사이버 폭력 연구의 동향과 과제: 사이버 폭력의 정의 및 유형을 중심으로

두경희,김계현,정여주 한국상담학회 2012 상담학연구 Vol.13 No.4

인터넷과 스마트폰의 사용이 활발해지면서 사이버 공간에서 발생하는 사이버 폭력에 대한 관심도 커져가고 있으나 사이버 폭력에 대한 다양한 개념정의가 혼재하는 가운데 관련 변인이나 개입을 위한 연구들이 증가하고 있다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 사이버 폭력의 정의 및 유형을 중심으로 그간의 연구들이 이루어진 동향을 살펴보고 앞으로의 과제를 살펴보고자 한다. 첫째, 정의와 관련하여 기존의 관계적 맥락을 바탕으로 정보통신매체를 도구적으로 사용하여 사이버 폭력을 행하는 경우와 가해자와 피해자의 관계적 맥락이 전혀 없는 경우를 구분했는가의 여부 및 구분의 중요성에 대한 논의를 중심으로 국내외 연구를 살펴보았다. 둘째, 사이버 폭력 측정기간에 대한 합의된 기준이 없이 다양하게 이루어진 연구들의 동향을 살펴보고 방향을 제시하였다. 셋째, 사이버 폭력이 이루어지는 공간과 대표적인 유형을 구분하여 국내외 연구를 고찰함으로써 사이버 폭력의 개념을 보다 명확히 하고자 하였다. As people use smartphone and internet more and more, interests on cyberbullying is also increasing. Researchers conducted several researches about variables of cyberbullying or intervention for cyberbullying. But they didn't suggest consistent definition about cyberbullying. So, the purpose of this study was to research all results about cyberbullying and to suggest the definition of cyberbullying and types of cyberbullying. First, in reference to the definition of cyberbullying, we researched all domestic and foreign studies dealing with relationship between cyberbullies and cyberbullying victims. Second, we tried to suggest understanding criteria about measuring period of cyberbullying. Third, we researched the definition of cyberbullying being connected with the place where cyberbullying occurred and with the contents which cyberbullies used to cyberbullying victims.

Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents

Lee, Changho,Shin, Namin Elsevier 2017 Computers in Human Behavior Vol.68 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cyberbullying and factors in cyberbullying perpetration with a national sample of 4000 adolescents selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The respondents were 2166 boys (54.1%) and 1834 girls (45.9%) in 7<SUP>th</SUP>–12th grades at 24 middle and 24 high schools across South Korea. Statistical analyses of the survey data are summarized as follows. First, 34% of the respondent students were involved in cyberbullying as bullies (6.3%), victims (14.6%), or both bullies and victims (13.1%). Boys had a higher percentage of cyberbullying perpetration than girls. Second, variables for time spent on chat services and Social Network Services (SNS), the experience of being cyberbullied, and offline bullying perpetration tended to increase the probability of students being perpetrators of cyberbullying. However, the cognitive empathy variable contributed to decreased cyberbullying perpetration behaviors. Third, the variables of parental attachment and satisfaction with school life had little impact on perpetration of cyberbullying. These results were discussed to improve the understanding of the characteristics of cyberbullying among Korean adolescents and the youth population in general, while providing educators and researchers information on cyberbullying with practical consideration to its prevention.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Boys had a higher percentage of cyberbullying perpetrations than girls. </LI> <LI> Girls exerted relational violence through chat services more than boys did. </LI> <LI> The cognitive empathy variable contributed to decreased cyberbullying perpetration behaviors. </LI> <LI> Cyberbullied experiences were positively related to cyberbullying perpetration. </LI> </UL> </P>

청소년들의 사이버불링(Cyberbullying)에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

김혜영(Hye-Young Kim),민정식(Jeong-Sik Min) 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2014 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.8 No.4

