카테고리 효과 대 랭킹 효과: 타인 선물과 본인 사용 간의사결정 차이에 대한 해석수준의 영향을 중심으로

김도연 ( Doyun Kim ),박세범 ( Se Bum Park ) 한국소비자학회 2015 소비자학연구 Vol.26 No.5

본 연구는 두 제품의 가격대가 비슷할 때, 브랜드 지위가 높지만 브랜드 내 모델 랭킹은 낮은 제품과 브랜드 지위는 낮지만 브랜드 내 모델 랭킹은 높은 제품 간 트레이드 오프의 딜레마 상황에서 해석수준(construal level)이 소비자의 판단과 의사결정에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 소비자들이 ‘높은 지위 브랜드의 낮은 랭킹 모델’ 옵션을 더 선호하는 현상은 카테고리 효과(category effect)에 해당하고 ‘낮은 지위 브랜드의 높은 랭킹 모델’ 옵션을 더 선호하는 현상은 랭킹 효과에(ranking effect) 해당한다. 본 연구는 심리적 거리와 해석수준이 카테고리 효과와 랭킹 효과에 영향을 미친다고 제안하고 일련의 실험들을 통해 이를 입증하였다. 구체적으로, 의사결정자와 타겟 사용자 간 심리적 거리가 ‘본인 사용’ 조건 대 ‘타인 선물’ 조건으로 조작된 가운데, 다양한 제품군들을 대상으로 4개의 실험들이 수행되었으며, 수렴적인 결과들이 도출되었다. 타겟 사용자와의 심리적 거리가 먼 ‘타인 선물’ 조건에서 타겟 제품에 대하여 높은 해석수준에서 사고하여 카테고리 효과가 나타났다. 반면, 타겟 사용자와의 심리적 거리가 가까운 ‘본인 사용’ 조건에서는 낮은 해석수준에서 사고하여 랭킹 효과가 나타났다. 마지막으로, 타겟 사용자와의 심리적 거리에 적합하지 않은 마인드 셋 점화는 이와 같은 효과를 약화시켰다. 이와 같이, 본 연구는 의사결정자와 타겟 사용자 간 심리적 거리와 해석수준에 따라 브랜드의 지위가 높은 제품 대 모델의 랭킹이 높은 제품에 대한 판단과 선택이 달라질 수 있다는 것을 입증하였다. Consumers are often faced with the decision-making dilemma of a trade-off between a low-ranking model of a high-status brand (e.g., an Audi’s lowest quality model) and a high-ranking model of a low-status brand (e.g., a Volkswagen’s highest quality model), when their prices are approximately the same. Leclerc, Hsee, and Nunes (2005) conceptualized the relative preference between the two products in such a dilemma. The category effect refers to when consumers favor a low-ranking member of a high-status category over a high-ranking member of a low-status category because they evaluate the items based on the categories to which they belong. In the meantime, the ranking effect means that a high-ranking member of a low-status category is evaluated more favorably, since they are assessed based on their rank within their categories. In addition, it has been argued that since these effects are moderated by an evaluation mode, the category effect appears in the joint evaluation mode whereas the ranking effect is seen in the separate evaluation mode. The current study suggests that another factor influences the ranking and category effects, in addition to the evaluation mode. We propose construal level as a determining factor, and attempt to demonstrate this empirically. At a high level of construal, people tend to focus on abstract benefits and make the mental representation at superordinate levels, so they are likely to refer to broad referents at higher levels. Therefore, it was expected that the category effect, which means that objects are evaluated based on the status or desirability of the categories to which they belong, was more likely to prevail at the high construal level. On the other hand, at the low construal level, people tend to focus on the concrete “how” aspects of the object and make mental representations at subordinate levels, so they are likely to focus on immediate narrow referents at lower levels. Thus, it was predicted that the construing of objects in a low level would allow the ranking effect to appear, under which objects are evaluated based on their position or rank within the category. To test these research hypotheses, a total of 4 experiments with various products were conducted, where psychological distance between the decision maker and the target user was manipulated by associating the purchase situation with use for self versus a gift for others. Since the products presented as gifts are often limited by beneficiaries’ gender and age, experiments 1A through 1C were performed by adopting the same experimental design and procedure in the context of various products including pizza, cosmetic cream and a beauty salon. In three experiments, participants were randomly assigned to one condition in a 2 (target user: self vs. gift for others) × 2 (mind-set: how vs. why) between-subject design. They were then instructed to imagine that they were considering purchasing the product for themselves or as a gift for others. After the “how” or the “why” mind-set was primed in correspondence to the experimental condition, participants were offered two options: a low-ranking model of a high-status brand, and a high-ranking model of a low-status brand. The prices of the two options were set to be equivalent. In turn, they were asked to indicate their relative preference and choice between these two conflicting options. Finally, the manipulation check for brand status, model ranking, and mind-set were conducted. All manipulations turned out to be successful. The converging results from this set of experiments were revealed as follows. First, the category effect was found when people decided to purchase a gift for others, whereas the ranking effect was observed when people decided to purchase for their own use (Hypothesis 1). Second, while the category effect prevailed in a “why” mind-set, the ranking effect was more likely in a “how” mind-set (Hypothesis 2). Lastly, priming the mind-set to be mismatched with the psychological distance between the decision maker and the product diminished these effects. Specifically, priming the “how” mind-set seemed to attenuate the category effect in the condition of purchasing a gift for others, whereas the “why” mind-set prime appeared to diminish the ranking effect in the condition of purchasing for self (Hypothesis 3). Ultimately, experiment 2 was conducted to verify the mediating effect of construal level (Hypothesis 4). A 2 (target user: self vs. gift for others) between-subject design was employed. Experiment procedures and dependent variables were almost the same as those used in the previous experiments; however, experiment 2 measured the construal level to examine the mediating effect, whereas experiments 1A through 1C manipulated the ‘why’ or ‘how’ mind-set. Wine, which adult males often drink or give as a gift, was employed for experiment 2, considering that the participants in experiments 1B through 1C were limited to adult females. As a result, hypothesis 1 was affirmed. More importantly, the findings supported hypothesis 4, revealing that construal level mediated the effect of the psychological distance between the decision maker and the target user on the preference discrepancy. Overall, our findings contributed to the construal level approach to the dilemma of the trade-off between high-status brand and high-ranking model, suggesting construal level as a new factor that influences both the category effect and the ranking effect. This study also provided managerial implications in targeting and marketing communication strategies based on product status.

