Defamilization/familization measures and women’s pension income—The case of Taiwan

Ruby C. M. Chau,Liam Foster,Sam W. K. Yu,Yuk Pun Yu 한국사회복지학회 2017 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.11 No.2

This paper examines how defamilization and familization measures can affect women’s capacity to accumulate pension income and their subsequent standard of living after retirement. Firstly, it highlights the concepts of defamilization and familization and discusses the potential of these measures in assisting women to save pension income through the “commodification” and “decommodification” of labor. Secondly, it examines the major pension policies and examples of defamilization and familization measures in Taiwan. It shows how the current limited provision of such measures could create “double jeopardy” for women, affecting access to paid employment or resources to enable women who wish to undertake caring responsibilities to do so, ultimately impacting their capacity to accumulate pension income. Thirdly, it suggests ways to strengthen defamilization and familization measures in order to enable women to accumulate sufficient retirement income on the basis of three preconditions: policy attention to the reciprocal relationship between familization/defamilization measures and pension schemes for women; a recognition of differences between women in their preferred strategies to accumulate pension income; and an emphasis on a life course perspective to understand the double jeopardies faced by women in saving for retirement.

An investigation of defamilization/familization measures to assist women to save pension income and strengthen the adult worker model—The case of Hong Kong

Sam W. K. Yu,Liam Foster,Ruby C. M. Chau,Anna M. Y. Lee 한국사회복지학회 2017 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.11 No.3

This paper examines the use of defamilization and familization measures to develop an analytical framework to inform the search for ways to improve women’s opportunities to accumulate pension income. This framework is associated with the use of the adult worker model. Three main analytical tasks are presented. Firstly, we discuss different interpretations of what defamilization entails. Based on these different views, two types of defamilization measures utilized by the government are identified: care-focused and economic defamilization. Secondly, with reference to different definitions of the adult worker model, we develop a framework for identifying ways to make the provision of the government’s defamilization measures and its alternatives (care-focused and economic familization measures) more effective in assisting women to accumulate pension income. Thirdly, using the case of Hong Kong, we demonstrate the application of this analytical framework.

Presenting a new defamilization and familization framework for investigating the residualization of old‐age income security measures—The case study of Hong Kong

Yu Sam Wai Kam,Chau Ruby Chui Man,정민아 한국사회복지학회 2020 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.14 No.1

Familization and defamilization studies are increasingly seen as an important component of welfare research. They are concerned with the threats to the welfare of individuals caused by involuntary participation in the unwanted family relationship. Moreover, they address the idea that governments have the potential to reduce these threats through the provision of welfare measures. This article contributes to the familization and defamilizaion studies with the focus on the link between these studies and the studies of residualization strategies. It carries out three analytical tasks. The first is to present a new defamilization and familization framework. The second is to demonstrate the usefulness of this framework in analyzing the problem of employing the residualization strategies to reform the old-age income security system. Our focus is particularly on the insufficient sensitivity of these strategies to women's (and men's) diverse preferences relating to ways of organizing their family life. The third is to demonstrate the empirical significance of this framework. To meet this objective, we apply the framework to the investigation of two old-age income security measures in Hong Kong—the Mandatory Provident Fund and the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance scheme.

자유주의복지국가의 가족관련 사회지출 변화, 1985-2003: 미국, 영국, 캐나다, 호주

최병목 ( Byoung Mohk Choi ) 극동대학교 사회복지연구소 2009 극동사회복지저널 Vol.5 No.-

OECD자료를 바탕으로 자유주의 복지국가로 분류되는 가족복지지출에 초점을 둔 연구이다. 분석대상 국가는 "잔여적, 부분적, 수요중심적, 서비스 취약복지국가"라는 특징을 갖는 미국, 영국, 캐나다, 호주이다. 분석내용은 가족과 관련된 사회지출을 분석하고, 세부적으로 탈가족화(defamilisation)와 가족화에 관련된 지출로 구분하여 분석하고 이들 간의 차이를 국가별로 기술하였다. 가족관련 사회지출 변수는 1) 가족관련 현금 급여지출, 2) 모성 및 부성휴가관련 급여지출, 3) 아동보육관련지출, 4) 기타 가족관련 서비스 지출 등이다. 분석방법으로는 영·미형 복지국가의 탈가족화와 가족화 관련정책의 차이를 사회지출의 특성과 함께 제도적 특성을 비교 기술하기 위하여 군집분석과 다차원척도분석을 하였다. 분석결과로는 영국과 호주는 탈가족화 우선유형으로, 미국은 탈가족화와 가족화를 병행하는 유형으로, 그리고 카나다는 가족화를 선호하는 유형으로 분류되었다. 영·미형 4개 국가의 사회지출액은 전반적으로 지출이 증가되는 추세를 보였다. 시사점으로는 아동보육에 대한 사회지출의 지속적 확대로 사회목표가 변화하고 있다는 점이다. 따라서 한국사회에 가족과 관련된 사회지출의 방향에 대한 합의가 요구된다. The family expenditure data in 1980-2003 from OECD (SOCX data) were analyzed among the liberal type of social welfare states: USA, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. First, the raw data were classified by familization data and defamilization data and compared these figures by countries and years to look at the differences and the reasons. 1) Family allowances, 2) maternity and parental leave, 3) other cash benefits among cash benefits categories and 1) Day care/Home help services and 2) Other benefits in kind in benefits kind were selected from the family expenditure data. Cluster Analysis Method and Multi-Scale Analysis Method were used. In sum, United Kingdom and Australia are moving toward defamilization policy, and USA shows both in familization and defamilization policies, however Canada is more going to familization policy in terms of their family expenditure. We may need to develop more continual child support programs both in cash and services and it is necessary to discuss whether we need to expand the family expenditure or not.