이 연구는 최근 사회적 문제로 제기되고 있는, 온라인 공간에서의 괴롭힘을 의미하는 사이버불링에 미치는 영향을 현실세계에서의 괴롭힘과 연계해 살펴보았다. 또한 사이버불링에 대한 소셜미디어 중독과 자기 통제의 영향도 함께 살펴보았다. 중?고등학교 학생 919명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시한 결과, 현실세계에서의 괴롭힘의 경험이 사이버불링에 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 영향력은 현실세계와 사이버세계에서의 괴롭힘의 가해와 피해를 구분해 분석해도 다르지 않았다. 가해이든 피해이든 현실세계에서의 괴롭힘의 경험이 많을수록 사이버불링의 가해와 피해의 경험의 정도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사이버불링을 많이 당할수록 사이버불링을 많이 행하는 것으로 나타나 현실세계와 사이버불링의 피해와 가해가 연결되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 소셜미디어 중독 역시 사이버불링과 정적인 관계를 가지고 있었다. 그러나 소셜미디어와 메시지에 대한 숙려를 중심으로 한 자기통제는 사이버불링가 해경험과 관련이 없었다 This study focus on the factor that make causal relationship with cyberbullying. Concretely, this study analysis the influence of off-line bullying experience, online bullying experience, social media addiction on cyberbullying. This study also analysis the influence of self-control on cyberbullying. With sample survey of 919 middle and high school students, this study find off-line bullying experience influences on cyberbullying. Students who experience off-line bullying more, experience cyberbullying more. The two cyberbullying patterns, a harmful act or a damage, are related positively with off-line bullying. Online bullying victim experience also influence on cyberbullying attack. Social media addiction"s influence on cyberbullying also found. The student who suffers social media addiction high, experience cyberbullying more. Social media addiction"s influence level on harmful act or damage at cyber space is same. Self-control"s influence on cyberbullying was found only cyberbullying damage experience. This result is oppose to other research on student"s bullying pattern. Most researches that analysis juvenile"s bullying behavior report that self-control restrains violence behavior. This study"s opposite result shows further study on relations between self-control and cyberbullying. This study"s fruitful results are finding of off-line bullying experience"s impact on cyberbullying. The finding that social media addiction influence on cyberbullying is important result too. The result that cyberbullying damage experience makes harmful act at cyber space is also important. This result shows vicious circle of cyberbullying attack and damage.

Correlates of direct and indirect forms of cyberbullying victimization involving South Korean adolescents: An ecological perspective

Hong, Jun Sung,Kim, Dong Ha,Thornberg, Robert,Kang, Jun Hyeok,Morgan, Julie Toth Elsevier 2018 Computers in Human Behavior Vol.87 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The aim of the study is to explore the correlates of indirect and direct forms of cyberbullying victimization across individual, microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem contexts in a nationally representative sample of South Korean youth. Data were derived from the Korean Children and Youth Rights Study, and the total sample was 10,453 adolescents. The hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted separately for both direct and indirect cyberbullying victimization. At the individual level, no variables were found to be associated with indirect cyberbullying victimization, but male sex and depression were positively related to direct cyberbullying victimization. At the microsystem level, parental neglect was related to indirect cyberbullying victimization, while parental abuse, parental neglect, and family dysfunction were associated with direct cyberbullying victimization. Poor peer relations was significant for both indirect and direct cyberbullying victimization, and teacher abuse and school victimization were associated with victims of both types of cyberbullying. Perceived neighborhood safety had negative association with indirect and direct cyberbullying victimization. At the mesosystem level, higher levels of parental abuse and poor peer relations was related to higher risk of indirect cyberbullying victimization. Also, higher levels of family dysfunction and poor peer relations were associated with higher risk of indirect cyberbullying victimization. An assessment of the risk factors for cyberbullying victimization across multiple domains is the first necessary steps towards the development of effective intervention strategies.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Correlates of cyberbullying victimization in South Korea were examined. </LI> <LI> Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems perspective was applied. </LI> <LI> Male sex and depression were associated to direct cyberbullying. </LI> <LI> Several variables representing the microsystem were linked to cyberbullying. </LI> <LI> Two variables representing the mesosystem were related to indirect cyberbullying. </LI> </UL> </P>