독일 지적공부(ALKIS)상의 지목분류체계에 관한 소고: 소위 계층적 지목

신국미 한국지적학회 2020 한국지적학회지 Vol.36 No.3

The reason why the research on the German land category system is meaningful is that it has a lot of implications for the plan to reform the Korean land category system. The German land category system is composed of a dual system of “Wirtschaftsart”, which is land category in the register and “Nutzungsart”, which is land category in cadastral record. “Wirtschaftsart”, which is land category in the register, is a concept defined by the judiciary, dividing the subdivided land category in cadastral record into eight major categories. Land category in the register has already been examined through my prior study, and this paper has examined land category in cadastral record as a follow-up study on the German land category system. “Nutzungsart”, which is land category in cadastral record (ALKIS), is considered to have a multi-level structure of the area of land category(4), the groups of land category(26), the types of land category(30), the first phase of the subdivision of the types of land category(130), and the second phase of the subdivision of the types of land category(156). It is believed to be a fusion of the land category system, the land use classification system, and the land cover. The detailed information on this was examined focusing on the AdV-Nutzungsartenkatalog of the German Federal Survey Management Association. It is hoped that the research on the land category in German cadastral record presented by this paper will help you understand the multi-level land category system, one of the ways to reform the land category. 독일지목제도에 관한 연구가 의미를 갖는 것은 우리의 지목체계 개편방안에 시사하는 바가 크기 때문이다. 독일 지목제도는 등기부상의 지목인 “Wirtschaftsart”와 지적공부상의 지목인 “Nutzungsart”의 이원적 체계로 이루어져 있다. 등기부상의 지목인 Wirtschaftsart는 하위의 세분화된 지적공부상의 지목(Nutzungsart)을 크게 8종으로 구분하여 사법부가 정의한 개념이다. 등기부상의 지목에 관해서는 필자의 선행연구를 통해 이미 살펴보았으며, 본고에서는 독일지목제도에 관한 후속연구로서 지적공부상의 지목에 관해 살펴보았다. 지적공부(ALKIS)상의 지목인 “Nutzungsart”는 지목영역(4개)→지목그룹(26개)→지목류(30개)→지목류 하위분류 1단계(130개)→지목류 하위분류 2단계(156개)의 계층적 구조를 취하고 있으며, 이는 지목체계와 토지이용분류체계, 토지피복을 융합한 것으로 여겨진다. 이에 관한 상세한 내용은 독일연방측량관리협회가 작성한 지목류색인(AdV-Nutzungsartenkatalog)을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 본고가 제시한 독일지목제도에 관한 연구내용이 지목개편방안의 하나로 제시되고 있는 계층적 지목제도의 이해에 도움이 되기를 바란다.

