노인의 죽음관 : 전북의 일 섬 지역을 중심으로

이영희,고성희 성인간호학회 1999 성인간호학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Death is the critical moment of life. All elderly are faced with death. Therefore, the elderly's notion of death must be include in holistic care for the elderly. The purpose of this study was to understand the elderly's notion of death. The research questions were "What is the elderly's notion of death?", and "What is the embedded meaning of the elderly's notion of death?". This study was conducted using an ethnographic approch. The fieldwork for this study was done from July 1996 to July 1998 on an island in Chonbuk province. Data were collected by indepth interviews and participant observation. The result of this study is as follows : The elderly's notion of death was founded on 'Being a ancestor god', 'Evaluation of one's own life', 'Be sujected to the evil(BuJung : the taboo of uncleanness)'. 'Being a ancestor god' means the notion of death leading to eternal life. It means a relationship to this world. So, it is required for all descendants, especialy the son. Also they thought that the spirit is greater importance more than the body, and that the spirit is embedded in bone. And so, the spirit is delivered to descendants through a propitious site for grave(MoungDang). It is thought to a change in the fortune of the descendants(Balbok). 'Evaluation of one's own life' means that life was evaluated personally and socially throughout the dying process. This means reflection on an individual's life and interpersonal relationship's, and appearance social aspects of the individual death. 'BuJung(be subjected to the evil)' emerged as fear about death, and pursuit of the cause of death. Most of the causes were attributed to supernatural entities. It contributed to the inspiration of a community identity. The elderly's notion of death was the present world oriented and actualized. This study contributed to the nurse's understanding of the Korean elderly's notion of death. Implications for nursing practice, education, and research were discussed. Further research at other settings and using other research methods were recommended.

일본의 죽음준비교육에 관한 연구- 알폰스 데켄(Alfons Deeken)의 죽음준비교육을 중심으로 -

신현정 한양대학교(ERICA캠퍼스) 일본학국제비교연구소 2022 비교일본학 Vol.55 No.-

This study aims to explore a new practice paradigm for death education in Korean society by examining Deeken's death education, which laid the foundation for the study of death studies in Japan. Deeken argued that the purpose of death education is to apprehend specific methodologies that can resolutely respond to the death of oneself and others. And Deeken's death education was appropriated and carried out in the following three social movements in Japanese society. First, the necessity of death education was widely disseminated to the general public. Second, it led to the qualitative improvement of the hospice movement for terminally ill patients. Third, he advocated for various activities in the healing community for overcoming the grief associated with death. Through this, he contributed to the formation of mature death culture in Japanese society that can sublimate the time to death into a process of ‘fulfillment of a dignified human being’. It is hoped that death preparation education will help people realize that “death is a part of one's life, and that death that suits one's life is the last task one has to challenge oneself.” 본 연구는 일본 사생학 연구의 초석을 마련한 데켄의 죽음준비교육을 고찰함으로써 한국 사회의 죽음준비교육에 대한 새로운 실천적 패러다임을 모색해 보고자 한다. 데켄은 죽음준 비교육의 목적이 자신과 타인의 죽음에 의연하게 대응할 수 있는 구체적인 방법론을 터득하 는데 있다고 주장하였으며 이러한 그의 주장은 일본 사회에서 3가지 사회운동의 형태로 전 개・수용되었다. 첫째, 죽음준비교육의 필요성을 일반 대중에게 널리 전파하였고, 둘째, 종말 기 환자들을 위한 호스피스 운동의 질적 향상을 주도하였으며 셋째, 죽음과 관련된 비탄 극 복을 위한 치유 공동체 활동을 주창하였다. 그는 이러한 사회운동을 통해 일본사회에 죽음에 이르는 시간을 ‘품격 있는 인간으로서의 완성’ 과정으로 승화시킬 수 있는 성숙한 죽음 문화 형성에 기여하였다. “죽음은 내 삶의 일부이고 나의 삶에 어울리는 죽음은 나 스스로가 도전 해야 할 나의 마지막 과제”임을 깨닫게 하는 데켄의 죽음준비교육이 우리 사회에 올바로 정 착됨으로써 삶만큼 죽음이 존중되는 사회를 만드는데 작은 밀알이 될 수 있기를 기대한다.

