 가지 경험적 증거들을 통해 우리의 가설을 뒷받침한다. 한국복지패널 자료에 대한 분석 결과, 부채비율이 높을수록 복지태도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 국제비교자료인 ISSP 2009 자료에 대한 분석 결과, 순자산이 재분배태도와 음(-)의 상관관계를 갖고 있다는 점을 발견하였다. 이와 같은 분석 결과는 재분배선호에 영향을 미치는 변수로서 자산과 부채의 비율이라는 가계의 ‘레버리지’ 효과가 존재한다는 점을 제시한다. ‘부동산 계급사회’에서 소득보다 자산이, 나아가서 자산과 부채의 비율이 개인의 복지태도에 영향을 미치는 것이다. This paper explores the effects of assets and debts on citizen’s attitudes toward welfare policy. Most extant studies have focused on income and labor market status in explaining the support for the welfare state. Recent studies by Ansell (2012, 2014) have argued that housing assets reduce the support for social policy. In this paper we go beyond Ansell’s contribution by examining the effects of housing assets and household debts on individual attitudes toward welfare policy. We argue that a higher ratio of household debts vis-a-vis housing assets increases positive attitudes toward social policy. Our statistical analysis of Korea Welfare Panel Study and International Social Survey Program 2009 find supporting evidence. The results suggest that a higher ratio of household debts is associated with higher levels of the support for the welfare state.

AR 전신 상호작용을 위한 이종 센서 간 좌표계 보정 기법

김항기 ( Hangkee Kim ),김대환 ( Daehwan Kim ),이동춘 ( Dongchun Lee ),이기석 ( Kisuk Lee ),백낙훈 ( Nakhoon Baek ) 한국정보처리학회 2023 정보처리학회논문지. 소프트웨어 및 데이터 공학 Vol.12 No.7

꾸준히 증가하는 노인성 질환 환자 대상으로 몰입형 디지털 콘텐츠를 이용한 쉽고 정확한 전신 재활 상호작용 기술이 필요하며, 본 연구에서는 이를 위해 홀로렌즈와 키넥트를 사용한 전신 상호작용 기술을 소개한다. 이를 위해 메쉬 특징점 기반 변환, AR 마커 기반 변환, 신체 인식 기반변환 방법의 3가지 좌표 변환 방식을 제안한다. 메쉬 특징점 기반 변환은 공간 메쉬에 3개의 특징점을 지정하고 변환 행렬을 이용하여 좌표계를 일치시킨다. 이 방법은 수작업이 필요하여 사용성이 떨어지지만 정확도가 8.5mm로 상대적으로 높다. AR 마커 기반 방식은 홀로렌즈s와 키넥트가동시에 인식하는 AR, QR마커를 사용하여 평균오차 11.2mm로 준수한 정확도를 달성했다. 신체 인식 기반 변환 방법은 두 기기가 동시에 인식하는 머리 혹은 HMD위치와 양 손 혹은 컨트롤러 위치를 이용하여 좌표계를 일치시킨다. 이 방법은 정확도가 떨어지지만 부가적인 도구나 수작업이 필요 없으므로 사용성이 좋다. 또한 후처리 기술로 RANSAC을 적용함으로써 오차를 10% 이상 줄였다. 이러한 3가지 방식은 콘텐츠가 필요한 사용편의성과 정확도에 따라서 선택적으로 적용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 기술을 이용해서 ‘썬더펀치’와 재활 치료 콘텐츠에 적용하여 검증하였다. A simple and accurate whole body rehabilitation interaction technology using immersive digital content is needed for elderly patients with steadily increasing age-related diseases. In this study, we introduce whole-body interaction technology using HoloLens and Kinect for this purpose. To achieve this, we propose three coordinate transformation methods: mesh feature point-based transformation, AR marker-based transformation, and body recognition-based transformation. The mesh feature point-based transformation aligns the coordinate system by designating three feature points on the spatial mesh and using a transform matrix. This method requires manual work and has lower usability, but has relatively high accuracy of 8.5mm. The AR marker-based method uses AR and QR markers recognized by HoloLens and Kinect simultaneously to achieve a compliant accuracy of 11.2mm. The body recognition-based transformation aligns the coordinate system by using the position of the head or HMD recognized by both devices and the position of both hands or controllers. This method has lower accuracy, but does not require additional tools or manual work, making it more user-friendly. Additionally, we reduced the error by more than 10% using RANSAC as a post-processing technique. These three methods can be selectively applied depending on the usability and accuracy required for the content. In this study, we validated this technology by applying it to the “Thunder Punch” and rehabilitation therapy content.