동아시아 고대 신발 명칭의 통시적(通時的) 연구

이호정 순천대학교 남도문화연구소 2019 南道文化硏究 Vol.0 No.37

The purpose of this study is to understand the footwear culture of the three East Asian countries in a diachronic perspective by focusing on the ancient footwear names in Chinese characters. The spatial range of the study is the three East Asian countries of Korea, Japan and China. The time range is set as far back as the 10th century. The study was conducted by first defining the literal and etymological concepts and definitions of the footwear names of the three countries. Next I identified the formative characteristics through images such as relics, murals and paintings. After studying the names according to their definitions and identifying their characteristics, it was found that Chinese characters related to footwear are mostly determinative-phonetic characters and allowed to infer what the footwear was made of. In addition, there were a number of footwear names in Chinese characters from the three countries. These shared similar definitions and concepts. Records of their concepts from China (the place of origin of the characters) were relatively more specific and detailed in comparison to the other two countries. In order to identify the types of footwear that match with the names in Chinese characters that describe the characteristics, the formative characteristics of the footwear were analyzed by studying footwear from each country through ancient records, relics and images. Ancient Chinese records showed that ‘Seok(舃)’ and ‘Ku(屨)’ were used in the ancient times, and ‘Li(履)’ was used during the Han(漢) dynasty, then was replaced by ‘Hye(鞵)’ in the Sui(隨) and the Tang(唐) dynasties. ‘Seok(舃)’ and ‘Ku(屨)’ from the ancient times were different because of the manufacturing methods of the soles. However, the difference between ‘Hye(鞵)’ and ‘Li’ was shown to be ambiguous. The definitions of the two types from the three countries showed to have meaningful differences. ‘Hwa(靴)’, which was commonly found in all three countries, was worn and defined as a type of footwear that is high-cut and comes up to the ankle or above. However, it was found that ‘Hwa’ varied in manufacturing methods or structure depending on the time of origin. 본 연구는 동아시아 삼국의 고대 신발 ‘한자’ 명칭에 주목하여, 이에 대한 통시적 고찰을 통해 삼국의 신발 문화를 이해하고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구의 공간적 범위는 한국·중국·일본의 동아시아 3국으로 하고, 시간적 범위는 10세기를 하한연대로 설정하 였다. 연구의 내용은 3국에서 나타나는 신발 명칭의 사전적·어원적인 개념과 의미를 파악하고, 유물 및 벽화, 회화 등의 이미지 자료를 통한 조형적 특징을 고찰하였다. 먼저 각각의 의미에 따른 명칭들을 살펴보고 그 특징을 고찰한 결과, 신발과 관련된 한자 명칭은 대부분 형성자(形聲字)의 양식을 가지고 있으며, 신발에 사용된 소재를 유추할 수 있도록 도와주었다. 또한 3국에서 유사한 의미와 개념으로 사용된 신발 한자 명칭이 많으며, 한자의 발생지인 중국에서의 인식이 다른 두 국가에 비해 구체적이고 자세하게 기록되어 남아있었다. 이러한 특징이 나타나는 한자 신발 명칭에 대응하는 신발의 유형 을 살펴보고자 고대의 기록과 유물 및 이미지 자료를 활용하여 각국의 신발 자료들을 확인하고 그 조형적인 특징을 분석하였다. 먼저 중국의 고대 기록을 통해 고대에는 ‘석 (舃)’과 ‘구(屨)’가, ‘리(履)’는 한(漢)대 이후부터 사용되었으며, 수(隨)·당(唐) 시기에 ‘혜(鞵)’로 대체되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 고대의 ‘석’과 ‘구’는 각각 밑창 부분의 제작 방법에 따라 구분된다는 것을 파악하였다. 한편 ‘혜(鞋)’와 ‘리’에 대한 유형 구분은 다소 모호한 부분이 있으며, 3국에서 사용하는 이 명칭들의 의미도 유의미한 차이점이 나타났 다. 마지막으로 3국에서 공통적으로 나타나는 ‘화(靴)’는 운두가 높고 발목 이상까지 올라오는 신발류로 인식되어져 착용되었다. 그러나 화의 형태는 유입된 시기나 통로에 따라 제작 방법이나 구조에서 차이가 나타나는 것으로 파악하였다.

