Balancing Act of the Intestinal Antimicrobial Proteins on Gut Microbiota and Health

Ra Ye Eun,Bang Ye-Ji 한국미생물학회 2024 The journal of microbiology Vol.62 No.3

The human gut houses a diverse and dynamic microbiome critical for digestion, metabolism, and immune development, exerting profound effects on human health. However, these microorganisms pose a potential threat by breaching the gut barrier, entering host tissues, and triggering infections, uncontrolled inflammation, and even sepsis. The intestinal epithelial cells form the primary defense, acting as a frontline barrier against microbial invasion. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), produced by these cells, serve as innate immune effectors that regulate the gut microbiome by directly killing or inhibiting microbes. Abnormal AMP production, whether insufficient or excessive, can disturb the microbiome equilibrium, contributing to various intestinal diseases. This review delves into the complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota and sheds light on the role of AMPs in governing host-microbiota interactions. We discuss the function and mechanisms of action of AMPs, their regulation by the gut microbiota, microbial evasion strategies, and the consequences of AMP dysregulation in disease. Understanding these complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota is crucial for developing strategies to enhance immune responses and combat infections within the gut microbiota. Ongoing research continues to uncover novel aspects of this intricate relationship, deepening our understanding of the factors shaping gut health. This knowledge has the potential to revolutionize therapeutic interventions, offering enhanced treatments for a wide range of gut-related diseases.

장내 세균총과 위장관 질환

황순재,김성훈,이기종 대한임상검사과학회 2018 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.50 No.1

본 연구에서는 최근에 연구되어 온 장내 세균총이 특히 주요 장질환의 발병에 있어서, 어떠한 역할을 하는지 보고된 여러 문헌들을 중심으로 연구 결과들을 요약 하였다. 예를 들자면, 면역체계를 매개하여 병이 악화되는 여러 질환에서 정상일 때와 달리 바뀐 장내 세균총을 통해 악화된다고 보고된 바 있다. 장내 세균총의 역할에 대해 많이 연구된 장질환 중에서, 많이 연구된 3 개의 질환은 과민성 장 증후군, 염증성 장질환, 대장암이다. 그러나, 사람의 장내에 존재하는 세균총은 몸에 이로우며, 비타민A 합성, 단사슬지방산의 생산, 담즙산 대사과정과 같은 장내 생리적 기능 매개를 통해 장내 항상성을 유지한다고 알려져 있다. 이와 같이, 장내에 존재하는 이로운 세균 군집과 해로운 세균 군집의 균형은 장내 건강에 주요한 영향을 미친다. 장질환을 포함한 여러 질환의 발병 및 진행에서 장내 세균총의 변화가 주요 원인으로 추측되고 있는 실정이다. 현재까지 보고된 많은 연구 결과에도 불구하고, 어떤 장내 세균총 구성이 몸에 가장 이로운 지학계에서도 의견이 분분한 상태이다. 본 논문에서는, 주요 장질환으로 알려진 과민성 장 증후군, 염증성 장질환, 대장암과 장내세균총과의 관계에 대해 연구한 논문들에 대해 연결 지어 요약하였다. 마지막으로, 장내 세균총을 매개로 악화되는 장질환을 완화하며, 장내 건강을 지키기 위한 수단으로 천연물을 이용한 치료 전략을 제시하고자 한다. The gut microbiome has been studied extensively over the past decade with most scientific reports focused on the adverse role of the gut microbiome on gastrointestinal diseases. For example, the altered gut microbiome exacerbates the development of immune system-mediated damage in many diseases. The most studied pathologies include irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colitis-associated cancer. On the other hand, intestinal microflora is also beneficial and contributes to the intestinal physiology by the synthesis of vitamins, production of short chain fatty acids and bile acid metabolism, thereby maintaining gut homeostasis. Therefore, the balance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria populations influences mainly the maintenance of intestinal health. Changes in the intestinal microflora have been suspected to be the underlying causes of multiple diseases. Despite the immense amount of published data, the optimal gut microbiome composition is still controversial. This review briefly outlines the connection between the gut microbiome and critical gastrointestinal diseases focusing on three prominent intestinal disorders: irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colitis-associated cancer disorders. Finally, intervention strategies using natural products for the alleviation of these diseases and the maintenance of a health gut microbiome are suggested.

The Effect of Curcumin on the Gut-Brain Axis: Therapeutic Implications

Ayesheh Enayati,Aida Soghi,Alexandra E Butler,Manfredi Rizzo,Amirhossein Sahebkar 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2023 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.29 No.4

The gut-brain axis describes the bidirectional communication between the gut, the enteric nervous system, and the central nervous system. The gut-brain axis has attracted increasing attention owing to its regulatory effect on dysbiosis and a wide range of related diseases. Several types of nutrients, such as curcumin, have been proposed as regulators of the dysbiotic state, and preclinical experiments have suggested that curcumin is not only beneficial but also safe. This review focuses on the interplay between curcumin and the gut microbiota. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive review of the crosstalk between the gut-brain axis and disease, whilst also discussing curcumin-mediated gut-brain axis-dependent and -independent signaling about modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis. This will help to define the utility of curcumin as a novel therapeutic agent to regulate intestinal microflora dysbiosis.

