당~송대선의 開悟(개오)에 대한 인식 변화

강문선 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2012 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.63

9세기 초, 당대를 대표로 하는 마조선은 ‘自心是佛’ ‘此心卽佛’을 원점으로 하여 그 취지는 ‘卽心是佛’ ‘平常心是道’라는 成句로 요약된다. 중국선종의 실질적인 형성은 바로 마조문하의 이러한 이념에서 비롯된다. 선종은, 당말에서 五代에 걸쳐 5家로 분류되며 북송기 임제종은 황룡·양기파로 분기되고 이 兩派에서는 당대선에 대한 비판의식이 고조된다. 특히 양기파 원오극근의 경우, 사상적으로는 唐의 마조선류의 연장선상에 있다고 생각되지만 ‘있는 그대로의 자기가 부처’라는 생각으로 안주함을 비난하고, 現狀을 타파하는 결정적인 大悟가 반드시 있어야 한다고 주장했다. 본 논문은 이러한 당·송대의 선자들의 開悟에 대한 의미와 인식에 대해 究明해 보았다. 당대선의 주류가 되는 마조를 비롯한 그 문하의 선자들은 본래성과 일상영위는 둘이 아니며 평상이 그대로 佛作佛行이며 이를 ‘平常·無事’라고 하였다. 그러나 평상·무사라고 하여 그대로 안주하는 것은 아니었다. 마조는 문답으로 제자를 접화하여 수행자 스스로가 ‘心是佛’을 실지로 깨닫게 했다. 이러한 접화 방식은 석두계측도 마찬가지였다. 그들은 본래성의 체득을 중요시하였고 개오가 없는 무사는 인정하지 않았다. 당대선을 더욱 발전시킨 임제, 조주, 덕산, 등은 모두 본래 평상·무사인임을 모르고 求佛求心하는 수행자에게는 拳, 棒, 喝, 등을 사용하여 대오하게 했다. 그런데 북송대의 선자들은 당대선을 대오가 없는 무사선이라고 비판 했다. 황룡문하의 照覺(東林)만이 무사선을 계승하지만 동문인 晦堂과 眞淨은 이를 크게 비판했으며 양기문하의 白雲, 五祖, 등 역시 대오를 주장했다. 오조를 嗣法한 원오는 이들의 영향을 받아 그의 저술과 어록 등에서, 無事는 선의 究竟이지만 이는 반드시 개오를 통해서이며, 방법으로 ‘화두참구’ ‘休歇’등을 제시하였다. 이 같은 원오의 무사에 대한 비판은, 선사상적 내실을 경시하고 선을 개오의 방법론으로만 취급하려는 편향적인 경향이 있음을 살필 수 있었다. 당대선이 평상·무사인임을 실지로 깨우치도록 하는 선이었고 송대선 또한 참된 무사는 대오이후라고 강조하는 선이라고 볼 때, 당·송대 선은 모두 개오를 중요시했다고 보며 다만 개오에 대한 인식이 禪者의 견해에 따라 그 의미가 變移되었다고 본다. 이는 역으로 시대별 선류를 결정짓는 원인이 되었다고 볼 수 있다. The Mazu (馬祖) Chan, representing Chan of the Tang dynasty in the early 9thcentury, started from ‘One``s own mind is Buddha (自心是佛)’ or ‘This mind is in itself Buddha (此心卽佛)’, and its main teachings are summarized as the phrases; ‘The mind is Buddha, just as it is (卽心是佛)’ or ‘One`s original mind is, as it is, the Way (平常心是道)’. The substantial formation of the Chinese Chan School (禪宗) originated from these ideas under the Mazu School. The Chan School (禪宗) was divided into ‘Five Houses’ (五家) over the period from the late Tang to the Five Dynasties(五代). Later on, in the North Song dynasty, the Linji School (臨濟宗) branched off into the Yangqi branch (楊岐派) and the Huanglong branch (黃龍派). In these two branches, critical minds were heightened about the Chan in the Tang dynasty. Especially, the Yangqi branch (楊岐派) blamed the Chan traditions in the Tang dynasty on the point that the tradition, though ideologically believed to be extensions of the Mazu (馬祖) Chan , remained steadfast in peace in the thought of ``The mind, just as it is, is Buddha``, and further claimed that there should be an enlightenment which sees into the truth breaking through the present state. Mazu (馬祖) and his disciple practitioner, as the mainstream of the Chan in the Tang dynasty, said that original nature and everyday life are not the two but one and the same, and the ordinary as it is, is the deed of Buddha, so was called “the ordinary is No hindrance.” However, “the ordinary is No hindrance” meant no ‘remaining steadfast in peace.’ Mazu (馬祖), through connecting him with his disciples and leading them to the Way by means of question and answer, let the practitioners themselves realize that ``the mind is Buddha, just as it is.`` This method of ``connecting by means of question and answer`` was also performed in Shitou (石頭) lineage. They regarded mastering of original nature as important and did not recognize ‘No hindrance without enlightenment’. Linji (臨濟), Zhaozhou (趙州), Deshan (德山), etc. altogether made Chan practitioners, who seek for Buddhahood and the mind without knowing that the ordinary is originally no hindrance, acquire enlightenment by using a fist-punching, a stick-striking or a sudden shouting. Chan practitioner in the North Song dynasty criticized the Chan in the Tang dynasty for its being ``No Hindrance Chan`` without enlightenment. Although Zhaojue (照覺) (Donglin; 東林) of the Huanglong branch (黃龍派) alone had succeeded to ``No hindrance Chan`` tradition, his fellow disciplines such as Huitang (晦堂) and Zhenjing (眞淨) criticized severely his succession. Further, Baiyun (白 雲) and the Five Patriarchs (五祖) etc. of the Yangqi branch (楊岐派) insisted upon acquisition of enlightenment. Yuanwu (園悟), who had inherited the dharma from the Five Patriarchs (五祖), being influenced by them, emphasized in his writings and recorded sayings that ``No hindrance``, though it being the ultimate culmination of Chan, is necessarily to be thoroughly penetrated into and proposed as methods thereof ``breaking the gong-an`` and ``repose yourselves with mindfulness`` etc. In my inquiries, however, I could find out that Yuanwu (園悟)`s criticism on the doctrine of ``No hindrance`` of the Chan in the Tang dynasty has the inclination to treat a Chan as a mere methodology of enlightenment, while thinking light of its internal stability in the historical context of Chan thoughts. This criticism is believed to have originated from the way of thinking of Yuanwu (園悟) and the like, which intends to evaluate thoughts by the difference in methodology rather than in content. Viewing that the Chan in the Tang dynasty was one which made practitioners themselves realize the doctrine of “the ordinary is No hindrance” and that the Chan in the Song dynasty was also one which emphasized the knowledge of true “No hindrance” only after enlightenment, it is considered that Chans in the Tang and Song dynasties altogether highly regarded the enlightenment and that its perception alone varied according to th