개성공단 신발전용단지 활용 전략에 관한 연구: SWOT-AHP 방법으로

장도규(Dogyu Jang),천동필(Dongphil Chun) 한국콘텐츠학회 2021 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.21 No.8

본 연구는 북측 경제특구인 개성공단을 활용한 신발전용단지 조성의 필요성과 가능성을 확보하고자 한다. 이는 남북 상생협력모델을 통해 한국 신발산업의 활성화를 위한 전략적 가치를 모색하는 정책제안이다. SWOT-AHP 분석 방법을 이용하여 신발산업의 지속가능성을 위해 개성공단 신발전용단지 활용 전략을 수립하고자한다. 국내 신발산업이 직면한 산업구조적인 문제들을 남북협력의 가능성 측면에서 극복방향을 제시하고 있다. 분석결과로 ’SO 전략’은 남북의 신발클러스터를 통한 남북협력 K-슈벨트 구축 제안이다. ’WO 전략’은 개성공단 신발전용단지의 국제화 전략이다. ’ST 전략’은 대북제재 해소를 위한 신발전용단지 조성의 유연한 거버넌스 활용이다. ’WT 전략’은 개성공단 재개를 위한 남북의 신발산업이 평화경제 인식의 패러다임 전환이다. This study proposes to secure the necessity and possibility of creating a footwear-only district utilizing the Kaesong Industrial Complex, a special economic zone in the North Korea. This is a policy proposal to explore strategic values for revitalizing the Korean footwear industry through a win-win cooperation model between the South and North Korea. With SWOT-AHP analysis method, we are planning to establish a strategy to utilize the footwear-only complex in Kaesong Industrial Complex for sustainability of the footwear industry. It presents a direction to overcome the industrial structural problems that the domestic footwear industry is facing with the aspect of the possibility of inter-Korea cooperation. As a result of the analysis, the ’SO strategy’ is a proposal to establish inter-Korea cooperation K-shoe belt through footwear clusters in the two Koreas. The ‘WO strategy’ is an internationalization strategy of the Kaesong footwear-only complex. The ’ST strategy’ is the use of flexible governance in the creation of a footwear-only complex for the relief of sanctions against North Korea. The ’WT strategy’ is a paradigm shift in the perception of the peace economy in the footwear industry of inter-Korea for the re-opening of the Kaesong Industrial Complex.

中国上古足类服饰名词词汇与文化研究

왕서,한용수 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2021 철학·사상·문화 Vol.- No.37

Footwear has been a necessity of human life since ancient times, when the material production of mankind entered civilisation. The development of footwear was the result of human ingenuity, and the development of civilisation can be seen in the development of footwear. In Chapter 2, the background to the development of footwear is presented, with the changes that occurred in shoes according to the needs of society. In Chapter 3, analyses the evolution of the generic term for shoes from "屨" to "履" by examining the lexical ability of "屨" and "履" as lexical elements in the classical literature in ancient times in different eras. In Chapter 4, the word meaning analysis of nonosyllabic and disyllabic footwear nouns in ancient documents has been carried out, and the cultural background has been expanded. In Chapter 5, the structure of the nouns for footwear from the ancient times included in the classical literature in ancient times is analysed from a syntactic and rhetorical perspective. It can be seen that the richness and variety of word constructions can be of great help in the ideographic aspect of words. This study of footwear vocabulary reveals the wisdom of our predecessors and uncovers the cultural information contained in Chinese characters, such as national aesthetic sensibilities and customs and manners etc. 自从上古时期开始,人类物质生产水平步入文明之后,鞋袜便开始成为人类的生活必需品。鞋袜因人类的智慧创造而出现,与此同时,从鞋袜的发展可以洞察人类的文明发展的进程。 本论文通过对上古时代足类服饰词汇的考察分析了足类服饰的发展背景和足类服饰词汇的词义特征与文化特征。并且通过对上古文献中以‘屦’和‘履’为词素创造的足类服饰词汇进行整理,分析鞋的统称从‘屦’到‘履’的演变情况。最后从词法学和修辞学的角度来分析上古时期文献中出现的足类服饰名词的结构。通过本文对足类服饰词汇的研究我们可以看到前人的智慧,又能发掘到汉字所蕴含的民族审美情趣、风俗礼仪等文化信息。