사이버 괴롭힘 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인들: 익명성, 공격성, 사이버 괴롭힘에 대한 태도

박대식,손은정 한국상담학회 2016 상담학연구 Vol.17 No.4

The aim of this study was to examine how anonymity, aggression, and attitudes toward cyberbullying affect cyberbullying behavior. Two hundred seventy one college students in Daegu and Gyeongsang Provinces participated in this study. All participants completed the questionnaires, including the Anonymity Scale, the Aggression Scale, the Positive Attitudes toward Cyberbullying Scale, and the Cyberbullying Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results of the study are summarized as follows: First, the relationship between anonymity and cyberbullying behavior was mediated by attitudes toward cyberbullying; Second, the relationship between aggression and cyberbullying behavior was mediated by attitudes toward cyberbullying; Third, the relationship between anonymity and attitudes toward cyberbullying was mediated by aggression. These results indicate that attitudes toward cyberbullying mediates the relationship between anonymity, aggression and cyberbullying behavior. Moreover aggression mediates the relationship between anonymity and attitudes toward cyberbullying. The findings of this study enrich our understanding of college students' cyberbullying behavior and provide novel insights for developing intervention programs. 본 연구의 목적은 익명성, 공격성, 사이버 괴롭힘에 대한 태도가 사이버 괴롭힘 행동에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 것이다. 연구대상은 대구․경북 소재 중인 대학생 271명이었으며 익명성, 공격성, 사이버 괴롭힘에 대한 태도, 사이버 괴롭힘 척도를 사용하여 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 연구의 자료들을 분석하기 위해 AMOS를 사용하여 구조방정식 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 익명성은 사이버 괴롭힘에 대한 태도의 매개를 통해 사이버 괴롭힘 행동에 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 공격성은 사이버 괴롭힘에 대한 태도의 매개를 통해 사이버 괴롭힘 행동에 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 익명성은 공격성의 매개를 통해 사이버 괴롭힘에 대한 태도에 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 결과를 통해 익명성, 공격성이 사이버 괴롭힘 행동에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 사이버 괴롭힘에 대한 태도가 매개역할을 하고 있다는 것과 또한 익명성이 사이버 괴롭힘에 대한 태도에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 공격성이 매개역할을 하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과들은 대학생들의 사이버 괴롭힘 가해행동에 대한 이해 및 개입을 위한 함의를 제공한다.

형법적 관점에서의 사이버불링(Cyberbullying)에 대한 소고 -개념 및 청소년 사이버불링을 중심으로-

이원상 ( Won Sang Lee ) 한국형사정책학회 2013 刑事政策 Vol.25 No.3

In recent years, our society have(has had) various problems related to cyberbullying. The number of cyberbullying victims has been on the rise. As a result, many people fell victim to cyberbullying or are suffering from it. Furthermore, cyberbullying causes secondary effects. For example, some of the victims who bullied committed suicides or they attacked others. But criminal law still has no answer to the problems of cyberbullying. Because cyberbullying is not a main issue in the area of criminal law and many jurists don`t understand the new mechanism of cyberbullying. And jurists don`t feel the need to make provisions for cyberbullying. Because they think that cyberbullying could be punished according to the present rules. Cyberbullying is a comprehensive concept that a majority harasses, torments or bullies a personal or a minority in cyberspace intentionally and repeatedly. Therefore, some of the cyberbullying behaviors could be punished according to criminal law or Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Use and Information Protection. But, in holistic consideration of the characteristics of cyberbullying - repeatability, mob, media, bullying, we need a new provision of cyberbullying. Many countries already have the provision to punish cyberbullying in criminal law etc. So, we have to grasp the reality of cyberbullying in korea and understand it in the system of criminal law. Then, we should develop the discussion about cyberbullying in the area of criminal law.