건축법령상의 일조확보 기준과 민사책임법상의 일조기준 사이의 괴리와 혼미

김민규(Kim, Min-Kyou) 조선대학교 법학연구원 2013 法學論叢 Vol.20 No.1

이 논문은 건축법령상의 일조확보 기준과 민사책임법상의 일조시수 기준 사이에 발생하는 괴리현상 때문에, 건축계에서는 건축법령상에서 요구하는 일정 기준을 준수하여 적법하게 건축허가를 받았음에도 불구하고 건축행위를 시작하기 전 또는 건축행위 중 그리고 건축행위를 완료한 후에 민사법상의 공사착공금지 또는 공사중지 가처분 신청 그리고 손해배상청구 등으로 인하여 건축주가 감내하여야 하는 고충이 크다고 토로하기 때문에, 양 법역 사이의 괴리현상을 해소할 필요가 있다는 주장이 강력하게 제기되고 있는 현실에 착안하여 그 원인ㆍ괴리현상해소를 위한 학설 및 판례의 입장을 고찰한 후 그 과제에 대하여 검토한 것이다. 첫째, 그 원인은 단독주택의 경우는 “건물 높이 대비 이격거리”를 일조확보 기준으로 삼고 있으나, 공동주택의 경우는 그 기준 이외에도 “총 4시간 또는 연속 2시간”이라는 일조확보 기준을 수인한도 초과여부의 판단기준으로 삼고 있기 때문이다. 단독주택의 경우에도 “건물 높이 대비 이격거리”만으로는 실질적인 일조확보가 불가능하기 때문에 실질적으로 일조를 확보하기 위하여 일조시간 기준으로 전환할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 건축법령상에서는 상업지역에 축조되는 공동주택에 대해서는 일조시간 기준이 적용되지 않기 때문에 최근 건축기법의 다양성에 힘입어 주상복합아파트가 많이 건축되고 있는 현실을 볼 때, 상업지역내의 공동주택이라 하여 일조이익을 향유할 법익을 포기한 것은 아니라 할 것이므로, 이 점에 대한 건축법령 및 판례의 입장은 변경되어야 마땅하다. 셋째, 우리나라 판례에서 취하고 있는 공동주택에 대한 “총 4시간 또는 연속 2시간”이라는 일조기준은 그 설정근거가 대단히 박약하기 때문에, 이웃 주민들에게 그 기준을 충족하는 일영에 대해서는 수인하라고 요구할 설득력이 미약하다. 따라서 수인한도론을 일조침해의 위법성 판단기준으로 도입하였지만, 그에 따른 일조시간 제한의 근거에 대한 탐구를 재시도할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 실제 판례상에서는 저층의 단독주택 또는 상업지역내에 건축된 (공동)주택에 대해서는 수인한도의 범위내라고 판단하는 것이 일반적인 경향이기 때문에, 수인한도라는 위법성 판단기준이 실제로는 건축주의 일조침해 책임을 면제시키는 도구개념으로 활용되는 경우가 많다. 따라서 수인한도라는 마법사가 일조침해를 구제하기 위한 판단기준이 아니라 건축주를 옹호하기 위한 수단으로 전락해서는 안된다. 다섯째, 공법적인 (일조확보를 위한) 규제와 민사법적 구제법리를 무리하게 통일시키려는 시도도 어느 정도 자제할 필요가 있다. 물론 현행 건축법령이 “건물 높이 대비 이격거리”를 일조확보 기준으로 규정하고 있는 방법은 실질적인 일조확보를 위한 일조시간 기준으로 전환하는데 공감한다. 그러나 공법상의 일조확보 기준은 건축허가를 전제로 한 획일적인 기준임에 비하여, 민사법상의 일조침해 구제기준은 구체적인 사건을 해결하기 위한 다양성을 그 본질로 한다. 따라서 공법상의 일조규제와 민사책임법상의 일조기준은 특히 최근과 같은 건축기법의 발달에 힘입어 그 본질적 목적을 달리하고 있다. 따라서 건축법령상의 일조확보 기준과 민사책임법리 사이의 괴리현상과 혼미상태는 근본적으로 해결할 수 없는 양 법역 사이의 본질적ㆍ내재적 한계라 할 것이다. In this study, I performed a study on the discrepancy and confusion between the criteria of legal control of sunlight enjoyment hindrance pursuant to Korean public law regulations on one side, and, those of liability regulations in civil law which adopts criteria based on the length of time during which the enjoyer remains free from hindrance on the other. The study can be summarized as follows: First, while single houses in the sense of Korean architectural regulations are subject to legal rules adopting distance-based criteria which are in a proportionality relationship to the height of the building to be built, it is obvious that these criteria can hardly function effectively enough to prevent socially unacceptable hindrance to right to sunlight. Consequently, I would like to suggest that the single houses also be subject to the same criteria, which is based on time length. Second, single houses and apartment houses —both, in the sense of Korean architectural regulations— in commercial regions according to Korean law should, in my opinion, also be subject to the same legal criteria, i.e., those criteria which are based on time length. There seems to be nothing which suggests that, as far as apartments in commercial areas are concerned, sunlight interest is under any reservation. Third, in my opinion, the time-lengh-based criteria which is adopted by Korean courts in ensuring the right of the neighbours to sunlight, i.e. the total 4 hours or continuous 2 hours’ rule, is as good as groundless. More explanations for the theory are required in order to say that the sunlight enjoyment hindrance owing to the construction of a neighbour building does not exceed the “tolerance limit” and that, for the same reason, the neighbours cannot legally dispute the hindrance. Fourth, the “tolerance limit” concept related to the judgement of illegality in civil law is often abused as an instrument of case-by-case excuse for the building owners. Therefore, in my opinion, special care should be taken so that the same concept may not be exposed to the danger of abuse for the purpose of arbitrarily benefitting the building owners, so to say, like the ruler of a magician. Fifth, while the architectural regulations provide a unified standard regarding the issuance of building permits, the legal remedies in civil law pursuit settlement of sunlight enjoyment hindrance cases of different forms. I would like to ascribe the present confusing controversial state about the discrepancy between architectural regulations and sunlight enjoyment hindrance criteria in civil liability regulations to the material difference of the two legal fields.