Factors Associated with Death Acceptance among Thai Patients with Advanced Cancer

Krapo, Maliwan,Thanasilp, Sureeporn,Chimluang, Janya Center for Asian Public Opinion ResearchCollaborat 2018 Asian journal for public opinion research Vol.6 No.1

Patients with advanced cancer cope with various issues, especially psychological symptoms, such as anxiety about death. Previous research from various countries indicates that most advanced cancer patients perceive distress before death, which means they cannot accept death peacefully. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors associated with death acceptance of Thai patients with advanced cancer. The participants were 242 adult patients with advanced cancer from three tertiary hospitals in Bangkok, Thailand. The research instruments consisted of 7 questionnaires: a personal information questionnaire, the death anxiety questionnaire, Buddhist beliefs about death questionnaire, the unfinished task questionnaire, general self-efficacy scale, family relationship questionnaire, and death acceptance scale. These instruments were tested for their content validity by a panel of experts. All instruments except the first one were tested for reliability, and their Cronbach's alpha coefficient were .86, .72, .74, .74, .89, and .70, respectively. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, Point-biserial correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that a total of 42% of variance of death acceptance among Thai patients with advanced cancer was explained by death anxiety, Buddhist beliefs about death, and self-efficacy. Knowing these factors provides further information for nurses to help patients to cope with their death. From this crucial knowledge, nurses can develop interventions in decreasing or controlling anxiety about death, promoting Buddhist beliefs about death, and enhancing self-efficacy of advanced cancer patients. Therefore, a better quality of life and good death can be achieved.

월트 휘트먼과 죽음

이홍필(Lee, Hong-Pil) 한국동서비교문학학회 2008 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.18

Death is one of the most frequent themes both in western and oriental literary works. In western world where Christianity has been the dominant religious tenet, a number of literary works of art have dealt with death in terms of otherworldliness. For example, John Donne, the seventeen-century British poet, vividly personifies death in his poetical works; Emily Dickinson, the nineteen-century American poet, presupposes the advent of death, its weight and the life after death. Yet oriental literary writers have not paid much too their attention to death as much as western writers. Such a tendency comes from the belief of oriental thinkers: death is a cycle of a huge stream in the universe. The Hindu followers and ancient Chinese thinkers took it for granted that death is a natural phenomenon. Considering death not as a coda of life but as a process, they did not express fear or dread toward death. Although Walt Whitman was born into puritan society, his attitude toward death seems to come close to that of oriental thinkers. He wrote a number of poems about death from his early career of poet, interpreting death as a process of large cycle: his recognition of death as a natural phenomenon culminates in “The Sleepers.” This essay seeks to examine his works on death with special focus on “The Sleepers.”

인문학 기반의 죽음학 강의를 위한 시론

방미경 한국문화융합학회 2022 문화와 융합 Vol.44 No.2

Death education includes understanding of death, preparation for death, and mourning for death. People recognize that the education specializing in each stage of life is needed, not just for the elderly people or terminal patients. This study examines the meaning of death education for university students in their early adulthood and is aiming at providing them an opportunity for reflection on death through some works of art. For the death education based on the humanities, we used two literary works and three films. First, focusing on Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich, the students could share their thoughts about what dying means to them and what they would wish for the most when assuming death. Second, through Camus’s The Myth of Sisyphus, we reflect on the meaning and value of life, and examine the freedom of human being and their rebellion overcoming the absurdity of meaningless life, and the solidarity arising out of the rebellion. <Me before you> comes next to think about whether we have the right to choose our own death, and we examine the problems of the assisted suicide measure. At the end, in <Coco> and <Wonderful Life>, we think about whether life exists after death and learn about the near-death experience and research on the life after death. Studying and discussing the meaning of life and death, and the problems of suicide on various levels could help the students in the early adulthood to establish their view of the world and image of the self. Therefore death education aims to learn to enrich in excelsis the life given to us.