성인 사이버폭력 피해-가해 중첩에 대한 연구: 사이버폭력 문제의식과 교육 효과성 인식의 다중가산조절효과를 중심으로

김동현,곽대경 한국민간경비학회 2023 한국민간경비학회보 Vol.22 No.2

This study is aimed at preventing the damage-injury overlapping phenomenon in adults' cyberbullying. Due to COVID-19, non-face-to-face life has expanded in modern society and the proportion of using cyberspace has increased compared to before COVID-19. Therefore, the problem of cyberbullying occurring in cyberspace is appearing more seriously than in the past. Most of the existing studies have been conducted on teenagers to prevent cyberbullying. Nonetheless, adults have also been found to experience serious cyberbullying. According to the 2021 cyberbullying fact-finding report published by the Korea Intelligence Information Society Agency, 15.7% of adults have experienced cyberbullying. In addition, in the case of cyber violence, due to the characteristics of cyber space, there is a lot of damage-injury overlapping phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze how adults' experiences of cyberbullying affect cyberbullying. In addition, in many previous studies, awareness of the problem of cyberbullying and awareness of the effectiveness of education are explained as major factors in preventing adult cyberbullying. Therefore, in this study, it was verified whether awareness of the cyberbullying problem and awareness of the effectiveness of education in the overlapping phenomenon of cyberbullying damage-offender among adults can act as a buffer against the overlapping cyberbullying damage-offender. The study utilized adult data from the 「2021 Cyberviolence Survey Result Report」 conducted by the Korea Institute for Intelligence and Information Society Promotion. For the final analysis to carry out the purpose of the study, the multi-additive control model was analyzed using PROCESS macro model No. 2 of the SPSS Macro PROCESS 3.5 program. As a result of the study, cyberbullying damage of adults was identified as a predictor of cyberbullying perpetration, and it was confirmed that in these two relationships, cyberbullying problem awareness and awareness of the effectiveness of education showed a multi-additative moderating effect. Based on these results, a plan to prevent adult cyberbullying damage-offender overlapping was proposed.

부모의 양육태도와 가족스트레스가 자녀의 사이버불링에 미치는 영향: 고등학교 학생을 대상으로

윤정화,김성희 인문사회 21 2020 인문사회 21 Vol.11 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate how parental attitudes and family stress affect cyberbullying for high school students, and to suggest effective strategies and interventions for youth counseling and parental counseling. The survey was conducted on 300 specialized high school students in Jeollanam-do area, who are expected to have a higher probability of cyberbullying than general high school students, and the collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 23.0 program. As a result of the study, first, cyberbullying showed significant differences in gender, grade, group chat room use, academic performance, and peer relationship. Second, there was a significantly positive (+) correlation between mother’s parenting attitude and cyberbullying, and the father’s parenting attitude showed a significantly positive (+) correlation between family stress and cyberbullying. Family stress showed a significantly positive (+) correlation with cyberbullying. Third, when the mother’s parental attitude was inconsistent and excessively interfering, and neglecting, cyberbullying was high. Cyberbullying was low when a rational explanation was given, and cyberbullying was high when economic stress was high. Also, cyberbullying was higher when the father’s parental attitude was excessively expecting and abusing, and cyberbullying was lower as the rational explanation and affection were shown. Cyberbullying was higher when the interaction stress was higher than the economic stress. 본 연구는 고등학생을 대상으로 부모의 양육태도, 가족스트레스가 사이버불링에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 조사하여, 청소년상담과 부모상담에 효과적인 전략과 개입을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 조사대상은 일반계 고등학생보다 사이버불링 가능성이 높을 것으로 예상되는 전남지역 특성화고 학생 300명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고 수집된 자료는 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 사이버불링은 성별, 학년, 단톡방 사용여부, 성적, 교우관계에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니의 양육태도와 사이버불링은 유의한 정(+)적 상관관계를 보였고, 아버지의 양육태도는 가족스트레스, 사이버불링 유의한 정(+)적 상관관계를 보였으며, 가족스트레스는 사이버불링과 유의한 정(+)적 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 어머니의 양육태도가 비일관적이고 과잉간섭하며, 방임하는 경우 사이버불링이 높게 나타나고, 합리적 설명을 하는 경우 사이버불링이 낮게 나타났으며 경제스트레스가 높은 경우 사이버불링이 높게 나타났다. 또한 아버지의 양육태도가 과잉기대, 학대일수록 사이버불링이 높게 나타나고, 합리적 설명, 애정일수록 사이버불링이 낮게 나타났으며, 경제스트레스보다 상호작용스트레스가 높은 경우 사이버불링이 높게 나타났다.