직무스트레스의 도전·방해요인이 신체적 증상 및 종업원 인게이지먼트에 미치는 영향

이동환(Lee, Dong Hwan),장영철(Chang, Young Chul) 한국인적자원관리학회 2016 인적자원관리연구 Vol.23 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 직무스트레스 요인 중 도전요인과 방해요인이 조직 구성원의 신체적 증상과 종업원인게이지먼트에 미치는 영향을 확인하는 것이다. 그 과정에서 긍정정서의 매개역할을 검증하였다. 연구를 위해 서울에 거주하는 20세 이상 남녀 직장인을 대상으로 설문지를 배포하여 총 378개의 설문지를 분석에 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 직무스트레스 요인 중 긍정적 요인인 도전요인은 신체적 증상 중에서 수면장애를 유의하게 감소시켰다. 또한 직무인게이지먼트를 유의하게 향상시켰지만, 조직인게이지먼트에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 반면 직무스트레스 요인 중에서 부정적 요인인 방해요인은 신체적 증상 중에서 수면장애, 두통, 소화기 증상 및 상기도 감염 모두 유의하게 증가시켰다. 방해요인은 직무인게이지먼트와 조직인게이지먼트 모두에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 긍정정서는 도전요인이 수면장애에 미치는 영향과 도전요인이 직무인게이지먼트와 조직인게이지먼트에 미치는 영향을 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 국내 관련 연구 분야에서 처음으로 직무스트레스 요인을 도전요인과 방해요인으로 구분하여 연구함으로써 직무스트레스의 긍정적 요인을 이론적으로 발전시켰다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 본 연구의 결과는 조직 차원에서 방해요인은 줄이고, 도전요인은 장려함으로써 조직 구성원의 신체적 증상을 줄이고, 직무 및 조직에 더 몰입할 수 있도록 제도를 보완해야 한다는 것을 시사한다. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of challenge and hindrance factor from job stress on physical symptoms and employee engagement of each member of an organization. This study also verifies mediating role of positive affects during this process. For the study, 378 questionnaires were distributed to workers over the age of 20 living in Seoul. As a result, it was found that challenge factor which is a factor of job stress and considered positively reduces sleep disturbance among physical symptoms significantly. Challenge factor also improved job engagement significantly, but it didn’t affect organizational engagement. Whereas, hindrance factor which is considered negatively increased sleep disturbance, headache, gastrointestinal problem, and upper respiratory infection of physical symptoms. And it did not have significant effects on job engagement and organizational engagement. Also, positive affects played its mediating role between challenge factor and its effects on sleep disturbance, job engagement and organizational engagement. This study is the first domestic research to develop positive factors of job stress theoretically by separating job stress factors to challenge factors and hindrance. This study is also important, because it shows that the relevant institutions have to be supplemented to reduce hindrance and help workers to concentrate on their works by distinguishing challenge factors from hindrance and reducing physical symptoms.