미드솔의 경도 및 두께가 스포츠화의 굽힘 특성에 미치는 영향

박차철 ( Cha Cheol Park ) 한국고무학회 2006 엘라스토머 및 콤포지트 Vol.41 No.2

폴리우레탄(PU)과 폴리에틸렌비닐아세터이트(EVA) 미드솔이 스포츠화의 굽힘 강성에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위하여 두께와 경도가 다른 중창으로 스포츠화를 제조하여 중창이 스포츠화의 굽힘특성에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 스포츠화의 굽힘 모멘트는 굽힘 각도 19°에서 나타나기 시작했으며, 이 초기 굽힘각도는 중창의 경도나 두께에 무관한 것으로 나타났다. 중창의 경도 및 두께가 증가함에 따라 스포츠화의 굽힘 모멘트의 값은 현저하게 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 발포체 시트나 미드솔 자체만으로 비교하였을 때보다 스포츠화의 굽힘 강성이 미드솔의 두께나 경도 등 신발의 설계에 따라 더욱 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. To understand the effect of midsole on the bending stiffness of footwear, bending moment is studied with various hardness and thickness of polyurethane(PU) and poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate)(EVA) foams which composed in footwear midsole. The initial bending moment of footwear was appeared at 19° on bending angle of footwear, and this bending angle was not depend on thickness and hardness of midsole. The bending moments of footwear were also increased with increase of the hardness and thickness of misole which were composed in footwear. Increased hardness and increased thickness of foam and midsole also cause a greater bending moment of the sports shoe, respectively.

A study on the design improvement of protective footwear for firefighters

강민영,이선희 한국의류학회 2018 Fashion and Textiles Vol.5 No.1

In this study, protective footwear for firefighters in Korea was evaluated. Based on the results of wearing evaluation, three types of new designs of firefighting protective footwear were developed: prototypes I, I and II. The prototypes with improved designs were evaluated by wear trails and design preference. Surveys on wearing and design preference of firefighting protective footwear, led to suggestions for designs elements of protective footwear. Firstly, the combination of laces and buckle was suggested for the closure. Secondly, the footwear material suggested was artificial leather with excellent waterproof and ventilation standards. In addition, retro-reflective and fluorescent materials and various colors were suggested for visibility. Thirdly, appearance designs were suggested in three categories: figure, line, and arrangement. Based on the design suggestions, prototypes with improved designs were made. An evaluation was conducted wearing the prototypes with improved designs. All prototypes were found to satisfy more than half of the design and wearing evaluation categories.