사이버불링의 위험요인들의 작용에서 자아탄력성의 조절효과와 성별 차이 -카카오톡 이용자를 중심으로-

이성식,이지선,정소희 한국범죄심리학회 2018 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.14 No.1

This study examines the effect of risk factors of cyberbullying and buffering effect of resilience between risk factors and cyberbullying. This study specially tests a gender difference in its buffering effect of resilience. It tests the effects of strain in parental, school, peer relationship and cyberbullying victimization and also tests the effect of differential association with cyberbullying peers. In addition, it examines the interaction effects between those risk factors and resilence on cyberbullying and its gender difference. Using data from middle and high school students in Seoul and Kyunggi area, 2014, it is shown that the effect of cyberbullying victimization is the largest and the effect of association with cyberbullying peers is also significant in both male and female students, but the effect of parental strain is significant in male, but not in female students. Result shows that the main effect of resilience is significant in female, but not in male students. In addition, it is found that the interaction effect between association with cyberbullying peers and cyberbullying is significant in female, but not in male in testing the moderating effect of resilience between risk factors and cyberbullying across male and female. It is reveal that there is a gender difference in buffering effect of resilience on cyberbullying. 이 연구는 사이버불링을 설명함에 있어 사이버불링의 위험요인들의 작용을 완충하는 조절변인으로서 자아탄력성의 완충작용을 살펴본다. 무엇보다 이 연구에서는 위험요인의 영향과 자아탄력성의 완충작용이 남녀에 따라 어떻게 다른지에 주목한다. 이 연구에서는 사이버불링의 원인으로 일상긴장요인으로 부모긴장, 학교긴장, 친구긴장, 그리고 사이버불링 피해경험을 다루고 아울러 사이버불링친구와의 차별접촉의 영향력을 다룬다. 그리고 자아탄력성의 완충효과와 그 성별 차이를 알기 위해 위의 위험요인들과 자아탄력성과의 상호작용효과를 남녀별로 살펴본다. 이 연구는 2014년 서울 및 경기지역의 중, 고등학생를 대상으로 조사한 자료 중 카카오톡 이용자를 분석했다. 이 분석결과에서 남녀 모두에서 사이버불링피해의 영향력이 매우 컸고, 사이버불링친구와의 접촉의 영향력이 유의미해 유사했지만 남성의 경우와 달리 여성의 경우는 부모와의 긴장의 영향력이 유의미하지 않아 차이를 보였다. 자아탄력성의 사이버불링에의 영향력을 보면 여성에서는 유의미했지만 남성의 경우에서는 유의미하지 않아 차이를 나타냈다. 아울러 일상긴장 및 피해경험, 그리고 사이버불링친구와의 차별접촉의 사이버불링의 영향에서 자아탄력성의 완충작용과 그 성별 차이를 살펴보면 여성의 경우 사이버불링친구와의 차별접촉과 자아탄력성의 상호작용효과가 유의미한 것으로 나타나 자아탄력성이 완충작용을 하는 것을 제시했지만 남성의 경우는 유의미한 상호작용효과를 발견하지 못해 남녀 차이를 나타냈다.