감정표현규칙이 서비스 직원의 소진에 미치는 영향: 도전적 평가와 방해적 평가의 매개효과를 중심으로

김예진,이규민,오세형 한국인사조직학회 2024 인사조직연구 Vol.32 No.1

Emotional display rules are official and unofficial requirements on how people should express their emotions to others in organizations, playing crucial roles in emotional management. According to the job demand-resources model, emotional display rules can cause job stress and burnout because they are job demands. However, in light of the challenge-hindrance job stress model, the effect of job demands on burnout may differ according to whether people perceive them as challenges or hindrances. The purpose of this study is to determine the causal relationship among emotional display rules, challenge appraisal, hindrance appraisal, and service worker burnout. In this study, we postulate that emotional display rules increase burnout, while challenge and hindrance appraisals mediate the display rules-burnout relationship. A total of 213 survey responses were collected from frontline workers in the service industry, and an analysis of results revealed that emotional display rules are positively associated with burnout, while challenge appraisal negatively mediates the display rules-burnout relationship. We also found that hindrance appraisal did not mediate between emotional display rules and burnout, while perceived organizational support and self efficacy did not moderate the relationship between emotional display rules and burnout. These results may demonstrate the possibility that service worker burnout can be buffered with the perception of emotional display rules as challenging rather than hindering job demands. In addition, they imply that service workers’ perceptions and mind controls are more important than external factors like organizational support in managing job demands, such as emotional display rules. This study shows the importance of job appraisal in understanding service workers’ stresses and burnout.

무애상담 프로그램이 초등학생의 자기조절과 행복감에 미치는 효과

원강희,이재용 한국초등상담교육학회 2019 초등상담연구 Vol.18 No.4

이 연구의 목적은 원효의 사상을 토대로 개발한 무애상담프로그램이 초등학생의 자기조절력과 행복감 향상에 유의한 효과가 있는지를 검증하는 데 있다. 무애상담 프로그램은 원효의 사상에 담긴 ‘한 마음’ 개념을 상담학적 지식으로 추출하여 개발하였다. 프로그램 운영은 연구자가 C도 S초등학교 6학년 25명을 대상으로 실시하였고, 프로그램 운영 기간은 총 5주간 10차시로 진행되었다. 초등학생용 무애상담 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 자기조절력 검사, 행복감 검사를 활용하였고, 실험집단과 통제집단의 프로그램 처치 전․후의 차이를 비교하는 독립표본 t-검증을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 무애상담 프로그램은 초등학생의 자기조절력과 행복감 신장에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 무애상담프로그램이 초등학생의 자기조절력을 신장시킴으로써 아이들의 학교생활 적응에 도움을 주고, 이를 바탕으로 행복한 삶을 살아가는 데에 도움이 될 수 있기를 기대한다. The purpose of this study was to properly design a Moo-ae (無碍, hindrance-free) counseling program for elementary school students, and it aims to verify whether there is a significant influence on the improvement of the students' sense of self-regulation and wellbeing as applying the developed program. The Moo-ae (無碍, hindrance-free) counseling program was developed around the concept of 'one mind' contained in Wonhyo's ideas. The program was set to 40 minutes per session and conducted twice a week for 5 weeks. Selecting two classes with homogeneity from its test of the sixth-grade classes of S school in North Chungcheong province, one class was set as an experimental group, and the other class was set as a control group. The results of this study are as follows. The experimental group participated in the Moo-ae (無碍, hindrance-free) counseling program revealed a significant improvement in the sense of self-regulation and wellbeing compared to the control group. It is hoped that the counseling program will help children adjust to school life by increasing self-regulation of elementary school students and help them to live happily.

