Buddhist meditation for vascular function: a narrative review

Anjalee Thanuja Amarasekera,Dennis Chang 한국한의학연구원 2019 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.8 No.4

Background: High blood pressure represents an important risk factor for diseases related to cardiovascular system and is directly associated with high oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Recently, there is promising data available to suggest that meditation-based low-cost and low-risk lifestyle modification strategies may provide beneficial effects on chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and maintenance of blood pressure, both in young and older adults. This review aims to summarize the evidence regarding the effectiveness of Buddhist meditation for vascular endothelial function and blood pressure. Method: A search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL and PsycINFO for articles published from 1990 to 2018. Results: Relevant articles (n = 407) were reviewed and 5 met selection criteria. Several lines of studies have provided compelling data showing that Buddhist meditation approach was effective in improving inflammation and vascular function (endothelial vasodilation and arterial stiffness) in both young and elderly cohorts. Particularly, Buddhist meditation approach has shown to be effective in reducing plasma inflammatory markers, increasing nitric oxide concentration and improving vascular endothelial function and glycemic control, which in turn can be favorable factors for demonstrated positive effects of Buddhist meditation on blood pressure and vascular function. Conclusion: This paper presents brief overview of clinical outcomes of complementary therapeutic approach of Buddhist meditation in vascular function. In future, well-structured systematic reviews are essential to report specificity of Buddhist mindfulness-based approach on vascular function, blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors.

규칙적인 운동을 통한 심폐체력의 향상이 비만 청소년의 혈관기능에 미치는 영향

박수현 ( S. H Park ),윤은선 ( E. S Yoon ),제세영 ( S. Y Jae ) 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2012 운동과학 Vol.21 No.4

본 연구는 비만 청소년 21명(남학생, 평균나이 13-14세)을 운동집단(11명)(12주, 40분, 주 5일)과 통제집단(10명)으로 무선 배정하였다. 심폐체력은 대사적 가스 분석기를 이용하여 최대산소섭취량을 측정하였으며, 신체조성은 전기저항법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 혈관 기능의 지표로써 경동맥-대퇴동맥 전파맥파 속도와 맥 증폭지수를 측정하였다. 본 연구에서, 허리둘레는 운동 집단에서 통제집단에서 보다 유의하게 감소되었다(ET 94.41±6.17 to 92.62±6.13 vs. CON 92.62±7.80 to 94.27±9.23 ㎝, p <.05). 심폐체력은 운동 집단에서 통제집단 보다 유의하게 증가되었다(ET 32.35±6.49 to 39.24±6.63 vs. CON 34.59±5.47 to 38.36±6.54 ㎖/㎏/min, p <.05). 체질량지수와 심혈관 위험 인자는 운동 집단에서 향상되지 않았다. 맥 증폭지수는 운동 집단에서 유의하게 증가하였으나(ET 1.60±0.45 to 1.87±0.58 vs. CON1.73±0.39 to 1.43±0.26%, p =<.05), 경동맥-대퇴동맥 맥파전파 속도는 유의하게 감소되지 않았다(ET 5.77±5.40 to 5.40±0.53 vs. CON 5.12±0.53 to 5.05±0.54 m/s, NS). 허리둘레 변화를 보정한 심폐체력의 변화는 맥증폭지수의 변화와 관련이 있었다(r=.457,p <.037). 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 규칙적인 운동은 비만 청소년들의 혈관의 내피세포 기능을 향상시키며, 향상된 심폐체력은 체중의 감소와는 독립적으로 혈관 내피세포 기능과 관련이 있었다. Vascular endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness are associated with early atherosclerosis in obese adolescents. High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with diminished cardiovascular risk factors and improved vascular endothelial function in children. The purpose of the study was to examine effects of the improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness by regular exercise training on vascular function in obese adolescents. Twenty one obese adolescents (Schoolboy, Mean age:13-14 yr) were randomly assigned to an exercise training (ET)(12 weeks, 40 minutes, 5 days/week) group (n=11) and a non exercise control (CON) group (n=10). Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using maximal oxygen uptake with metabolic gas analysis and body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance. We measured carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and reactive hyperemia index as indices of vascular function. Waist girth was significantly decreased in ET group than in CON group (ET 94.41±6.17 to 92.62±6.13 vs. CON 92.62±7.80 to 94.27±9.23 ㎝, p <.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly increased in ET group than CON group(ET 32.35±6.49 to 39.24±6.63 vs. CON 34.59±5.47 to 38.36±6.54 ㎖/㎏/min, p <.05). Body mass index and selected CVD risk factors were not improved in ET group. Reactive hyperemia index was significantly increased in ET group (ET 1.60±0.45 to 1.87±0.58 vs. CON 1.73±0.39to 1.43±0.26%, p =<.05) but carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity did not significantly decrease in ET group (ET 5.77±5.40 to 5.40±0.53 vs. CON 5.12±0.53 to 5.05±0.54 m/s, NS). Change in cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with change in reactive hyperemia index after adjusted for changes in waist (r=.457, p <.037). These results show that regular exercise training improved endothelial function, and this was associated with improved cardiorespiratory fitness independent of changes in body weight in obese adolescents.