The contributions of welfare typologies to international social work practices

Sam Wai Kam Yu 한국사회복지학회 2018 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.12 No.2

This paper is concerned with the link between studies of welfare typologies and studies of international social work. Its objective is to show how welfare typologies could be used to strengthen the role of international social work practices to support international exchange of ideas on welfare issues. To meet this objective, three analytical tasks are implemented. The first task is to show that professional imperialism could weaken the potential of international social work practices to promote international exchange of ideas on welfare issues. The second task is to discuss the importance of welfare typologies in supporting the development of international social work by challenging professional imperialism. The third task is to discuss a research project on a defamilization typology. This project provides empirical evidence of the contributions made by welfare typologies to international social work practices.

『로리타』에 나타난 서술기법

이수영(Soo-young LEE) 영미어문학회 2008 영미어문학연구 Vol.24 No.1

Since the publication of Lolita, many critics have given his novels various reviews, which are too variated to be categorized into one sect. However, there is no denying Nabokov must be an experimental stylist, for his novels such as Pale Fire, Laughter in the Dark, and Lolita are well known for their peculiar narration. His literary experiments are language-centered ones which focus on form. In Lolita, Nabokov uses various literary devices such as allusion, pun, parody and the frequent intrusion of author in a strategy of ‘defamilization’ which is associated with Russian Formalism. Nabokov despised that literature was used to serve political, social, moral purposes and their like. He pursued and accomplished his artistic aim, ‘aesthetic bliss’ by using the Russian formalistic literary devices, especially the ‘defamilization.’ “Aesthetic bliss” means “art for art's sake.”

SF, 타자성을 탐구하는 사고실험의 미학 : 스타니스와프 렘의 SF 『솔라리스』(1961)를 중심으로

복도훈 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2017 탈경계인문학 Vol.10 No.2

This paper discusses the aesthetic significance of novelistic thought experiments on epistemological and ethical typologies, focusing on Stanislaw Rem’s SF Solaris (1961). Solaris is a masterpiece of modern science fiction that proves that it is a work of literature which invented a new world model. It is also a great achievement that SF works in literary formulas that are different from the work of traditional realistic narratives such as representation and reflection or world view. In science fiction, ‘science’ needs to be understood as ‘cognition’ to perform a creative approach to reality, and ‘novel’ as ‘defamilization’ to reconstruct a new world through the function of cognition. The planet ‘Solaris’ in the novel is an epistemologically unrecognizable ‘other’ from Descartes’s ‘res cogitans’ to Kant’s ‘thing-in-itself’ (Ding an sich). At the same time, it also implies the concept of ‘sublime’ which is aesthetically reproducible, and at the same time unrepresentable. This paper argues that Solaris is a work that simultaneously performed epistemological inquiry into the outer world and ethical inquiry into neighborhood.

A Comparison between Conservative Welfare States and Korean Childcare Policy, 1993-2003: A Discussion of Defamilization and Familization¹

윤홍식,정슬기 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2009 Asian Women Vol.25 No.3

This paper analyzes family policies in the conservative welfare states and compares them with those in Korea, with specific foci on defamilization and familization policies. The time frame for the analysis is between the 1990s and early 2000s, the period identified as the beginning of an active response toward the new social risk in the conservative welfare states. Through a comparative analysis in family policies between conservative welfare states and Korea, several noticeable results were found. First, contrary to general expectation, no similarities among conservative welfare states were noted in the realm of childcare policy. Second, although family policies in conservative welfare states have been changing continuously in the last ten years, no qualitative changes were found except in France. Third, Korean childcare policy may seem to share major characteristics with conservative welfare states in rhetoric, but the actual policy differs substantially from those in the conservative states.