公的年金制度之女性-中立、公正な制度設計に向けて-

편동유희 ( Yuki Katagiri ) 아세아여성법학연구소 2015 아세아여성법학 Vol.18 No.-

1985年に導入された第3號被保險者制度は、妻の年金權を確立した制度といわれる。夫に生計を維持されている專業主婦は第3號被保險者之して年金制度に强制加入對象之なり、自分の名前で年金を受給できるようになったからである。しかし、壹方で第3號被保險者は保險料納付義務が免除され、保險原理に忠實ではなく、また、その被保險者資格は收入の多寡や婚姻關系の有無などに影響を受ける。そのため、發足以來、制度の公平性、中立性が問われている。公的年金制度の持續可能性のためには、公平性や中立性という價値が守られるべきである。第3號被保險者制度がその價値之兩立しうるかを再考する必要である。 Japanese public pension is called two layers structure, Basic pension is at the first layer, and Employees` pension is at the second layer. And we, every people of working-age population shall be an insured person of National pension and receive a Basic Pension. Additionally, private and public employees shall join Employees` pension and receive pension, which are supplemental to the National Pension, In National Pension, insured person is classified into three categories. Category-1 insured persons are self-employed persons, farmer, students over 20 years old and so on. Category-2 is Employees of private and public sector. And Category-3 is Spouses of Category-2, 99% of them are wives. So, today, in my presentation, Category-3 means wife. Category-1 pays a fixed amount insurance and Category-2 pays proportional to their salary. But Category -3 is not required to pay insurance if she is maintained by her husbands. The condition of maintenance is whether her income is over one million three hundred thousand yen. On the other hand, wives of Category-1 have to pay her insurance, so, they have much complaint against such situation. Why we made Category-3 insured person? Before 1985, we have no Category-3 system. Then housewives could make a choice to join or not National pension. In 1985, 70% of wives joined pension system voluntarily. If she did not join pension system, husband could get additional pension added his own pension By 1985, Category-3 had started. Because then it was pointed as a social problem the old women were faced with poor, especially in case that they had divorced in old. When old couple divorced, husband lost only his additional pension, on the other hand, wife had no pension. Therefore it was needed housewives have right to get pension by her own name. And housewife had no or few income. As you know, it is Social insurance principle that, ‘no income, no contribution`. As a result, Category-3, wives, were given to status, no contribution, but benefit. Somebody talk as the background to introduce Category-3 as follows; that is, at first, thanks to house-wives, Japanese male could work very hard. Without housewives, they could not work outside and if male workers could not work hard, Japanese economy would be recession. It is said Category-3 is a kind of reward to wives. This is very unique in the world. In western society and Korean, and maybe Taiwan, for housewives, to join National Pension or not is their choice. If they don`t join National Pension, they don`t receive pension benefit. As I mentioned, Category-3 escape to pay insurance as far as their income is not over one million three hundred thousand. This is also distinctive pension policy with other country. In Europe and USA, when they get salary, they have to pay contribution in principle. Now, most housewives are working as part timer in Japan. Then, they control their income under bar so that they don`t pay insurance. This attitude helps to employer and company because they also escape their social insurance burden. As you know, all employers want to reduce personal cost. Social Insurance Contribution is one of the biggest personal costs. At a glance, as escaping to pay insurance, it seems to be good for wives. But in a long run, it may be disadvantage for them. Even though getting salary, to keep status of Category-3 means that they are not entitled to Category-2. In another word, housewives who work as part-timers cannot get second layer pension. Therefore Category-3 is criticized to keep female working condition low level and prevent to receive the second layer pension benefit. Lastly, I would like to tell the fairness and neutrality of public pension. Category-3 has been causing social conflict from beginning, especially between women. In this case, key word is fairness and neutrality in public pension. At first, as mentioned before, wives of category-1 claims to unfairness because they are category-1 and have to pay insurance, but category-3`s wife does not. They says it is unfair. On the other hand, full time working woman, category-2 Insured Person, also complains it`s unfair housewives don`t pay insurance thought they get income. Especially in the case that Category-2 women receive salary at the similar level of Category -3`s income. In addition, single mother complains strongly against Category-3 system. Because even though their salary is under one million three hundred thousand yen, they have to pay insurance because they have no husband. In Japan, we have discussed for a long time about Category-3 issue in parliament, public agency and women`s organization. But there has been no change still now. Social security system including pension system must be fair and neutral, if not, the system would lose the confidence. Needless to say, Category-3 helps housewife to get pension by her own name. But which is more important, this merit for housewives or value of the fairness and neutrality in? I think the value is more important and there is some ways to consider for female caring family, children and the older. We should ensure fairness and confidence in Social Security system.