Specific Activation of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor by Ginsenoside Rg5 Promotes Angiogenesis and Vasorelaxation

Cho, Young-Lai,Hur, Sung-Mo,Kim, Ji-Yoon,Kim, Ji-Hee,Lee, Dong-Keon,Choe, Jongeon,Won, Moo-Ho,Ha, Kwon-Soo,Jeoung, Dooil,Han, Sanghwa,Ryoo, Sungwoo,Lee, Hansoo,Min, Jeong-Ki,Kwon, Young-Guen,Kim, Dong American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2015 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.290 No.1

<P>Ginsenoside Rg5 is a compound newly synthesized during the steaming process of ginseng; however, its biological activity has not been elucidated with regard to endothelial function. We found that Rg5 stimulated <I>in vitro</I> angiogenesis of human endothelial cells, consistent with increased neovascularization and blood perfusion in a mouse hind limb ischemia model. Rg5 also evoked vasorelaxation in aortic rings isolated from wild type and high cholesterol-fed ApoE<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice but not from endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) knock-out mice. Angiogenic activity of Rg5 was highly associated with a specific increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) phosphorylation and subsequent activation of multiple angiogenic signals, including ERK, FAK, Akt/eNOS/NO, and G<SUB>i</SUB>-mediated phospholipase C/Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>/eNOS dimerization pathways. The vasodilative activity of Rg5 was mediated by the eNOS/NO/cGMP axis. IGF-1R knockdown suppressed Rg5-induced angiogenesis and vasorelaxation by inhibiting key angiogenic signaling and NO/cGMP pathways. <I>In silico</I> docking analysis showed that Rg5 bound with high affinity to IGF-1R at the same binding site of IGF. Rg5 blocked binding of IGF-1 to its receptor with an IC<SUB>50</SUB> of ∼90 nmol/liter. However, Rg5 did not induce vascular inflammation and permeability. These data suggest that Rg5 plays a novel role as an IGF-1R agonist, promoting therapeutic angiogenesis and improving hypertension without adverse effects in the vasculature.</P>

단기간 스피닝 운동이 젊은 여성의 혈관기능에 미치는 효과

김영우,조민정,김현정,제세영 대한스포츠의학회 2022 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Purpose: Regular aerobic exercise has been recommended as an effective lifestyle strategy for the prevention andtreatment of cardiovascular disease. However, it is unclear whether short-term exercise (<6 weeks) can also improvevascular function. Thus, we sought to evaluate the efficacy of short-term spinning exercise to improve vascularfunction and body composition in young women. M ethods: Twelve young women (age, 22±2 years; body mass index, 22.2±3.3 kg/m2) participated in 10 spinningexercise sessions (50 minutes per session including 5 minutes for warm up and cool down) at 60% to 85% agepredicted maximal heart rate. Assessments were hemodynamics (heart rate [HR], rate-pressure product [RPP],brachial and central blood pressure) and vascular function (carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity [c-f PWV],augmentation index normalized to a HR of 75 beats [AIx@75], brachial artery flow-mediated dilation [FMD]), andbody composition. All measurements were obtained at baseline before (test 1 [T1] and test 2 [T2]) and again aftercompletion of the last spinning exercise session (test 3 [T3]). Results: Short-term spinning exercise reduced c-f PWV (T1: 6.2±0.7 m/sec, T3: 5.7±0.6 m/sec, p=0.012), AIx@75(T1: 2.4%±8.8%, T3: −5.9%±9.3%, p<0.001) and increased brachial artery FMD (T1: 8.0%±4.0%, T3: 11.8%±5.4%,p=0.002). Percent body fat also decreased after short-term spinning exercise (T1: 29.3%±6.0%, T3: 28.4%±6.1%,p=0.011). In addition, all participants achieved 100% adherence. Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary evidence for the effects of short-term spinning exercise to improvevascular function and body composition in young women.