(탈)상품화와 (탈)가족화를 중심으로 본 가족정책의 변화와 한계: 프랑스와 독일을 중심으로

노혜진 ( Hey Jin Noh ),김송이 ( Song Yi Kim ) 한국가족사회복지학회 2011 한국가족복지학 Vol.33 No.-

본 연구는 최근 복지국가의 가족정책 발달과정에서 나타난 특성과 한계를 복지 및 노동시장 정책과의 유기적 관계 안에서 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 가족화 정책과 탈가족화 정책을 중심으로 최근 가족정책분야에서 비약적 발전을 보이고 있는 프랑스와 독일의 사례를 분석하였다. 탈가족화-(재)상품화-탈상품화-가족화의 통합적인 틀을 적용하여 가족정책의 효과를 살펴본 결과, 가족의 돌봄부담을 완화하기 위한 정책들을 실시하고 있음에도 불구하고 각 영역간 단절이 발생하고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 특히 노동시장 구조에 대한 개선이 없다면 가족정책 확대의 효과가 한계적일 수밖에 없음이 드러났다. 이러한 결과는 한국의 가족정책 발전방향이 가족을 뛰어넘어 복지와 노동 영역까지 포괄해야 함을 보여주는 바이다. This paper analyzes the characteristics and limitations of family policy in the context of welfare and labor market policy focusing France and Germany. Because both countries show rapid progress of familization and defamilization policy. By applying comprehensive frame of defamilization - (re)commodification - decommodification - familization, this paper found that the break occurs among each area despite development of policy to ease burden of care. Especially, this paper shows that the effect of expansion of family policy will be limited unless it is accompanied by the improvements structure in labor market. This result implies that the direction of family policy in Korea should include welfare and labor beyond the family.

동아시아 복지체제 재편과 젠더 - 한국과 일본의 자녀양육지원 정책을 중심으로

마경희(Ma Kyoung-Hee),이재경(Lee Jae-Kyung) 한국가족학회 2007 가족과 문화 Vol.19 No.1

  이 연구는 90년대 한국과 일본 자녀양육지원정책의 변화를 중심으로 동아시아 복지체제 재편의 속성을 검토하였다. 무급의 복지제공자로서 가족을 활용해 온 동아시아 국가는 저출산, 고렁화 등 인구학적 변화와 가족구조의 변화에 직면하여 자녀양육에 대한 국가적 관심과 지원을 급격하게 확대해 왔다. 한국과 일본 자녀양육지원 정책 변화의 성격을 보육서비스의 탈가족화(defamilization)와 부모노동의 탈상품화(decommodification)이라는 두 가지 차원에서 분석하고, 이러한 번화가 성불 평등한 젠더계약의 재편에 대해 가지는 함의를 사회권(social rights)의 관점 - 여성 노동의 상품화와 자녀양육의 탈젠더화-에서 논의하였다. 보육서비스의 탈가족화 차원에서 볼 때, 한국과 일본 모두 보육시설 확충이 핵심적인 정책과제로 부상하였지만, 이를 위해 한국에서는 국가의 재원조달자로서의 역할이 강화되고 있는데 비해 일본에서는 공보육의 민영화와 규제완화를 통한 국가부담이 완화되고 있다. 부모노동의 탈상품화 차원에서 볼 때, 한국과 일본 모두 육아휴직을 확대하고 일-가족 양립을 위한 일 중심 근무환경 개선 제도를 도입하고 있으나, 한국의 정책이 ‘성 중립적’이고 소극적인데 비해 일본은 여성의 육아부담 완화와 남성의 육아참여를 위한 보다 적극적인 정책수단을 도입하고 있다. 이러한 변화의 차이에도 불구하고 한국과 일본 모두 여성노동의 상품화와 자녀양육의 탈젠더화의 효과는 제한적이다. 저출산, 고령화 위기에 성공적으로 대응하기 위해서는 젠더관계에 보다 민감한 복지체제의 재구조화가 요구된다.   This paper analyzes welfare regime restructuring processes in South Korea and Japan, which focuses childcare policy in the 1990s. Crisis in social care, which were brought by changes in population, family structure, and economic slump, have pushed the state to reform the childcare policy in both countries. Both governments have played active roles in providing childcare services and promoting work-family reconciliation. These policies have represented what happens in the period of welfare state restructuring in the patriarchal welfare regime in East Asia. The implication of reforms on the traditional gender contract, to what extent have childcare policy succeeded in updating the traditional gender contract of the male breadwinner family, is discussed from the perspective of social rights. In conclusion, we argue that the more radical perspective facilitating new gender order is needed to address the care crisis and demographic changes.