Synthesis of 2-(2¹-Vinyloxyethoxy)-1-naphthylidenemalononitrile and its Polymerization Behaviors

Lee, Ju-Yeon 인제대학교기초과학연구소 1999 자연과학 Vol.3 No.-

2-(2'-비닐옥시에톡시)-1-나프탈데히드(1)를 말로노니트릴롸 축합반응시켜 2-(2'-비닐옥시에톡시)-1-나프릴메틸리덴말로노니트릴(2)를 합성하였다. 이중 기능성 비닐 에테르 단량체 2는 입체방해 효과 때문에 자유 라디칼 개시제에 의해서는 호모중합 또는 전자가 풍부한 에틸 비닐 에테르와 전자가 부족한 벤질리덴말로노니트릴과의 공중합은 진행되지 않았다. 그러나 화합물 2는 양이온 개시체에 의해서는 중합이 잘 진행되어 효과적인 비선형 광학 발색단으로 예상되는 2-옥시-1-나프틸메틸리덴말로노니트릴을 측쇄에 포함하는 중합체 3을 형성하였다. 중합체 3은 아세톤같은 상용 용매에 잘 녹았으며 고유점도는 0.24-0.28 dL/g을 보였다. 아세톤 용액으로부터 얻어진 중합체 필름은 불투명하고 취약성을 보였다. 중합체 3은 300℃까지 열 안정성을 보였으며 DSC로부터 얻어진 유리전이온도는 82℃였다. 2-(2'-Vinyloxyethoxy)-1-naphthylmethylidenemalononitrile (2) was prepared by the condensation of 2-(2'-vinyloxyethoxy)-1-naphthaldehyde(1) with malononitrile. Bifunctional vinylether monomer 2 did not homo-or copolymerize by free radical initiators due to the steric hindrance. However, compound 2 polymerized well by cationic initiators to give poymer 3 having 2-oxy-1-naphthylmethylidenemalononitrile, which is presumably effective NLO-chromophore for second order nonlinear optical applicaions. Polymers 3 was soluble in common solvents such as acetone and DMSO, and the inherent viscosities of the polymers were in the range of 0.24-0.28 dL/g. Films cast from acetone solution were cloudy and brittle. Polymers 3 showed a thermal stability up to 300℃ with a Tg of 82℃ in DSC thermogram.

Kinetic Study on Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of Phenyl Y-Substituted Phenyl Carbonates with 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene: Effects of Amine Nature on Reaction Mechanism

박경호,Min-Young Kim,엄익환 대한화학회 2016 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.37 No.1

Second-order rate constants (kN) for nucleophilic displacement reactions of phenyl Y-substituted phenyl carbonates (7a–7l) with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in 80 mol % H2O/20 mol % DMSO at 25.0 ± 0.1 oC have been measured spectrophotometrically. The Brønsted-type plot for the reactions of 7a–7l with DBU is linear with βlg = –0.48, indicating that the reactions proceed through a concerted mechanism, which is in contrast to the stepwise mechanism reported previously for the corresponding reactions with ethylamine (a primary amine) and piperidine (a secondary amine). The Hammett plots correlated with σ − and σ o constants exhibit many scattered points. In contrast, the Yukawa–Tsuno plot results in an excellent linear correlation with ρY = 1.27 and r = 0.57, implying that a negative charge develops partially on the O atom of the leaving group in the transition state. The bulky DBU is less reactive than the primary and secondary amines toward substrates possessing a weakly basic leaving group. It has been concluded that steric hindrance exerted by DBU in the plausible intermediate (T±) forces the reactions to proceed through a concerted mechanism because expulsion of the leaving group from T± could reduce the steric hindrance.