한국어 교육에서의 관형사형 어미 ‘-는’의 의미 범주

마에무라카즈아키(Maemura Kazuaki) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2019 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.19 No.7

본고는 상 자질에 따라 동사를 분류하고 동사부류와 ‘-는’이 속할 범주의 상관성을 고찰한 후 최종적으로 ‘-는’이 속할 범주를 결정한다. 한국어 교재는 ‘-는’의 의미를 설명하였으나 속할 범주를 통일적으로 설명하지 못하였다. www.jw.org에서 관계관형사절을 수집하고 ‘-는’과 결합하는 동사를 [시발성], [순간성], [결과성], [접근 성]에 따라 분류한다. [-/+시발성, -순간성, -결과성, -접근성]을 비롯한 7가지 동사 부류를 설정한다. [-시발성, -순간성, -결과성, -접근성]과 결합하는 ‘-는’이 상 범주에 속하지 못한 반면 [+시발성, -순간성, -결과성, -접근성]을 비롯한 부류와 결합하는 ‘-는’이 상 범주에 속할 수 있다. 동사부류와의 결합 빈도로 조사한다. 상 범주에 속하지 못하거나 상 범주에 속하기 어려운 ‘-는’은 동사 부류와의 결합 빈도가 낮고상 범주에 속하기 쉬운 ‘-는’은 동사 부류와의 결합 빈도가 높다. 결합 빈도와 상 범주의 귀속은 반비례 관계에 있다. 이에 ‘-는’이 상 범주에 속할 가능성을 낮추기 때문에 한국어 교재는 시제 범주에 속한다고 설명을 통일해야 한다. The purpose of this study is to classify the verb according to aspect and determine the category of ‘-는’ based on the correlation between the types of verbs and categories. The Korean textbook explained the meaning of ‘-는’ but failed to explain the category uniformly. It explained when ‘-는’ falls into the category of aspect and when ‘-는’ falls into the category of tense. The characteristics of aspect are [Poetic], [Momentum], [Results], [Accessibility]. Set the types of verbs that contain [-Poetic, -Momentum, -Results, -Accessibility], [+Poetic, -Momentum, -Results, -Accessibility]. There are the types of verbs that ‘-는’ does not fall into the category aspect and the types of verbs that ‘-는’ falls into the category above. ‘-는’ that fall into the category of aspect found it difficult to fall into aspect or easy to fall into tense. ‘-는’ that is not in the category of aspect or difficult to fall into the category of aspect has a low frequency of coupling with the verb. The frequency of coupling and category ultimately lowers the possibility that ‘-는’ falls into the category of aspect. The Korean textbook should explain that ‘-는’ falls into the category of tense.

국어 시간성 표현의 원형적 시상 기능—Dahl(1985)의 TMA Questionnaire 조사를 이용해서—

박성현(Seonghyeon Park) 사단법인 한국언어학회 2020 언어학 Vol.0 No.88

This paper actively agrees with Dahl(1985)’s position that it is possible to obtain a primary and prototypical meaning among various meanings of tense and aspect expressions by looking at the context in which they are used. I tried to find the basic meaning of the tense-aspect expressions in Korean language using the research methodology of Dahl(1985), TMA questionnaire. As a result of conducting a survey of 11 native Korean speakers using the TMA questionnaire translated into Korean, the following conclusions were obtained. In Korean, only the tense category is used as the centre category, and the aspect category and the perfect category are periphery categories, and the use of the aspect and perfect category is contained within the use area of the tense category expression. If the periphery category is used in a context where both the centre category and the periphery category can be used, the meaning of the centre category is realized with the meaning of the aspect and the perfect categories. In other words, the tense category expressions ‘∅, -ㄴ/는(present)’, ‘-었-(past)’ and ‘-(으)ㄹ 것이-(future)’ are time references for each tense area and perform the function of expressing the aspect and perfect meaning within each tense domain. ‘-었-’ has the meaning of perfective(PFV) when it comes to the context in which imperfective(IPFV) ‘-더-’ appears. And it has the meaning of perfect(PFCT) when it comes to the context in which complex perfect(PLUPFCT) ‘-었었-’ appears. ‘-었었-’ and ‘-었-’ can be distinguished in the concept of distance in time and ‘-었-’can be seen as being in charge of ‘perfect(PFCT)’ by having recency. And the aspect category expression ‘-고 있-’ expresses ‘progression(PROG)’ and ‘imperfective(IPFV)’ without tense restrictions.

