농가규모 양돈분뇨 퇴비화시 공기공급량 변화에 따른 퇴비 특성 평가

이성현,정광화,이동준,이동현,장유나,곽정훈 유기성자원학회 2019 유기물자원화 Vol.27 No.3

Swine manure has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize and treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing swine manure compost under various treatment with mixture of swine manure and saw dust. Treatments were designed as follows; non aerated composting pile(REF), aerated composting pile of 100L/㎥(EXP1), and aerated composting pile of 150L/㎥(EXP2). The total days of fermentation were 28 days and each samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Temperature sensors were installed under 30~40㎝ from the surface of composting pile. Inner temperature in composting piles of EXP1 and EXP2 was rapidly increased to 67~75℃ within 1~2 days. The elevated temperatures found during the thermophilic phase are essential for rapid degradation of organic materials. While swine manure composted, moisture content, total nitrogen, EC of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were lower than those of REF. But, pH and organic matter of EXP1, EXP2 in sample at 28 days were higher than those of REF. After finishing fermentation experiment, maturity was evaluated with germination test. Calculated germination index(GI) at REF, EXP1 and EXP2 were 23.49, 68.50 and 51.81, respectively. The values of germination index were higher at EXP1 and EXP2 which is aerated composting piles than REF which is non aerated composting pile. According to the results, composting process by aerated static pile compost had significant effect on the reduction of required period for composting. Supplying adequate amount of air to compost swine manure will greatly reduce composting period. 양돈분뇨는 퇴비화하여 이용할 경우 좋은 유기물 자원이 될 수 있으며, 양돈 분뇨를 효율적으로 이용하기위한 많은 실험적 연구가 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 양돈분뇨를 톱밥과 혼합하여 여러 가지 퇴비화 조건에서 퇴비화촉진정도를 실제 농가 현장에서 활용할 수 있도록 시험규모를 확대하여 수행하였다. 퇴비화 시험처리는 퇴비화기간동안 공기를 송풍하지 않은 대조구와 퇴비화기간 동안 퇴비단 아래에서 공기를 송풍한 시험구로 구분하였다. 시험을위한 퇴비단의 크기는 각각 5 ㎥로 조성하였다. 시험구 1 (EXP1)에는 돈분 1 ㎥당 100 L의 공기를 송풍하였으며, 시험구 2 (EXP2)에는 돈분 1 ㎥당 150 L의 공기를 송풍하였다. 공기공급량을 1 ㎥당 100 L, 150 L로 한 것은 현재 활용하고 있는 퇴비화시설 설계 규정에 가축분 1 ㎥당 150 L의 규모의 송풍 시설을 설치할 것을 권장하고 있으나현장에서는 과다 송풍 우려가 발생하고 있기 때문에 이에 대한 검토가 필요하기 때문이었다. 퇴비화 발효기간은4주로 하였으며, 퇴비화 시작 직후부터 매주 퇴비단의 샘플을 채취하여 물리 화학적 성분을 조사 분석 하였다. 퇴비단의 온도는 퇴비단 표면으로부터 약 40㎝ 지점에 온도센서를 설치하여 매 30분 간격으로 기록하였다. 발효온도를 분석한 결과 시험구에서는 공기를 송풍한 1~2일차에 최고온도 67~75℃에 도달하였다. 이는 호열성 세균이 급격하게 증가 활동하였기 때문으로 판단되었다. 퇴비화기간 동안 수분함량, 총질소, EC의 값이 송풍발효가 완료된 4주차에대조구에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 pH와 유기물 함량은 시험구에서 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 송풍발효가 끝난 4주차의 부숙정도를 평가하기 위하여 종자발아지수를 분석한 결과 대조구에서 23.49, 시험구 1이 68.50, 시험구 2가 51.81로 나타났다. 종자 발아지수로 평가한 퇴비의 부숙은 대조구에 비해 시험구에서 매우 높은 것으로나타났다. 따라서 양돈분뇨의 퇴비화시 외부로부터 가축분뇨 1 ㎥당 100~150 L/min의 공기를 공급하는 것이 퇴비의부숙을 매우 빠르게 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Evaluation of ammonia emission reducing effect by adding waste cooking oil in pilot-scale composting of dairy cattle manure

Kazutaka Kuroda,Akihiro Tanaka,Kenichi Furuhashi,Naoki Fukuju Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2023 Animal Bioscience Vol.36 No.10