존 던시에 나타난 죽음과 사후

신현호 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2016 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.64

John Donne is one of the artists whose obsession with death is universally recognized. The purpose of the paper is to offer an interpretation of John Donne’s view of death and afterlife in his poetry. John Donne had a deep interest in the issue of death and tried to understand it ceaselessly throughout his lifetime. Death is one of the main subjects in his poems. His effort in conquering death is reflected in Songs and Sonnets and Holy Sonnets. The death in Songs and Sonnets is not real but imaginary and fictitious. However, the death of Holy Sonnets oppresses Donne in real life. Donne’s attitude toward death can be characterized by two aspects. The first one is the positive attitude that desires death eagerly. And the other is the negative attitude that refuses death persistently. Even though these two attitudes are paradoxical and conflicted, they have something in common. Finally, they were integrated into a transcendental attitude. Donne refused to think of death as the end of life. And he claimed that the way to conquer death was only through death. 죽음과 사후에 관한 생각은 인간 누구에게나 마음속에 자리하고 있다. 존 던은 죽음에 관한 문제에 깊은 관심을 가진 작가들 가운데 한 사람으로 평가되고 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 존 던이 자신의 시 작품에서 죽음과 사후에 대해 어떠한 관점을 보여주고 있는 지에 대한 해석을 제공하는 데 있다. 존 던은 일생동안 죽음의 문제에 대해 관심을 가지고 이해하려고 노력하였다. 죽음은 그의 시의 주요 주제이다. 그의 죽음을 극복하기 위한 노력은 「노래와 소네트 Songs and Sonnets」와 「거룩한 소네트 Holy Sonnets」에 투영되어 나타난다.「노래와 소네트」에서의 죽음은 실제의 죽음이 아니라 가상된 죽음으로 비유되거나 상징의 방법으로 묘사 된다.「거룩한 소네트」에서는 자신의 체험과 내면의 갈등과 고뇌를 형상화하여 죽음을 탐구한다. 존 던의 죽음에 대해 가지는 태도는 죽음을 갈망하는 태도와 죽음을 끈질기게 거부하는 양면적인 모습을 보인다. 이러한 두 가지 태도는 대립되는 것처럼 보이나 실제로는 둘 다 죽음을 극복하고 통합하여 사후를 모색하는 방법이다. 존 던은 죽음이 인생의 끝이 아니라 죽음을 통해서만 죽음을 극복할 수 있다는 역설적 관점을 제시한다.

Death Education based on Modern Thanatology and Buddhist Thoughts on Death

문현공 동국대학교 불교학술원 2012 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.18 No.-

This article will discuss death education in light of modern thanatology and Buddhist thoughts on death. I will examine the definition of death and both the internal and external problems of death in response to the death of others, such as feelings of anguish. In addition I will discuss the current state of death education as it is being carried out overseas, centering on the United States. I will argue that other countries, including the Republic of Korea, have an urgent need for death education. Most importantly, death education not only prepares a person for their own death, but it also educates us about life. Through Buddhist teachings of mindfulness on death and Nirvāṇa, I will examine the aim of Buddhism. As a result, we will see that the Buddhist perspective on death is focused on one’s mind. This understanding should provide a fundamental resource for modern death education.