점포 내 쇼핑객의 동적 구매 의사결정에 의해 구매된 제품 카테고리 유형간 교차효과가 장바구니 크기에 미치는 영향

김용환,전달영 한국유통학회 2020 流通硏究 Vol.25 No.4

In order for retailers to achieve the ultimate goal of maximizing store sales, it is necessary to understand the shoppers' in-store purchase decision-making process. In other words, it is important for retailers to establish a strategic approach that can provide various marketing activities tailored to the shopping flow of consumers in their stores. In this study, it is intended to understand how shopping behavior is generated according to the dynamic purchase decision of shoppers in the store. Also, based on these in-store shopping behaviors, we will examine cross-effects between product categories and their influence on the shoppers’ basket size. The specific purpose of this study is to first classify the product category types according to the characteristics of shoppers' purchasing behavior in the store and the properties of the network structure. Second, it is to find the effect of the classified product category types on the dynamic purchase decision-making process according to the shopping flow of shoppers in the store. Third, it is to verify the significance of the cross effects between the classified product category types, that is, the influence of mutual sales. Finally, it is to investigate the impact of cross-effect of each product category type on the shoppers’ basket size. To achieve above-mentioned research objectives, the following research model and hypotheses are proposed. In order to verify the proposed research model and hypotheses, we collected data from 411 consumers who finished shopping at a large discount store. The Netminer 4.0 was employed to analyze product category network analysis. Also, the research hypotheses were verified using multinomial logit analysis and multiple regression analysis. As a result of this study, it was classified into three product categories (dominant, mediated, and dependent) according to the shopper's in-store purchase behavior and the network structure characteristics of the product category. Intrinsic factors such as previous product purchase cues, price discounts, and extrinsic factors such as sales promotion were found to be affected. In addition, the cross-effects, that is, the dominant category had an influence on the purchase of mediated categories were also significantly shown. However, it was found that the dependent category was not significantly affected by the cross-effect between product categories, but was significantly affected only by marketing activities and purchased. It was found that each individual category type and the cross effect between categories had a positive (+) influence on the shoppers’ basket size. This study categorizes product category types through the method of shopper's purchasing behavior (planned or unplanned purchase) and network structure characteristics, and uses these classified product category types to make dynamic purchase decisions in stores and cross-effects between product categories. Finally, theoretical and practical implications were presented to explain the dynamic purchase decision-making process of shoppers in stores that were not covered in previous studies. 소매업자가 점포의 매출 극대화란 궁극적인 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 쇼핑객의 점포 내 구매 의사결정 과정을 파악할 필요가 있다. 즉, 소매업자들은 점포 내 소비자들의 쇼핑 동선에 맞춘 다양한 마케팅 활동을 제공할 수 있는 전략적 접근 방법을 수립하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 쇼핑객의 점포 내 동적 구매 의사결정에 따른 쇼핑 행동이 어떻게 발생되고 있는지에 대해 파악하고자 한다. 또한 점포 내 쇼핑 행동을 기반으로 하여 제품 카테고리간 교차효과와 장바구기 크기에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보고자 한다. 구체적인 연구 목적은 첫째, 쇼핑객의 점포 내 구매 행동특성과 네트워크 구조적 특성에 따라 제품 카테고리 유형을 분류한다. 둘째, 분류된 제품 카테고리 유형이 쇼핑객의 점포 내 쇼핑 동선에 따른 동적 구매 의사결정 과정에 주는 영향을 확인하는 것이다. 셋째, 분류된 제품 카테고리 유형간의 교차효과 즉, 상호 판매 영향력의 유의성을 검증하는 것이다. 마지막으로, 각 제품 카테고리 유형별 교차효과가 궁극적으로 쇼핑객의 장바구니 크기에 미치는 영향력을 규명하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 대형할인점에서 쇼핑을 마치고 나오는 400명의 쇼핑객으로부터 자료를 수집한 후 다항 로지스틱 분석과 다중 회귀분석 방법을 이용하여 연구 가설을 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 쇼핑객의 점포 내 구매 행동과 제품 카테고리의 네트워크 구조적 특성에 따라 세 가지 유형(지배형, 매개형, 의존형)의 제품 카테고리로 분류되었으며, 점포 내 동적 구매 의사결정 과정에서 이들 유형이 계획 구매 , 이전 제품구매 단서 등의 내재적 요인, 가격할인, 판촉 등의 외재적 요인 등에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지배형 카테고리가 매개형 카테고리 구매에 영향을 미치는 교차효과도 유의하게 확인되었다. 그러나 의존형 카테고리는 제품 카테고리간 교차효과의 영향을 유의하게 받지 않고, 마케팅 활동에 의해서만 유의한 영향을 받아 구매되는 것으로 확인되었다. 각 개별 카테고리 유형과 카테고리간 교차효과는 쇼핑객의 장바구니 크기에 정(+)의 영향력을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 쇼핑객의 구매 행동(계획 또는 비계획 구매)과 네트워크 구조적 특성이란 방법을 통해 제품 카테고리 유형을 분류하고, 이들 분류된 제품 카테고리 유형을 활용하여 점포 내 동적 구매 의사결정과 제품 카테고리간 교차효과를 실증분석함으로써 기존 연구에서 다루지 못한 점포 내 쇼핑객의 구매 의사결정 과정을 설명하는 이론적 및 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다.