청소년 사이버불링 실태 및 대응방안 연구

이창호,신나민,하은빈 한국청소년정책연구원 2014 한국청소년정책연구원 연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

최근 들어 사이버불링에 대한 관심이 높아지고 관련 연구나 조사가 활발해지고 있지만 아직까지 사이버불링의 원인이나 영향에 대한 연구는 외국에 비해 턱없이 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 사이버불링의 위험으로부터 청소년을 보호할 수 있는 정책적 방안을 마련하고자 4,000명의 청소년을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고 청소년 8명을 심층인터뷰 하였다. 먼저, 설문조사결과 사이버불링피해와 가해경험을 동시에 가진 청소년들의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 즉 청소년들의 14.6%가 사이버불링피해만 경험한 것으로 나타났고 가해경험만 있는 청소년은 전체의 6.3%였다. 반면 사이버불링피해 및 가해경험을 동시에 가지고 있는 집단은 전체의 13.1%에 달했다. 또한, 학교폭력은 사이버불링과 매우 밀접한 관련을 지니고 있었다. 즉 오프라인공간에서 일어난 학교폭력이 사이버공간의 폭력으로 이어지고 있다는 것이다. 사이버불링피해 및 가해유형으로는 게임을 통한 사이버불링, 카카오톡 상에서 친구신청을 거부하거나 친구 초대시 배제하는 경우, 채팅이나 소셜네트워크 서비스를 통한 사이버불링이 높은 빈도를 나타냈다. 또한 응답자들은 사이버불링피해를 당했을 경우 경찰이나 부모에게 이러한 사실을 알리는 경우는 극히 드물었다. 사이버불링을 목격했을 때도 절반 약간 넘는 청소년들이 그냥 상황을 지켜봤다고 응답했다. 사이버불링피해경험에 영향을 미치는 변인들을 살펴본 결과 사이버불링가해경험이 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤고 학교생활 만족도는 부적인 영향을, 사이버자신감은 정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 분석됐다. 사이버불링 가해경험에 영향을 준 변인들은 사이버윤리의식과 인지적 공감으로 나타났다. 즉 사이버윤리의식이 높고 인지적 공감능력이 높은 청소년이 사이버불링에 덜 가담한 것으로 나타난 것이다. 이 같은 발견은 학교생활만족도를 높이고 사이버윤리의식수준을 높이며 인지적 공감능력을 키울수록 사이버불링이 발생할 가능성이 적어진다는 것을 제시해 주고 있다. 질적 연구결과에서는 재미나 장난삼아 이뤄지는 사이버불링이 피해자들에게는 큰 상처를 주고 있다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 인터뷰참가자들은 사이버불링의 해결방안으로 같이 어울리고 서로를 이해할 수 있는 기회를 많이 만들 것을 주장했다. Recently there have been many studies related to cyberbullying but there are few studies dealing with the cause and effect of cyberbullying compared with foreign countries. Therefore this study conducted survey of 4,000 young people and interviewed 8 young people to prepare for measures to protect youths from the danger of cyberbullying. As a result, the percentage of those who had cyberbullying and cyberbullied experience was high. That is, 14.6% had only cyberbullied experience while 6.3% had only cyberbullying experience. Surprisingly 13.1% had both experience. In addition, school violence was strongly related to cyberbullying. That is, school violence which occurred offline world was connected to cyberbulling online. The main cyberbullying types were cyberbullying through game, rejection of making friend or excluding someone from chatting room on Kakaotalk, and cyberbullying by chatting or social network service. Few people announced police or parent when they were cyberbullied. Half of respondents did not take any action when they observed cyberbullying situation. Cyberbullying experience had a big influence on cyberbullied experience while satisfaction with school had negative effect and cyberconfidence had positive effect. Cyberethics and cognitive emphathy affected cyberbullying experience. That is, students who had a higher cyberethic and cognitive emphathy tended to engage in cyberbullying less. This result suggests that cyberbullying can be lessened by enhancing satisfaction with school life, cyberethics and cognitive symphathy. Qualitative study showed that cyberbullying which was made by joke had a serious effect on victims. Intreviewees suggested making many opportunities to play together and understand each other as a measure to prevent cyberbullying.