트레드밀 운동과 MitoQ 처치가 D-galactose로 유도된 노화 쥐의 혈관기능에 미치는 영향

김동원,권기천,황동주,구정훈,오유성,조준용,최동훈 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2019 체육과학연구 Vol.30 No.4

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise and MitoQ treatment on NADPH oxidase, antioxidation and vascular function-related factors in aortic of D-galactose-induced aging rats. [Methods] To induce the animal model of aging, D-galactose was diluted in saline, and a dose of 100mg /kg was intraperitoneally injected into Sprague-Dawley rats once a day for a total of 10 weeks. Rats were divided into five groups: Control group (CON, n=9), D-galactose control group (DC, n=9), D-galactose+MitoQ group (DM, n=9), D-galactose+Exercise group (DE, n=9), D-galactose+MitoQ + Exercise group(DME, n=9), and treadmill exercise was conducted for 5 days/week during 8 weeks with gradual increase of intensity. MitoQ treatment was intraperitoneally injected at a concentration of 100μM/kg twice a week for 8 weeks during the research period. [Results] The result showed that treadmill exercise and MitoQ treatment decreased the expression of NADPH oxidase level and increased antioxidant enzyme such as SOD-2, catalase. It lead to positive effects such as increasing the level of eNOS, a protein involved in vascular function while decreasing the level of VCAM-1. In addition, as a result, it showed the structurally reduced intima-media thickness. [Conclusions] It can be concluded that treadmill exercise and MitoQ treatment are effective in ameliorating and treating vascular dysfunction resulting from aging. [목적] 본 연구의 목적은 D-galactose로 유도된 노화 쥐를 대상으로 트레드밀 운동과 MitoQ 처치가 대동맥 내 NADPH oxidase와 항산화 및 혈관기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 있다. [방법] 노화 유도는 D-galactose를 생리식염수에 녹여 100 mg/kg의 용량을 총 10주간 1일 1회 SD rat(Sprague-Dawley rat) 복강 내 주사(intraperitoneal injection)하였다. 실험집단은 Control group(CON, n=9), D-galactose control group(DC, n=9), D-galactose+MitoQ group(DM, n=9), D-galactose+ Exercise group(DE, n=9), D-galactose+MitoQ+Exercise group(DME, n=9)의 총 5개의 집단으로 구분하였으며, 트레드밀 운동은 주 5일 8주간 점진적으로 증가시키는 운동 강도로 실시하였고 MitoQ 처치는 운동이 실행되는 8주 동안 주 2회 100μM/kg의 농도로 희석하여 복강 내 주사하였다. [결과] 트레드밀 운동과 MitoQ 처치는 NADPH oxidase의 수준을 감소시키고 SOD-2, catalase와 같은 항산화효소를 증가시켜 혈관기능에 관여하는 단백질인 eNOS의 수준을 증가시키는 반면 VCAM-1의 수준은 감소시키는 긍정적인 효과를 보였다. 이를 통한 혈관 내중막 두께를 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 인지능력 또한 유의하게 증가시켰다. [결론] 따라서 운동과 MitoQ 처치는 노화로 인한 혈관기능장애를 개선하고 치료하는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