论对汉语时间副词起制约作用的隐性语义范畴 ― 以“从此”等八个现代汉语时间副词为例

左思民 ( Zuo Simin ) 중국어문연구회 2020 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.102

In the paper, eight temporal adverbs “congci”(从此), “congjin”(从今), “conglai”(从来), “shizhong”(始终), “xianglai”(向来), “yixiang”(一向), “yizhi”(一直) and “yongyuan”(永远) have been examined, so as to explore the covert semantic categories that play a restrictive role hidden behind modern Chinese temporal adverbs. In order to reduce the complexity of the discussion and make it easier to clarify the problem, only three covert generic semantic categories are discussed in the paper, which are tense category, temporal quantity category and positive / negative category. The tense category is composed of absolute past tense, absolute future tense, whole temporal domain, relative past tense and other specific temporal categories. The temporal quantity category is composed of background specific temporal quantity category and measuring specific temporal quantity category. The positive/negative category consists of positive restricted specific category and negative restricted specific category. Through investigations, the basic phenomena that eight temporal adverbs such as “congci”(从此) are how restricted by above three semantic categories are sorted out in the paper. For example, “congjin”(从今) can express absolute future tense, but can not express absolute past tense; “yixiang”(一向) can express absolute past tense, but can not express absolute future tense; “yizhi”(一直) can express absolute past tense, absolute future tense and whole temporal domain. “Xianglai”(向来) can express background temporal quantity, but can not express measuring temporal quantity; whereas “congci”(从此) can express both background temporal quantity and measuring temporal quantity. Positive category has an strong restrictive effect on “shizhong”(始终), while negative category has an strong restrictive effect on “conglai”(从来). In a word, the study of this paper confirms that it does exist some covert semantic categories, which hide behind the words, but restrict the meaning of words. These categories have a great restrictive effect, even though the quantity of which is limited, and the functions of which are strong or weak. If these covert semantic categories can be understood comprehensively and profoundly, the law of the structure of word meaning will be got a clearer understanding also.

한국어 교육에서의 어휘 범주와 문법 범주의 경계

양명희 한국어의미학회 2010 한국어 의미학 Vol.32 No.-

This study aims to draw the boundary between lexical category and grammatical category in Korean Language education for foreigners. Many important chunk of language include grammatical items like postpositions, endings, and bound nouns. Therefore, lexical expressions like ‘-gi ttaemune(-기 때문에), -e daehayeo(-에 대하여)’ are included in grammatical category classified as sentence patterns in some Korean textbooks. Since although these include grammatical items, the meaning and usage of these expressions is lexical, these must be classified as lexical expressions in lexical category. The chunk of language can be devided as sentence patterns and lexical expression to draw a line between lexical category and grammatical category. ‘N+ida(copula)’ like ‘dahaeng+ida(다행이다), nareum+ida(나름이다)’ to be considered as a predicate because it acts as a predicate in Korean sentence patterns. The sentence patterns have a predicate, it can be taught as grammatical category. But predicates in sentence patterns have various meanings and functions, they are taught as lexical category.