Objective: In our previous study, we observed that the addition of waste cooking oil (WCO) reduced ammonia (NH₃) emissions during laboratory-scale composting of dairy cattle manure under low-aeration condition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of addition of WCO on NH₃ emissions reduction during pilot-scale composting of dairy cattle manure, which is close to the conditions of practical composting treatment. Methods: Composting tests were conducted using pilot-scale composting facilities (1.8 m³ of capacity). The composting mixtures were prepared from manure, sawdust, and WCO. Two treatments were set: without WCO (Control) and with WCO added to 3 wt% of manure (WCO3). Composting was conducted under continuous aeration at 40 L/min, corresponding to 22.2 L/(min·m³) of the mixture at the start of composting. The changes in temperatures, NH₃ concentrations in the exhaust gases, and contents of the composted mixtures were analyzed. Based on these analysis results, the effect of WCO addition on NH₃ emissions and nitrogen loss during composting was evaluated. Results: During composting, the temperature increase of the composting mixture became higher, and the decreases of weight and water content of the mixture became larger in WCO3 than in Control. In the decrease of weight, and the residual weight and water content of the mixture, significant differences (p<0.05) were detected between the two treatments at the end of composting. The NH₃ concentrations in the exhaust gases tended to be lower in WCO3 than in Control. Nitrogen loss was 21.5% lower in WCO3 than in Control. Conclusion: Reduction of NH₃ emissions by the addition of WCO under low aeration condition was observed in pilot-scale composting, as well as in laboratory-scale composting. This result suggests that this method is effective in reducing NH₃ emissions in practical-scale composting.

양돈분뇨 퇴비화시 비료성분, 중금속 및 섬유소 함량 특성

이성현,정광화,이동준,이동현,곽정훈 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.36 No.6

Swine manure has been recognized as an organic source of composting material, and much research has been conductedfor its efficient utilization and treatment. This study was carried out to analyze the changes in fertilizer composition, heavymetals, and fiber content during composting by mixing pig manure with sawdust. The test was set as a simplesedimentation type composting and a ventilation sedimentation type composting. In EXP1 and EXP2, 100 L and 150 Lof air were blown for each cubic meter of composting material. The composting fermentation period was set at four weeks. The fermentation temperature during the composting process increased from 67oC to 75oC between 1 and 2 days. It wasjudged that this was due to the rapid increase in the abundance of thermophilic bacteria. The contents of the fertilizerduring the composting period were found to be largely changed in EXP1 and EXP2 but not in the REF. Cadmium, mercury,and lead were not detected in throughout the test. The coefficient of variation in copper content in the REF, EXP1, andEXP2 was 0.033, 0.058, and 0.071, and the coefficient of variation in zinc content was 0.025, 0.041, and 0.079. Copperand zinc contents did not change significantly during the composting period. After fermentation, the heavy metal contentof the compost was less than the value determined by the composting organic fertilizer standard. The variation patternsin NDF, ADF, and cellulose contents were similar to one another during the composting period. The change in fiber contentwas larger in EXP1 and EXP2 than in the REF.

Effects of Animal Waste Addition on Food Waste Compost under Co-composting

Chang Hoon Lee,Seok-Cheol Kim,Seong-Jin Park,Myeong-Sook Kim,Taek-Keun Oh 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.6

Food waste has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing food waste compost under co-composting with mixture of food and animal waste. The mixing ratio of food and animal waste was 35% as main material, which additionally mixed 30% of sawdust for co-composting. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was rapidly increased to 70 ± 4°C within 3~5 days depending on mixing animal waste of cattle, pig, and chicken base compared to sole food waste base. Expecially, the CN ratio in the mixture of food and pig water was the highest (16.2) among compost. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of the mixture of food and animal waste was ranged between 6~7, but was 3 in sole food waste. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of about 100 irrespectively of mixing of food and animal waste. However, NaCl content and heavy metal as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents was increased in the mixture of food and animal waste. which was the highest in compost mixed the food and pig waste. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while sole food waste was not adequate for composting due to composting periods. Overall, mixing the food and animal waste can be utilized for improving compost maturity, but more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with animal waste in agricultural fields.

Effects of Animal Waste Addition on Food Waste Compost under Co-composting

Lee, Chang Hoon,Kim, Seok-Cheol,Park, Seong-Jin,Kim, Myeong-Sook,Oh, Taek-Keun 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.6

Food waste has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted to efficiently utilize or treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing food waste compost under co-composting with mixture of food and animal waste. The mixing ratio of food and animal waste was 35% as main material, which additionally mixed 30% of sawdust for co-composting. Total days of composting experiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was rapidly increased to $70{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ within 3~5 days depending on mixing animal waste of cattle, pig, and chicken base compared to sole food waste base. Expecially, the CN ratio in the mixture of food and pig water was the highest (16.2) among compost. After finishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index (MI) of the mixture of food and animal waste was ranged between 6~7, but was 3 in sole food waste. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of about 100 irrespectively of mixing of food and animal waste. However, NaCl content and heavy metal as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents was increased in the mixture of food and animal waste. which was the highest in compost mixed the food and pig waste. Both MI and GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while sole food waste was not adequate for composting due to composting periods. Overall, mixing the food and animal waste can be utilized for improving compost maturity, but more research should be conducted to make high quality of food waste compost with animal waste in agricultural fields.