고 반복 저항성 운동이 비만 남성의 혈관내피 기능 및 산화질소(NO), 엔도텔린1(ET-1)에 미치는 영향

장용우 한국융합과학회 2023 한국융합과학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effects of high-repetitive resistance exercise on vascular endothelial function and nitric oxide(NO) and endocelin1(ET-1) in obese men. Methods: Body fat percentage was examined using a body composition analyzer(in body3.0) for obese males consisting of 10 obese experimental groups and 10 control groups, and obesity status was examined using body mass index(BMI). Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer. For vascular endothelial cell function tests, blood flow velocity, vascular resistance and vascular stenosis of the subclavian artery were measured using an ultrasound doppler device, and maximum vessel diameter(PVD) and flow-mediated diastolic response(FMD) were measured using a pulse wave doppler device and vascular endothelial regulatory variables NO and ET-1 were measured through blood analysis. Result: In the case of systolic blood pressure, a vascular endothelial function variable, the experimental group showed a significant(p<.01) difference of -10.7% by treatment period, and the blood flow rate in the experimental group showed a significant(p<.01) difference of –20.4%. Vascular resistance showed a significant(p<.01) difference of -24.8% by treatment period in the experimental group, and a significant(p<.01) difference of -12.6% in the experimental group by treatment period in the case of vascular stenosis. PVD did not show a significant difference at -2.12% by treatment period in the experimental group. In the case of FMD, the experimental group showed a significant (p<.001) difference of 43.4% by treatment period compared to the control group. In the case of NO, a vascular modulator, the experimental group showed a significant (p<.001) difference of 32.1% by treatment period, and ET-1 showed a significant(p<.001) difference of -46.7% in the experimental group. There was no statistical change in the control group for each variable. Conclusion: High- repetitive resistance exercise is interpreted to have a positive effect on vascular endothelial function and vascular endothelial control of NO and ET-1 along with relieving obesity in men, and through the advantages of resistance exercise that will be set variously in the future, we would like to propose the efficiency of high-repetitive resistance exercise for body fat control, improvement of vascular endothelial function, and improvement of endothelial regulation variables in obese men. 연구목적: 본 연구는 16주간의 고 반복형 저항성 운동이 비만 남성의 혈관내피 기능 및 산화질소(NO), 엔도셀린1(ET-1) 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이 목적이다. 연구방법: 비만 실험군 10명, 통제군10명으로 구성된 비만 남성을 대상으로 체성분분석기(in body3.0)를 사용하여 체지방률을 검사하였으며, 체질량지수(BMI)를 이용하여 비만 상태를 검사하였다. 혈압은 수은혈압계를 이용하여 측정하였다. 혈관내피세포 기능 검사는 ultrasound doppler 기기를 통해 쇄골하동맥의 혈류속도, 혈관저항 및혈관협착의 측정과 pulse wave doppler 기기를 이용하여 최대혈관직경(PVD)과 혈류매개 확장 반응(FMD)을 측정하였으며, 혈관내피 조절변인 인 NO와 ET-1은 혈액분석을 통해 측정하였다. 결과: 혈관내피 기능변인 인 수축기 혈압의 경우 실험군은 처치시기별 –10.7%의 유의한(p<.01) 차를 나타냈고, 혈류속도는 실험군의 경우 처치시기별 –20.4%의 유의한(p<.01) 차를 나타냈다. 혈관저항은 실험군의경우 처치시기별 –24.8%의 유의한(p<.01) 차를 나타냈으며, 혈관협착의 경우 실험군은 처치시기별 – 12.6%의 유의한(p<.01) 차를 나타냈다. PVD는 실험군의 경우 처치시기별 –2.12%로 유의한 차는 나타나지 않았다. FMD의 경우 실험군은 통제 군에 비해 처치시기별 43.4%의 유의한(p<.001) 차를 나타냈다. 혈관조절물질 인 NO의 경우 실험군은 처치시기 별 32.1%의 유의한(p<.001) 차를 나타냈으며, ET-1 은 실험군의 경우 –46.7%의 유의한(p<.001) 차를 나타냈다. 각 변인별 통제군은 전반적인 통계적인변화는 없었다. 결론: 고 반복형 저항성 운동은 남성들의 비만 해소와 함께 혈관내피 기능과 NO와ET-1의 혈관내피 조절에 긍정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 해석되며, 추후 다양하게 설정되는 저항성 운동의 장점을 통해 비만 남성의 체지방 조절, 혈관내피 기능의 향상과 내피 조절변인의 개선을 위한고 반복 개념의 저항성 운동 프로그램의 효율성을 제안하고자 한다.

전단응력이 산화스트레스에 의한 혈관내피세포 기능 손상 예방에 미치는 효과

백경완,김지석 중앙대학교 학교체육연구소 2023 Asian Journal of Physical Education of Sport Scien Vol.11 No.2