슈퍼센터의 카테고리 전술이 카테고리 역할유형별 성과에 미치는 영향

권주형(Kwon Ju-Hyoung),전달영(Chun Dal-Young) 한국소비문화학회 2006 소비문화연구 Vol.9 No.4

  본 논문의 주된 연구목적은 카테고리 관리를 실행하고 있는 슈퍼센터의 진열공간, 매대진열위치, 가격할인, 판매촉진 등의 점포 내 전술들이 기본생필품, 틈새형 등의 카테고리 유형에 따라 어떤 성과를 나타내는지를 비교분석함으로써 카테고리 역할유형별 성과를 최대화할 수 있는 최적의 점포 내 전술실행 방안을 도출하는 것이다. 각각의 점포내 전술은 매장 내 실사와 scanner 자료를 통하여 수집되었고, 카테고리 성과는 매출액과 GMROI로 측정되었다.<BR>  다중회귀분석을 통한 분석 결과, 기본생필품 카테고리의 경우 매장진열위치, 일시적 가격할인, 그리고 비가격 판매촉진 전술들은 매출액을 증가시켰고, 일시적 가격할인은 GMROI를 떨어뜨리는 반면 매장진열위치, 가격판매촉진 및 비가격판매촉진 전술들은 GMROI를 증가시키는 효과를 가져왔다. 반면에, 틈새용 카테고리에서는 가격관련 전술들이 효과가 있었는데 일시적 가격할인과 가격판매촉진 전술들은 GMROI에는 별다른 영향을 주지 못하였지만 매출액을 증대시켰다. 매장진열위치와 비가격판매촉진 전술들은 틈새형 카테고리에서 매출에는 유의한 영향을 주지 못하면서 GMROI를 감소시키는 결과를 초래했다. 기본생필품, 틈새용 카테고리 모두에서 진열공간 전술은 카테고리 성과에 전혀 유의한 영향을 주지 못하였다. 특히 대비되는 점포 내 전술들은 매장진열위치와 비가격판매촉진 전술인데, 기본생필품의 경우에는 매출액이나 GMROI 같은 카테고리 성과를 높이는 효과적인 전술이지만, 반면에 틈새용에서는 매출에 유의한 영향이 없으면서 오히려 GMROI를 떨어뜨리는 회피해야 할 점포 내 전술로 작용하였다.<BR>  결론적으로, 카테고리 관리를 실행하는 소매업체는 기본생필품 카테고리에서는 엔드 캡이나 스탁베이스 등의 특정진열위치에서 특히 시연이나 보너스 팩 등의 비가격 판매촉진 전술에 치중하는 것이 매출액과 수익을 동시에 높일 수 있는 전술이며, 틈새형 카테고리에서는 평소 매대위치에서 가격에 치중하여 일시적 가격할인 및 가격촉진 전술을 사용하는 것이 적어도 매출액을 제고할 수 있는 방안임을 시사점으로 얻을 수 있을 것이다.   This study shows how and why specific in-store tactics achieve better or worse performance than other in-store tactics across category role types. The major objective of this study is to explore which in-store tactics influence category performance when a supercenter implements category management in such category role types as staples and niches category.<BR>  The data were collected using POS data and direct observations in the representative "A" supercenter in Korea. The in-store tactics were measured by shelf space, special shelving location like end-cap, temporary price discount, price and non-price sales promotion. Category performance was measured by sales and gross margin return on inventory investment(GMROI).<BR>  Empirical results were as follows. In staples category, the significant factors affecting sales were special shelving location, temporary price discount, and non-price promotion. Temporary price discount impacted on GMROI negatively but special shelving location, price and non-price promotion influenced GMROI positively. On the other hand, in niches category, price-related tactics were effective so that temporary price discount and price promotion significantly increased sales. However, special shelving location and non-price promotion significantly decreased GMROI. Specifically, shelf space had no significant influence on both sales and GMROI in staple and niches category.<BR>  In sum, in the case of staples category, retailers should implement non-price promotion such as demo or bonus pack in special shelving location like end-cap or stock-base in order to increase both sales and GMROI. On the other hand, in the case of niches category, retailers should implement temporary price discount and price promotion in ordinary shelving location, at least, in order to increase sales.<BR>  This article presents some theoretical and managerial implications of the empirical results and finalizes the paper by addressing limitations and future research directions.