Death and Afterlife in John Donne’s Poetry

신현호(Shin Hyun ho) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2016 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.64

죽음과 사후에 관한 생각은 인간 누구에게나 마음속에 자리하고 있다. 존 던은 죽음에 관한 문제에 깊은 관심을 가진 작가들 가운데 한 사람으로 평가되고 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 존 던이 자신의 시 작품에서 죽음과 사후에 대해 어떠한 관점을 보여주고 있는 지에 대한 해석을 제공하는 데 있다. 존 던은 일생동안 죽음의 문제에 대해 관심을 가지고 이해하려고 노력하였다. 죽음은 그의 시의 주요 주제이다. 그의 죽음을 극복하기 위한 노력은 「노래와 소네트 Songs and Sonnets」와 「거룩한 소네트 Holy Sonnets」에 투영되어 나타난다.「노래와 소네트」에서의 죽음은 실제의 죽음이 아니라 가상된 죽음으로 비유되거나 상징의 방법으로 묘사 된다.「거룩한 소네트」에서는 자신의 체험과 내면의 갈등과 고뇌를 형상화하여 죽음을 탐구한다. 존 던의 죽음에 대해 가지는 태도는 죽음을 갈망하는 태도와 죽음을 끈질기게 거부하는 양면적인 모습을 보인다. 이러한 두 가지 태도는 대립되는 것처럼 보이나 실제로는 둘 다 죽음을 극복하고 통합하여 사후를 모색하는 방법이다. 존 던은 죽음이 인생의 끝이 아니라 죽음을 통해서만 죽음을 극복할 수 있다는 역설적 관점을 제시한다. John Donne is one of the artists whose obsession with death is universally recognized. The purpose of the paper is to offer an interpretation of John Donne’s view of death and afterlife in his poetry. John Donne had a deep interest in the issue of death and tried to understand it ceaselessly throughout his lifetime. Death is one of the main subjects in his poems. His effort in conquering death is reflected in Songs and Sonnets and Holy Sonnets. The death in Songs and Sonnets is not real but imaginary and fictitious. However, the death of Holy Sonnets oppresses Donne in real life. Donne’s attitude toward death can be characterized by two aspects. The first one is the positive attitude that desires death eagerly. And the other is the negative attitude that refuses death persistently. Even though these two attitudes are paradoxical and conflicted, they have something in common. Finally, they were integrated into a transcendental attitude. Donne refused to think of death as the end of life. And he claimed that the way to conquer death was only through death.

Buddhist Reflections on Life and Death

송석구 동국대학교 불교학술원 2007 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.9 No.-

Philosophy has been understood as the rational understanding of human beings through the issue of death or of overcoming the death. In the West, they see the soul as immortal, whereas they see the body as transient and imprisoning soul in it. In short, death signifies only “the death of the body.” This is the moment from which the death or the liberation from the body takes its affirmative momentum in the tradition of western philosophy. Even though western philosophy and religion represent different forms and ideas, the starting point for them is the premise of human overcoming of the death. In the East, Confucianism understands human death from the practical and Real standpoint. According to Confucian philosophy, life and death belong to the natural process. Taoists regard death and life as the trace of all things that change naturally just like the process of day and night. Buddhism tries to understand all the sentient beings sustain their lives in the interrelationship with other beings. In Buddhism, human beings are neither complete nor determined, they based upon the concept of “life.” Also, there is a formular which consists of previous life, this life, next life or life after death. Buddhism attempts to overcome the death through the metempsychosis. This process of overcoming the death through metempsychosis will be followed by ethical consciousness.

Understanding the Fear of Death and Implications for Christian Education

유명복 한국기독교교육정보학회 2016 Journal of Christian education information tech Vol.0 No.30

Fear is a natural reaction to encounter with death. Dealing with fear of death is one of the most important elements for those facing death. Death fear and death anxiety are based on four concerns: (a) the death of self, (b) the deaths of significant others, (c) the process of dying, and (d) the state of being dead. Fears related to the process of dying can be further elaborated into concerns about dependency, pain, indignity, and isolation and the fear of leaving loved ones behind. Additional sources of fear include the finality of death, the fate of the body, and afterlife concerns such as divine judgment. Death education can reduce both fear of death and apprehension in individuals. Discussion of the dying process, management of pain and symptoms may remove some of the worry and uncertainty regarding dying. This paper will discuss the following: a Biblical view of death, fear of death, a developmental view of death anxiety, religion as a means to overcome death anxiety, and death education.