퇴비화의 이화학적 지표 및 공정관리

정재춘(Jae-Chun Chung),흥지형(Ji-Heung Hong) 유기성자원학회 1994 유기물자원화 Vol.2 No.2

이 총설에서는 퇴비화와 물리, 화확 및 생물학적 측면에 관하여 고찰하였다. 퇴바화는 상당히 복합적인 과정이기 때문에 이의 이해와 관리에는 어려움이 따른다. 퇴비화시 발생하는 발열량은 퇴비재의 종류에 따라서 다르나 5. 8KJ -76. 7KJ/g 휘발성물질/hr 이다. 퇴비화에 있어서 온도는 선택인자로 작용하여 온도가 200C 이하로 내려가변 퇴비화가 억제되고 600 C 이상이 되어도 퇴비화는 억제된다. 가장 적합한 온도는 500C 후반이다. 퇴비더미내의 열의 수지균형은 열의 전도,증발,수분함량 등에 의해 결정된다. 기질의 수분활성은 -20kPa 이상이 되어야 한다고 알려져 있다.퇴비화시 출현하는 세균의 밀도는 통상 기질 19당 108 -10 12 이다. 600C 이상에서 균류는 통상 출현하지 않으며 700C 이상에서는 방선균이 출현하지 않는다. 대표적인 세균속은 BaciCCμs 속으로서 세균의 대부분(80% 이상)을 차지하며 균류는 Mμcor,Chaetomium, Tafaromνces 등이 출현한다. 미생물 사이에는 상승작용과 길항작용이 존재하는데 이러한 작용들은 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 퇴비내의 온도가 550C 이상으로 되면 SafmioneCCa , ShigeUa같은 병원성 미생물이 효과적으로 억제된다. 이러한 온도에서도 견디는 것은 인간에게 기회적 병원균이 되는 AspergiCCμsfiμm껑atμs 인데 그다지 큰 위해를 초래하지는 않는다. 퇴비시설의 악취관리는 악취제어시설을 설치하기 이전에 공정을 최적화하여 제어하는 것이 훨씬 비용 효과적이다. 난분해성 물질도 다른 기질과 공퇴비화( Co-composting) 하면 경우에 따라서 완전히 또는 상당히 분해시킬 수 있다. This paper reviews the phyisical, chemical and biological aspect of the composting process. Since composting is very complex process, understanding of the process and its management is difficult. The amount of heat gencerated is dependant upon the composting material. The range was reported between 5.8KJ and 76.7KJ/g volatile matter/hr. Temperature in composting serves as a selective agent. When the temperature inside the composting pile falls down below 200C or hikes up above 60oC, the composting process is inhibited. The optimum temperature has reported to be upper 50oC. Heat balance within the compost pile is determined by heat conduction, evaporation, water content and etc. Water activity should be above -20kPa for good biodegradation in composting. Bacterial density in the compost pile was known to be 10' _1012/g substrate. Generally, fungi does not present above 600C and actionmycetes does not present above 70oC. The representaive bacterial Genus is BaciUz‘5 which comprises approximately 80% of the total population. For fungi, Mucoγ,Chaetomium and TafaromνC‘es are present. There are synergism and antagonism between microbial population , which are not well understood. If the temperature within the compost pile is kept above 550C for a a certain time span , pathogenic microorganisms such as SafmoneCCa and ShigeCCa are effectively inhibited. An opportunistic human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus can tolerate this high temperature but does not cause serious risk to human health. Odor control from composting facility should be primarily based upon process optimization before the installation of deodoring facility. Co-composting refractory materials with other readi1y biodagradable substance could enhance the biodegradability of the former.

Composting 타당성 조사를 위한 Bench-Scale System

정규혁(Kyu Hyuck Chung),류지성(Ji Sung Ryu) 한국환경보건학회 1998 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Composting is an emerging remediation technology for soils contaminated with hazardous chemicals. Bench-scale composting system is an essential tool for researchers and engineers to study biochemical pathways for target contaminants and for preliminary feasibility and optimization studies. Sucessiful design and operation of the remediation composting requires careful consideration of numerous factors affecting the process. The factors can be devided into four classes; physical, chemical, biological and thermodynamical factors. Physical factors define the structure of compost matrix. Chemical factors consider the adequacy of substrates and the toxic effects of contaminants on the compost biomass. Biological factors define biodegradability and the biodegradation rate. Careful choice of a composting system with proper thermodynamical properties ensures the optimal thermophilic conditions. Our bench-scale composting system is 10l acrylic composting reactor with 30cm styroform insulation. This system could be enough to raise and maintain the heat generated from degrading organic substrates. The compost temperature, CO₂ generation and VS/NVS were useful as a tool for determining and evaulating the process of composting. We evaluated and selected the best combination of locally available amendments, bulking agents, and soils to be utilized in the composting technology for remediating contaminated soils.