에센셜오일의 두피 미생물 생장 저해효과 -클라리세이지, 유칼립투스, 사이프러스, 제라늄, 레몬그라스 중심으로-

주명원 ( Myung Won Joo ),김주연 ( Ju Youn Kim ) 한국미용학회 2012 한국미용학회지 Vol.18 No.2

In this study, hindrance effect of five types of essential oils (clary sage, eucalyptus, cypress, geranium, lemon grass) on bacteria that were inhabiting or contaminating scalp was investigated. firstly, this study collected scalp bacteria from two healthy persons in their twenties and analyzed the DNA. Secondly, this research applied to the detected bacteria essential oil (blended essential oil) diluted by 3% and undiluted essential oil each and observed the hindrance effect with the qualitative method. According to the result of the experiment, the bacteria detected from the two persons` scalps include Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Moraxella sp., Uncultured Pseudomonadaceae, Pseudomonas, and Lactobacillus plantarum. According to the result of observing the hindrance effect, the five types of essential oil diluted by 3% showed distinctive hindrance effect only on Moraxella sp. and Bacillus cereus. The uncultured Pseudomonadaceae showed hindrance in its growth as forming the clean zone in about 50% of the area responding only to the diluted lemongrass and geranium. Meanwhile, the five types of undiluted essential oil showed distinctively more hindrance effect than the diluted essential oil. Especially, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Moraxella sp., Uncultured pseudomonadaceae, Pseudomonas sp., and Lactobacillus plantarum indicated clear hindrance in their growth. Lemongrass showed hindrance effect on growth for all the bacteria. It showed the widest range of antibacterial effect among the five essential oils. However, cypress indicated the lowest hindrance effect on the bacterial growth. If follow-up clinical research and quantitative analysis are conducted, it will lead to positive effects to develop scalp cosmetics or apply scalp treatment by using the five types of essential oil that show hindrance effect on scalp bacterial growth.

의료과오소송에서의 증명방해이론 : 증명방해의 소송상 제재의 근거와 효과를 중심으로

이정환(Lee Jeong Hawn) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2013 의생명과학과 법 Vol.9 No.-

Term of medical malpractice litigation has not been accurately defined as a legal concept but it may be defined as a suit filed by the part of patients pursuing damage compensation against the people including medical professionals, who provided a medical practice at issue, and alleging that "the accident occurred out of the fault made in the course of such medical practice. In these medical malpractice litigations, it is difficult to prove the existence of objective facts causing a medical malpractice because: reenactment of such facts is hard to be made compared to those of other litigations for general damage compensation; and most of evidence in medical malpractice litigations are owned by the dependants, which make it hard to prove without cooperation of those dependants. Thus, it is said that this difficulties in fact proving is caused by the nature of medical practice itself. Therefore, applying general theories of burden of proof to medical malpractice litigations is necessary to be adjusted based on realities of medical malpractice litigations because such application may result in an one-sided disadvantage of difficulties in proving evidence on the patients, the plaintiffs, whatever the cause of action of such medical malpractice litigation is tort or failure to perform obligations. In response, it has been actively discussed to adopt theories including theory of alleviation of burden of proof, theory of conversion of burden of proof and the one of hindrance to proof of evidence. In this paper, I would like to deal with the theory of hindrance to proof of evidence and, under that theory, in the event that the evidence proving of a party having burden of proof becomes significantly difficult or impossible due to intentional misconduct or negligence of the opposite party having no burden of proof, such circumstances must be considered and adjusted in fact finding as an advantage of the party having burden of proving. In our country, this theory of hindrance to proof of evidence started to be discussed in 1970s and, on March 10, 1995, the Supreme Court in its decision adopted such theory with respect to the medical malpractice litigation on its reasoning that a party is allowed to have free suspicion so as to make the other party be at a disadvantage. Thereafter, lots of case laws based on such reasoning have been made so far. Under the present provisions of the Civil Procedure Act in Korea, there is no general provisions for judicial restriction and penalty on the conducts causing hindrance to evidence proving but only partial or specific provisions set forth them. In the event that the evidence proving of a party having burden of proof becomes significantly difficult or impossible due to intentional misconduct or negligence of the other party having no burden of proof, the other party should be imposed by certain punishment by the court and the theory of hindrance to proof of evidence appears at the stage. In such case, the issues are: if such conduct of hindrance is recognized, what kinds of judicial punishments must be imposed (considering their effects); and, if a punishment is imposed by the court, in what cases it can be justified (the grounds of punishment). In this paper, I examine the grounds and effects of judicial punishment under the theory of hindrance to evidence proving regarding medical malpractice suits in order to find alternatives to overcome the limitations of present laws in Korea so that a fairness is realized in the course of litigation in practice.