식이섬유 결여된 쥐의 장내미생물 생태에 프로바이오틱스가 미치는 영향

김지연,황낙원,운노타쯔야 한국미생물학회 2020 미생물학회지 Vol.56 No.2

Probiotics are live microoganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the body. These probiotics have become very popular as a functional food supplement that improve intestinal health. Korean dietary habits had become more and more westernized since the modernization in this generation, which subsequently lead to an increase in the use of probiotics supplements. As probiotics are bacteria that obtain energy from digesting dietary fibers, there is a need for investigation if probiotics are active in the gut of humans who are depleted with dietary habits. Here, we investigated effects of probiotics on rat gut microbiota fed low-fiber diets for 4 weeks. Our results showed that feeding low fiber diet significantly shifted the gut microbiota to obese type of microbiota (high Firmicutes and low Bacteroidetes). While the use of probiotics is supposed to shift it back, it did not shift the gut microbiota, but abundance of some species was significantly changed, leading to change the co-abundance patterns of several species of bacteria. The study presents the importance of fiber consumption for probiotics to work efficiently in the gut. 건강을 유지하기 위하여 소비되고 있는 살아있는 미생물인프로바이오틱스는 장 기능 개선을 위한 기능성 식품으로 주목받기 시작했으며, 근대화 이후 한국인의 식습관이 서구화됨에따라 프로바이오틱스의 사용량 또한 증가하고 있다. 하지만프로바이오틱스 활성 및 효과를 위해서는 섭취된 미생물의 대사가 필요하기 때문에 식이섬유가 결여된 사람에 대한 장 내에서의 프로바이오틱스 활성 조사가 필요하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 저식이섬유 식단과 함께 4주간 투여된 프로바이오틱스가 투여된 쥐의 장내미생물에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연구 결과는 저식이섬유가 포함된 사료를 투여한 쥐의 장내미생물이 비만과 관련된 미생물형으로 크게 변화되는 것을 보여주었다(높은 Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes 비율). 또한 일부 미생물 종의 풍부도가 유의적으로 증감하였고, 장내미생물 군집의Co-abundance 변화가 확인되었다. 따라서, 본 연구는 프로바이오틱스에 의한 장내미생물 군집 변화와 관련하여 식이섬유의 중요성을 제시한다.

닭의 장 건강 향상을 통한 생산성 극대화

김지혁 한국가금학회 2019 한국가금학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.2019 No.6

Gastrointestinal tract of chicken is densely populated with microorganisms which have close interactions with ingested feed and the host. The gut microbiome plays an important role in nutrient digestion, pathogen inhibition and gut-associated immunity. In return, the host provides a permissive habitat and nutrients for bacterial growth and colonization. Gut microbiome can be affected by feed, and different dietary interventions are used by poultry producers to enhance the growth and reduce the risk of enteric infection by pathogens. For the effective and constant pathogen control, combination of pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest measures should be considered comprehensively. The control measures would be most effective at farm level where the contamination initiates. Transmission of pathogen from feed origin to the live poultry and finally to the products was proven already. To control bacteria in the feed ingredients and formula feed, thermal processing, irradiation or chemical treatment may be applied. Various feed additives replacing antibiotic growth promoters(AGPs) are introduced to control pathogens and improve gut health in poultry production system since AGPs have been banned in some countries. There also exist extensive interactions among members of the gut microbiome. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions will help develop new dietary or managerial interventions that can enhance feed efficiency, maximize productivity, and protect birds from enteric diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria.

Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health

Bryna Rackerby,김현정,David C. Dallas,박시홍 한국식품과학회 2020 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.29 No.11

The gut microbiome is the complex microbialecosystem found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans andanimals. It plays a vital role in host development, physiologyand metabolism, and has been implicated as a factorin brain function, behavior, mental health, and many diseasestates. While many factors, including host geneticsand environmental factors, contribute to the composition ofthe gut microbiome, diet plays a large role. Microorganismsdiffer in their nutrient requirements, and alterations inhost dietary composition can have strong impacts on themicrobial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract. Thehealth implications of these dietary and microbial changesare relevant as various global populations consume dietscomprised of different macronutrient ratios, and many dietspromote alterations to recommended macronutrient ratiosto promote health. This review will outline the ways inwhich specific macro- and micronutrients impact the gutmicrobiome and host health.