친환경 인조가죽 신발디자인 개발 - 닥섬유와 옻의 활용을 중심으로 -

김영환,김승현 한국패션디자인학회 2022 한국패션디자인학회지 Vol.22 No.2

천연가죽과 인조가죽은 다양한 산업에서 사용되고 있는 소재이다. 하지만, 두 소재는 친환경적인 관점 에서 보았을 때 다소 결점이 존재한다. 천연가죽은 생산과정에서의 공해, 수질오염 등의 문제가 있다. 인조 가죽은 유해한 독성가스를 배출하며 미세 플라스틱으로 인한 해양 생태계 파괴문제 등이 존재한다. 상기 문제를 해결하고자 본 연구에서 고안한 친환경 인조가죽은 식물성 소재인 닥 섬유와 옻을 사용하여 가죽 의 구조적 특징과 특성을 가질 수 있도록 닥 섬유로 진피를 제작하고 옻으로 표피를 제작하여 신발을 제작 한다. 이를 통해 제화 산업에서 사용가능한 완전한 친환경 소재의 가능성을 제시하는데 연구의 목적이 있 다. 연구 방법은 천연가죽과 인조가죽의 구조와 제작 방법에 따른 환경오염의 실태를 파악하기 위해 국내 ㆍ외의 문헌을 고찰하여 닥 섬유와 옻을 가죽과 같은 구조로 제작하였으며, 제화 산업에서 제작하는 제법 을 고찰하기 위해 국내ㆍ외의 문헌을 중심으로 살펴보고 신발을 제작했다. 본 연구의 결과물인 소재는 모 두 천연 소재로, 닥나무와 옻나무는 키우면서 대기 중에 있는 탄소를 제거하고, 닥 섬유와 옻을 활용해 제 작되는 신발은 제작 과정 중에 환경오염 물질이 발생하지 않으며, 사용 후 신발이 버려져도 생분해성으로 땅에서 썩어 없어지기 때문에 환경오염의 여지가 없다. 플라스틱의 사용 또한 전혀 없으므로 미세 플라스 틱으로 인한 해양 오염 또한 발생하지 않는다. 게다가, 이 소재는 닥 섬유의 통기성과 내구성, 옻의 방충성, 방수성 등의 특성을 가지게 되어 신발에 사용되기에 매우 적합한 특성을 가진다. 반면, 기존에 존재하는 가죽과 다르게 유연성이 다소 떨어지며, 표면이 거친 단점이 있다. 본 연구를 통해 개발한 ‘닥 섬유 옻칠 인조가죽’은 두 가지 형태로 개발된다. 첫 번째는 페이스트의 형태이며 두 번째는 시트의 형태이다. 본 소 재는 한국 전통 소재인 닥 섬유와 옻을 사용하여 친환경 식물성 인조가죽을 개발하였으며, 천연가죽 혹은 인조가죽을 대체하여 신발을 제작할 수 있었다. 이는 전반적인 제화 산업에 친환경 소재를 적용할 수 있는 가능성을 탐구할 수 있으며, 한국 전통 소재와 기법인 닥 섬유와 옻칠은, 한국 전통 문화를 계승해 전통산 업을 지키는데 의의가 있다. Natural and artificial leather are materials used in various industries. However, both materials have some drawbacks from an eco-friendly point of view. Natural leather has problems such as air and water pollution in the production processes. Artificial leather emits harmful toxic gases and destroys marine ecosystems due to microplastics. Therefore, to solve the above problems, the eco-friendly artificial leather devised in this study uses mulberry fibre and lacquer, which are vegetable materials. To create eco-friendly artificial leather footwear, the dermis is made with mulberry fibre, and the epidermis is coated with lacquer so that it can mimic the structural characteristics of leather. The study aims to suggest the possibility of a completely eco-friendly material that can be used in the footwear industry. In terms of a research method, to understand the structure of the leather and the conditions of environmental pollution due to the leather production process, literature was reviewed to produce leather-like material by using mulberry fibre and lacquer. Also, literature was reviewed to examine the manufacturing method used in the footwear industry and footwear was produced. The result of the materials’ properties is as follows. All of the materials are natural materials, and while mulberry and lacquer trees are grown, carbon in the atmosphere is removed. Even if thrown away, there is no chance of environmental pollution because it is biodegradable. Also, there is no marine pollution caused by microplastics. In addition, this material has properties such as breathability and durability of mulberry fibre, moth-proof and waterproofness by lacquer. Thus, it has suitable properties for production in footwear. However, unlike the existing leather, the flexibility is lower and the surface is rougher. There exists a possibility of applying eco-friendly materials to the overall footwear industry, and Korean traditional materials and techniques can be promoted by inheriting Korean traditional culture.

경사로 보행에서 신발의 형태가 발목 근육의 근활성도에 미치는 영향

정재현,한윤지,최준하,정보경,류지영,유재희,이상열 대한고유수용성신경근촉진법학회 2022 PNF and Movement Vol.20 No.3

Purpose: This study aims to identify the differences in the muscle activity of the ankle joint muscle depending on the type of footwear (sneakers, mule sneakers, slippers) worn while walking on a slope. Methods: The subjects wore each shoe (sneakers, mule sneakers, and slippers) and walked on an 18-degree slope at a speed of 110 beats/min. While walking, the muscle activities of the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius were measured. Of the three walking cycles, the second walking cycle was measured except for the first and third walking cycles, which are the beginning and end, and a three-minute break was taken to prevent muscle fatigue when the type of footwear was changed. Results: When walking on a slope, there was no significant difference in the muscle activity of the tibialis anterior according to the type of footwear. However, when walking on a slope, the difference in muscle medial gastrocnemius muscle activity was significant between sneakers and mule sneakers. There was also a significant difference between sneakers and slippers, but there was no significant difference between slippers and mule sneakers. Conclusion: There was no significant statistical difference between sneakers and mule sneakers, but there was a numerical difference. Therefore, the presence or absence of the shoe collar may affect the muscle activity of the medial gastrocnemius when walking on a slope. This can lead to patellofemoral pain syndrome caused by the excessive use of the quadriceps, so it must be considered that caution is needed.