블랜디드 러닝 환경에서 학습효과 저해 요인 분석 -초등학교를 중심으로-

손미 ( Mi Shon ),정현희 ( Hyeon Hee Chung ) 한국교육정보미디어학회(구 한국교육정보방송학회) 2007 교육정보미디어연구 Vol.13 No.2

본 연구는 초등학교 블랜디드 러닝 환경에서의 학습 효과 저해 요인을 파악하기 위해 초등 5학년 사회과 수업에 블랜디드 러닝을 적용한 후 학습자특성, 교수-학습 설계, 교수-학습 환경의 어떤 요인들이 학습 효과 저해 요인으로 작용하는지를 규명하는데 그 목적이 있었다. 이를 위해 초등학교 5학년 3개 반 학생 94명을 대상으로 4주간의 블랜디드 러닝을 적용한 후, 선행연구 결과들을 기초로 3개 범주 41개 문항으로 구성된 설문조사를 통해 자료를 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료는 다중회귀분석법에 의하여 자료를 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 블랜디드 러닝 환경에서 학습자 특성, 교수-학습 설계, 교수-학습 환경 요인 전체는 학습효과 저해 요인으로 53%의 설명력을 가지며, 그 영향력의 크기는 교수-학습 설계, 교수-학습 환경, 학습자 특성 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 블랜디드 러닝 환경에서 학습자 특성 요인이 학습저해 요인으로 작용하는 것은 38.3%의 설명력을 지니고 있으나 각각의 하위 요소들은 학습 효과 저해에 미치는 영향이 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 셋째, 블랜디드 러닝 환경에서 교수-학습 설계 측면에서의 학습 효과 저해 요인들은 학습 설계의 문제, 화면 설계의 문제, 상호 작용의 어려움 순서로 전체 46.9%영향력이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이 가운데 학습 설계의 문제는 p<.001 수준에서, 화면 설계의 문제는 p<.05 수준에서 통계적으로 유의미한 학습 효과 저해 요인으로 나타났다. 넷째, 블랜디드 러닝 환경에서 교수-학습 환경 요인은 물리적 환경 문제, 운영의 문제 순서로 학습 효과 저해 요인으로의 전체 36.79% 영향력이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 가운데, 물리적 환경의 문제는 p<.001수준에서, 운영의 문제는 p<.05 수준에서 통계적으로 유의미하게 학습 효과 저해에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to identify the learning hindrance factors in terms of learner characteristics, teaching and learning design, and teaching and learning environment in blended-learning environments. To accomplish the purpose, this study used blended learning of social studies for 4 weeks with 94 elementary students of 5th grade. The data were gathered through the questionnaire composed of 41 questions in three categories of learning hindrance factors. The collected data were analyzed by multiple regression method. The results were founded as follows: First, in general, the factors related to `teaching and learning design` and `teaching and learning environments` were related to hinder the students` achievement in blended learning environments. Second, The factors related to learner characteristics could explain the students` negative achievement in blended learning with hindrance effects of 38.3%. But none of the sub factors in teaching and learning design had statistically significant learning hindrance effects in blended learning. Third, the factors related to teaching and learning design could explain the students` negative achievement in blended learning with hindrance effects of 46.9%. the sub factors of learning design and screen design had statistically significant learning hindrance effects in blended learning. Finally, the factors related to teaching and learning environment could explain the students` negative achievement in blended learning with hindrance effects of 36.79%. The sub factors of facilitation problems and management problems had statistically significant learning hindrance effects in blended learning.