Endothelial cells constituting the vascular intimal layer cause functional changes such as vascular relaxation and angiogenesis due to shear stress generated by continuous friction force with blood flow. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of vascular shear stress, which increases due to aerobic exercise, on the improvement of vascular endothelial cell function and related mechanisms through cultured cell experiments. Pre-treatment of shear stress prevented the functional degradation of HUVECs caused by oxidative stress. In addition, it was confirmed that the positive effect of shear stress disappeared when treated with sirtinol, a SIRT1 inhibitor, demonstrating that SIRT1 is involved in improving the function of aged vascular endothelial cells through shear stress. This study proved that improvement of intravascular shear stress through regular aerobic exercise can contribute to preventing vascular dysfunction due to oxidative stress. 혈관은 3중막으로 구성되는데, 혈관 내피세포로 구성된 내막과 평활근 세포층으로 구성된 중막 및 외막으로 형성된다. 혈관 내막을 구성하는 혈관 내피세포는 혈류와 지속적으로 마찰하며 발생하는 전단응력에 의해 혈관 이완, 혈관 신생 등의 기능 변화를 가져온다. 본 연구는 유산소성 운동으로 인해 증가하는 혈관 전단응력이 산화스트레스에 의한 혈관 내피세포 기능 저하의 예방에 미치는 효과 및 관련 기전을 배양세포 실험을 통해 규명하는 데 있다. 혈관 이완기능의 생물학적 지표인 eNOS 발현량, 혈관신생기능의 지표인 내피세포관 형성 능력, 혈관 재생기능의 지표인 내피세포 이동 능력 등을 배양된 인간 혈관 내피세포인 HUVEC(Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell)을 통해 실험 조사한 결과, 전단응력을 처치한 세포군에서 산화스트레스 유발 세포기능 저하에 대한 저항성이 나타났다. 즉, 전단응력의 사전 처치가 산화스트레스에 의한 HUVEC의 기능 저하를 예방하였음을 확인하였다. 또한, SIRT1 발현 억제제인 sirtinol 처치 시 전단응력의 긍정적인 효과가 소멸함을 확인하여, 전단응력을 통한 혈관내피세포의 기능 개선에 SIRT1이 관여함을 보여주었다. 본 연구는 규칙적 유산소운동을 통한 혈관 내 전단응력의 향상이 산화스트레스에 의한 혈관기능 저하를 예방하는 데 기여할 수 있음을 증명하였다.

12주간의 기구 필라테스 트레이닝이 비만 중년 여성의 체력, 심혈관기능 및 혈관내피기능에 미치는 영향

장유진,박원범,이만균 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2023 체육과학연구 Vol.34 No.1

PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the effects of a 12-week equipment-based Pilates training on physical fitness, cardiovascular function, and vascular endothelial function in obese middle-aged women. METHODS Twenty-four women, aged 30- 40 years with a body mass index ≥ 25 and percent body fat ≥ 30% were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the Pilates training group (TR; n=12); and control group (CON; n=12). The TR participants underwent three 50-minute equipmentbased Pilates training sessions per week for 12 weeks. Participants in the CON maintained their normal life patterns for the same intervention period. Variables regarding physical fitness, cardiovascular function, and vascular endothelial function were measured and compared pre-test and post-test u a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS The main results of the study were as follows: 1) Regarding physique and body composition, participants’ body weight, body mass index, fat mass, percent body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio decreased significantly in the TR. 2) Regarding physical fitness, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory endurance increased significantly in the TR. 3) Regarding cardiovascular response, SV increased significantly in the TR. 4) Regarding vascular endothelial function, blood vessel diameter at rest and during vasodilation as well as blood flow volume during vasodilation decreased significantly in the CON, resulting in a significant interaction between group and test in FMD percentage. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the 12-week equipment-based Pilates program improved the physical fitness and vascular endothelial function in obese middle-aged women. [목적] 이 연구의 목적은 비만 중년 여성을 대상으로 12주간 실시한 기구 필라테스 트레이닝이 체력, 심혈관기능, 그리고 혈관내피기능에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. [방법] 체질량지수가 25kg·m-2 이상이고, 체지방률이 30% 이상인 30~40대의 비만 여성을 필라테스 집단과 통제 집단에 무선할당 하였다. 필라테스 집단의 대상자(12명)는 12주간, 주 3회, 회당 50분 기구 필라테스 프로그램에 참여하였고, 통제 집단(12명)의 대상자는 특별한 처치를 받지 않고 동일한 처치기간 중 평소의 생활습관을 그대로 유지하였다. 사전검사와 사후검사에서 신체구성, 체력, 혈압, 심혈관반응, 그리고 혈관내피기능을 측정한 후 두 집단 간에, 그리고 두 검사 간에 비교 분석하였다. [결과] 이 연구에서 얻은 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 체격 및 신체구성과 관련하여 필라테스 집단의 체중, 체질량지수, 체지방량, 체지방률, 허리둘레, 엉덩이둘레, 그리고 허리엉덩이둘레 비율이 유의하게 감소되었다. 2) 체력과 관련하여 필라테스 집단의 근력, 근지구력, 유연성, 그리고 심폐지구력이 유의하게 향상되었다. 3) 심혈관반응과 관련하여 필라테스 집단의 SV가 유의하게 증가되었다. 4) 혈관내피기능과 관련하여 통제 집단의 안정시와 혈관 이완시 혈관직경, 그리고 혈관 이완시 혈류량이 유의하게 감소되었다. 그리고 %FMD에서 집단과 시기의 상호작용이 유의하게나타났다. [결론] 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 12주간의 기구 필라테스 프로그램이 비만 중년 여성의 체격과 신체구성과 체력을개선시키고, 혈관내피기능의 개선에 공헌한 것으로 결론지을 수 있다. 또한, 비만 중년 여성의 경우 아직 심혈관기능의 현저한 저하가 나타나지 않은 이유로 심혈관기능에 대한 처치의 효과가 크게 나타나지 않았으나, 필라테스 집단의SV가 유의하게 증가된 것은 장기간의 필라테스 트레이닝이 심혈관기능의 개선 가능성을 시사한다.