금관가야의 복식 연구 -관모(冠帽), 허리띠, 신발을 중심으로-

권준희 ( Jun-hee Kweon ) 한국의류학회 2019 한국의류학회지 Vol.43 No.4

This study examines Geumgwan Gaya's headgear, belt, and footwear. The relics excavated from tombs were examined first, then earthenware and clay figurines, followed by the visual data of related neighboring countries. The results are as follows. The headgear of Geumgwan Gaya, identified in the relics, is daegwan (帶輪式立飾冠) and lip (笠). Daegwan is a diadem with branch-shaped ornaments. It has an organic cap with fabric and leather as well as ties the strings to both ends of the diadem. Lip can be seen in the mounted figure of the earthenware. In neighboring countries, the top of lip is round or straight, but Geumgwan Gaya's lip is pointed and curved slightly backward. In addition, from neighboring countries' data, it is considered that the conical hat and gun (巾) are worn in Geumgwan Gaya. The belt is made of cloth or leather. Geumgwan Gaya also uses a belt with an animal-shaped hook and Jin style belt. Jin style belt shows the association with three-Yan culture of the Seonbi people in patterns and forms. Footwear of Geumgwan Gaya is li (履) and boots. Li included leather shoes, lacquer shoes, straw shoes and wooden shoes. In addition, there are leather boots decorated with round ornaments.

레이저 센서를 이용한 신발 내측 측정장치 개발

이지용(J. Y. Lee),김민주(M. J. Kim),이승수(S. S. Lee),박재덕(J. D. Park),전언찬(E. C. Jeon) 한국정밀공학회 2004 한국정밀공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2004 No.10월

This paper presents studies on the development of an internal measurement system for the footwear using laser sensor. The measurement system gains to the height of the profile at internal footwear. It accomplishes the 3-axises control which uses ball screws, L-M guides and stepping motors. It is used a laser sensor at the measurement of the distance, and Labview is used for the control and the measurement. We can get the profile through reverse engineering for the LAST. The data of profile is fixed a heigh of the LAST. Then, we try to verify as compare the profile with one which is collected by Internal measurement system.

태권도화의 운동과학적 연구

진영완(Young-Wan Jin),박승범(Seung-Bum Park) 한국생명과학회 2008 생명과학회지 Vol.18 No.12

본 연구는 태권도 전문 기능화 개발을 위한 제안으로서 고급기술의 사용과 기능을 고려하여 회전력이 강화된 전문태권도화의 운동역학적인 특징을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구방법은 2가지 태권도화 종류를 이용하여, 텐션마찰계수 측정계와 지면반력기를 이용하여 얻은 결론은 다름과 같다. 정적마찰계수 비교는 A사 0.60, M사 0.61로 나타났다. 모멘트(회전 마찰력) 비교는 M사 태권도화가 회내(3.23Nm), 회외(2.70Nm) 모두 A사 태권도화 회내(3.20Nm), 회외(2.62Nm) 보다 높게 나타났다. 지면반력 비교는 Fz의 값은 세가지 조건에서 각각 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), Fy의 최고의 힘은 세가지 조건에서 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. Fx 보다 앞서 나타나는 피크의 형태를 보여주고 있다. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical difference of barefoot and two types taekwondo footwear. which will provide scientific data to coaches and players, to further prevent injuries and to improve each players skills. How to an effect on human body which studied a kinematics and kinetics from 8 college students during experiments. This study imposes several conditions by barefoot and two types of taekwondo footwear ran under average 3.82±0.59 m/sec for kinetics analysis. The result of comparative analysis can be summarized as below. Friction coefficient analysis showed A Company shoes 0.60 and M Company shoes 0.61. Ground reaction force also showed that statically approximates other results from impact peak timing (p<0.001), Maximum loading rate (p<0.001), Maximum loading rate timing (p<0.001) and impulse of first 20 percent (p<0.001). Moment was M Company shoes bigger than A Company shoes to pronation moment and supination moment.