복합미생물발효 제제식품이 인체건강 및 장내미생물균총에 미치는 영향

박영인 ( Young-in Park ),알핀엠마뉴엘 ( Aalfin Emmanuel ),심혜경 ( Hye Gyeong Sim ),고성철 ( Sung-cheol Koh ) 한국미용학회 2020 한국미용학회지 Vol.26 No.5

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of “H” fermented food product of Bayo Co., Ltd., on human health and intestinal microflora, and their relationships. Waist size was measured for the 90 applicants from Seongsangu, Changwon before and after taking the “H” product for 15 days. They were also surveyed to identify the demographic, physical and personal characteristics, and health characteristics. Microbial community structures were analyzed by a pyrosequencing method for the stools collected for some representative applicants. The greatest waist size reduction of 3.3 cm observed in the 40s. Overall satisfaction for the formula food was above average. Especially relief of atopy symptoms was highest in the 20s, constipation relief in the 40s, and digestion promotion in the 60s. In addition, the beneficial enteric bacteria (Faecalibacterium sp., Bifidobacterium sp. and Alistipes sp.) appeared to increase overall after the ingestion by all these ages. The microbial community structure of the 60s was significantly different from those of the 20s and 40s. Ingestion of this fermented food appeared to cause beneficial microbial community structures that could maintain a good intestinal health. Development of various intestinal health indicators based on this study will greatly contribute to the development and utilization of customized functional fermented foods.

프로바이오틱스, 프리바이오틱스 및 신바이오틱스 연구동향

문기성(Gi-Seong Moon) 한국식품과학회 2019 식품과학과 산업 Vol.52 No.3

Probiotics are very closely related to gut microbiome and recognized as beneficial microorganisms for our health. They have various biological effects such as inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, activation of beneficial bacteria, prevention of diarrhea and constipation, enhanced immune activity etc. Prebiotics, non-digestible carbohydrates such as galactooligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide, are utilized by beneficial gut bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, resulting in production of short chain fatty acids which inhibit pathogenic bacteria in the gut and function for human health. Synbiotics are introduced for synergistic effects when probiotics are combined with prebiotics and now commercially available. At the moment many functional ingredients are developed and commercialized. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics might be hot items in the functional food market and the values will increase according to the results of human gut microbiome researches. To meet the situation, systematic and scientific studies as well as marketing effects should be accompanied.

Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase: Potential Roles in Promoting Gut Health in Weanling Piglets and Its Modulation by Feed Additives - A Review

Melo, A.D.B.,Silveira, H.,Luciano, F.B.,Andrade, C.,Costa, L.B.,Rostagno, M.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.1

The intestinal environment plays a critical role in maintaining swine health. Many factors such as diet, microbiota, and host intestinal immune response influence the intestinal environment. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an important apical brush border enzyme that is influenced by these factors. IAP dephosphorylates bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), unmethylated cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides, and flagellin, reducing bacterial toxicity and consequently regulating toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation and inflammation. It also desphosphorylates extracellular nucleotides such as uridine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate, consequently reducing inflammation, modulating, and preserving the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. The apical localization of IAP on the epithelial surface reveals its role on LPS (from luminal bacteria) detoxification. As the expression of IAP is reported to be downregulated in piglets at weaning, LPS from commensal and pathogenic gram-negative bacteria could increase inflammatory processes by TLR-4 activation, increasing diarrhea events during this phase. Although some studies had reported potential IAP roles to promote gut health, investigations about exogenous IAP effects or feed additives modulating IAP expression and activity yet are necessary. However, we discussed in this paper that the critical assessment reported can suggest that exogenous IAP or feed additives that could increase its expression could show beneficial effects to reduce diarrhea events during the post weaning phase. Therefore, the main goals of this review are to discuss IAP's role in intestinal inflammatory processes and present feed additives used as growth promoters that may modulate IAP expression and activity to promote gut health in piglets.

Leuconostoc mesenteroides CJNU 0147 균주를 적용한 발효 자몽추출물의 장내 유해세균 억제 및 비피도박테리아 증식 효과

오승준,김자이,김혜련,문기성 한국유산균프로바이오틱스학회 2022 Current Topic in Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probioti Vol.8 No.2

Grapefruit extract rich in functional substances adjusting pH 5.0 and adding sucrose (final concentration, 2%) was fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides CJNU 0147 strain, consequently prepared a fermented grapefruit extract containing dextran. As a result of analyzing the growth inhibitory effect on gut harmful bacterium Clostridium difficile strain using the prepared fermented grapefruit extract, the viable cell count was significantly reduced (p<0.05 vs. control for 0.5 brix as a final concentration; p<0.001 vs. control for 1.0 brix). On the other hand, the proliferative ability of the extract for Bifidobacterium breve strain, which is one of the species of the genus Bifidobacterium well known as human gut beneficial bacteria, was confirmed (p<0.001 vs. control for both 0.5 and 1.0 brix). These results indicate fermented grapefruit extract with Leu. mesenteroides CJNU 0147 strain inhibits the growth of gut harmful bacterium C. difficile and promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacterium B. breve and is expected to be used as a functional food material for gut health.