Effects of Animal Waste Addition on Food Waste Compost under Co-composting

이창훈,김석철,박성진,김명숙,오택근 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.6

Food waste has been recognized as a organic sources for composting and many research was conducted toefficiently utilize or treat. This study was to evaluate a feasibility for producing food waste compost underco-composting with mixture of food and animal waste. The mixing ratio of food and animal waste was 35% asmain material, which additionally mixed 30% of sawdust for co-composting. Total days of compostingexperiment were 84 days and each sub samples were collected at every 7 days from starting of composting. Results showed that inner temperature in composting was rapidly increased to 70 ± 4°C within 3~5 daysdepending on mixing animal waste of cattle, pig, and chicken base compared to sole food waste base. Expecially, the CN ratio in the mixture of food and pig water was the highest (16.2) among compost. Afterfinishing composting experiment, maturity was evaluated with solvita and germination test. Maturity index(MI) of the mixture of food and animal waste was ranged between 6~7, but was 3 in sole food waste. Calculated germination index (GI) was at the range of about 100 irrespectively of mixing of food and animalwaste. However, NaCl content and heavy metal as Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents was increased in themixture of food and animal waste. which was the highest in compost mixed the food and pig waste. Both MIand GI showed that manufactured fertilizer was suitable for fertilizer criteria while sole food waste was notadequate for composting due to composting periods. Overall, mixing the food and animal waste can beutilized for improving compost maturity, but more research should be conducted to make high quality of foodwaste compost with animal waste in agricultural fields.

화학적처리 양돈폐수 잉여오니와 톱밥 혼합물 퇴비화 및 퇴비탈취처리

홍지형,박금주,Hong Ji-Hyung,Park Keum-Joo 한국축산환경학회 2006 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.12 No.1

The effects of turning frequency were examined on the efficiency of composting lime treated excess sludge amended with sawdust from the activated sludge process after a liquid/solids separation process. The raw and excess sludge from the activated sludge process associated with the hog wastewater treatment system is a significant problem and composting is an effective method far reducing the pollution potential of hog wastewater sludge. The coagulant used sludge composting and ammonia emissions from composting are not well established. The effect of compost properties such as high total carbon, C/N ratio and pH value on performance of composting sludge and biofiltration of ammonia from composting process were investigated. The ammonia emission was not significantly increased during composting. The ammonia concentrations of the exhaust air of composter were ranged from 0.5 and 7 ppm about 12 days after composting. The performance of the hog wastewater sludge composting was the most sensitive to chemical treated sludge properties such as high total carbon and high C/N ratio of the initial compost mixes. Temperature in compost and ammonia emission were not greatly affected by the turning frequency.

소형 퇴비화용기에 의한 퇴비화 가능한 가정 폐기물의 퇴비화과정 중 우드칩 첨가가 분해율과 퇴비의 이·화학성에 미치는 영향

서정윤 7개 국립대학교 환경연구 논문집 공동발행 위원회 2003 공업기술연구 Vol.3 No.-

Compostable household wastes (mainly food residues) were composted in a small bin for 41 days, in which compostable household wastes were fed every day and mixed thoroughly under aerobic conditions. Three small bins were employed. In the first bin, only woodchip(less than 5 mm) was composted(Case Ⅰ), in the second, compostable household wastes with the woodchip(Case Ⅱ), and in the third, only compostable household wastes (Case Ⅲ). The correct decomposition rate of each composting material was calculated during composting. Total reduction rate of the weight after 41 days was 58.78% when composting the compostable household wastes with the woodchip and in the case calculated with only compostable household wastes the weight reduction rate was 61.23% but 70.78% when composting only compostable household wastes. In the case of composting the compostable household wastes with the woodchip, the total decomposition rate after 41 days was 23.48% and that of only fed household wastes 23.44%. Their difference was not great. But in the case of composting only compostable household wastes the decomposition rate was 26.15%. It means that the woodchip reduces the decomposition rate as much as 2.71% and hinders the evaporation of the water in the composting materials. pH value, and concentrations of NaCl, Cr and Cu in the woodchip increased during composting time. In the case of composting compostable household wastes with the woodchip pH value and organic matter concentration in the composting mixture increased but concentrations of Kjeldahl-N, NaCl, P_(2)O_(5), Cr and Cu decreased due to chemical characteristics of the woodchip.