REVIEW : Type 2 Diabetes: Endothelial dysfunction and Exercise

( Moon Hyon Hwang ),( Sang Ho Kim ) 한국운동영양학회 2014 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.18 No.3

Type 2 Diabetes: Endothelial dysfunction and Exercise. JENB., Vol. 18, No. 3, pp.239-247,2014 [Purpose]Vascular endothelial dysfunction is an early marker of atherosclerosis characterized by decreased nitric oxide bioavailability in the vascular endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Recently, some animal models and in vitro trials demonstrated that excessive superoxide production from mitochondria within vascular endothelial cells played a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. This review provides a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of exercise to identify effective approaches to recognize diabetes risk and prevent progression to heart disease. [Methods]A systematic literature search was conducted to retrieve articles from 1979 to 2013 using the following databases: the MEDLINE, PubMed. Articles had to describe an intervention that physical activity and exercise to identify effective approaches to heart in people with Type 2 diabetes. [Results]Currently, physical activity and exercise guidelines aimed to improve cardiovascular health in patients with type 2 diabetes are nonspecific. Benefit of aerobic exercise training on vascular endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients is still controversial. [Conclusion]it is necessary to demonstrate the mechanism of endothelial dysfunction from live human tissues so that we can provide more specific exercise training regimens to enhance cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetic patients. [Key words]Type 2 diabetes, vascular endothelial function, nitric oxide, flow-mediated dilation, oxidative stress, exercise training.

인조혈관재료 표면에 도포된 혈관내피세포의 생리적 변화에 관한 연구

이윤신,김용배 대한의용생체공학회 1996 의공학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Antithrombogenic surFace is one of the most important things to the artificial vascular prostheses. This problem will be solved if the surface of prosthesis is covered with endothelial cells. The attachment and the growth of endothelial cells onto vascular prosthesis are very difficult. So many studies have been concentrated on the attachement of endothelial cell. But no good performance of the in uiwo experiments has been shown until now. In this study, we used the whole extracellular matrix (ECM) excreted from fibroblasts as an underlying matrix, and the endothelial cells were seeded to obtain the long term patency of vascular graft(i.e., for the patent 8 week implanted wafts in the animal model of rat). In order to study the antithrombogenic functions of cultured endothelial cells, prostaglandin(PGF 1 a) synthesis and platelet adhesion were assayed. The concentration of PGF a of stimulated group was sisnificantly higher than that of control group(21.97 $\pm$ 3.45 vs 4.93 $\pm$0.71 pg/1000 cells). The platelet adhesion of the polyurethane sheet covered with endothelial cells was lower than that of polyurethane sheet or sheet covered with ECM(1.04$\pm$0.28, 2.87$\pm$0.77, 2.89$\pm$0.70, % radioactivities, respectively). Endothelial cells grew well on polyurethane coated with ECM, synthesized the prostacyclin and functioned well as antithrombogenic. Therefore the endothelialization onto the ECM excreted from fibroblasts may be a good method for the vfudig prosthesis.