漢文科 敎育課程의 領域에 대한 問題 檢討

안재철 한국한문교육학회 2003 한문교육논집 Vol.20 No.-

이 논문은 다른 언어 교과(국어ㆍ영어)들과 걸맞은, 한문교과의 영역 구분과 내용체계를 만들어 보기 위하여 작성하게 되었다. 이 논문의 구성은 다음과 같은 내용으로 되었다. Ⅰ장에서는 한문교과의 영역체계의 문제점과 연구 동기, Ⅱ장에서는 교육과정과 교육과정의 의미와 영역, Ⅲ장에서는 한문과 교육과정 영역과 다른 교과 교육과정 영역(국어, 영어)에 대한 비교, Ⅳ장에서는 바람직한 한문과 교육과정의 영역과 그 내용, Ⅴ장에서는 위에서 논의되고 바람직한 방향으로 구안되었던 내용들을 정리하여 결론으로 삼았다. 이 논문에서는 바람직한 한문과 교육과정의 시안을 두 가지 만들어 보았다. <1안> : 국어과 '교육과정의 영역', '내용체계 및 내용'을 원용하여, 한문과의 '내용'을 '내용체계'와 '학년별 내용'으로 나누었다. '내용체계'의 대영역은 다시 '읽기' '한문지식' '문학(역사학ㆍ철학)'으로 나누었다. '읽기'는 다시 중영역으로 '읽기의 본질' '읽기의 원리' '읽기의 태도' '읽기의 실제' 등으로 나누었고, '한문지식'은 다시 중영역으로 '한문의 본질' '한문의 이해와 탐구' '한문에 대한 태도' 등으로 나누었으며, '문학(역사학ㆍ철학)'은 다시 중영역으로 '문학의 본질' '문학의 수용' '문학에 대한 태도' '문학 수용의 실제'등으로 나누었다. 각 학년별 내용 즉, 중1ㆍ2ㆍ3학년과 고등학교 1학년의 내용도 그 내용요소들을 구성하여 보았다. 또한, 한문교육용 기초한자 1,800자도 학년별로 융통성 있게 교수ㆍ학습할 수 있도록, 중학교 1학년은 210∼300자, 2학년은 420∼600자, 3학년은 630∼900자, 고등학교는 630∼900자로 배분하여 익히도록 하였다. <2안> : 한문과의 내용 및 내용체계를 묶어서 대영역을, '읽기(기능)'와 '한문고전'으로 나누었다. '읽기'영역은 다시 중영역으로 '한자ㆍ한자어'와 '한문'영역으로 구분하였으며, 또 다시 '한자ㆍ한자어'와 '한문'영역을 소영역으로 나누었다. 즉, '한자ㆍ한자어'영역은 소영역으로 '한자ㆍ한자어의 본질' '한자ㆍ한자어의 원리' '한자ㆍ한자어의 태도' '한자ㆍ한자어의 실제' 등으로 나누었으며, '한문영역'은 소영역으로 '한문의 본질' '한문의 원리' '한문의 태도' '한문의 실제'등으로 나누었다. '한문고전'영역은 중영역으로 다시 '문학문' '역사문' '철학문' 등으로 나누었으며, 또 다시 '문학문' '역사문' '철학문'을 소영역으로 나누었다. 즉, '문학문'은 소영역으로 '문학문의 본질' '문학문의 원리' '문학문의 태도' '문학문의 실제' 등으로 나누었으며, '역사문'은 소영역으로 '역사문의 본질' '역사문의 원리' '역사문의 태도' '역사문의 실제'등으로 나누었고, '철학문'은 소영역으로 '철학문의 본질' '철학문의 원리' '철학문의 태도' '철학문의 실제'등으로 나누었다. 2안에서는 각 학년별 내용은 생략하였다. Under current 7^th national currimulum, Chinese writing course has changed in contents without alteration in category comparing to the 5^th. There was problems continually in Chinese writing course caused by different structure in division of category when it contrasted with other courses such as Korean, English language. Therefore this paper aimed to make division of category and system of contents of Chinese writing course's own like the other language courses. The contents of this paper is as followed. Chapter Ⅰ described motive of this research and problems on Chinese writing course's categorical system. Chapter Ⅱ examined the significance of curriculum and its category. Chapter Ⅲ compared categories of Chinese writing course with other courses' - KoreanㆍEnglish language. Following Chapter Ⅳ proposed more desirable contents and categories in Chinese writing course. Finally, Chapter Ⅴ concluded the research with the matters suggested above. Having comparable categories with other courses there are some complements and matters which are limited in Chinese writing course. First, in present Chinese writing course, large category is 'Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese charactersㆍChinese writing'. It is a classification by level at teaching & learning, so it needs to be replaced. Second, 'readings' 'knowledge of Korean language' 'literature' from categories of Korean language course is adoptable in Chinese writing course with complements and supplements. Third, rank of 'Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese charactersㆍChinese writing' should not be concerned as absolute classification. It also needs to get flexibility of admitting rank of 'Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese characters' and 'Chinese writing' or 'Chinese characters' and 'Chinese writing'. Fourth, for efficient teaching & learning, educational basic 1800 Chinese characters needs to be changed to flexible numeral range like English. In this paper, 2 tentative plans were suggested for more desirable curriculum of Chinese writing course added complements concerned above. <Plan 1> Adopting 'category of curriculum', 'contents and contents system' from Korean language course, 'contents' of Chinese writing course was divided into 'system of contents' and 'contents by grade'. As large category 'system of contents' was classified into 'reading' 'knowledge of Chinese writing literature(historical study, philosophy)' and others. And then these mid categories also composed of small ones. 'readings' consisted of 'essence of reading' 'principle of reading' 'attitude of reading' 'practice of reading' and others. 'knowledge of Chinese writing' consisted of 'essence of Chinese writing' 'understanding and study of Chinese writing' 'attitude for Chinese writing' and others. 'literature(historical study, philosophy)' consisted of 'essence of literature' 'acceptance of literature' 'attitude for literature' 'practice of acceptance of literature' and others. Contents by grade were composed of parts of contents i.e. 1st, 3rd grade in middle school and 1st in high school. Also, for flexible teaching & learning, educational basic 1800 Chinese characters were divided by grade that is, 200∼300 characters for 1st, 450∼600 for 2nd, 700∼900 for 3rd grade in middle school and 650∼900 for high school students. <Plan 2> Contents and system of contents in Chinese writing course divided into 'reading(skill)' and 'classic Chinese writing' as the large category. 'readings' was classified into 'Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese characters' and 'Chinese writing'. There were subordinate categories also. 'Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese characters' category composed of 'essence of Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese characters' 'principle of Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese characters' 'attitude of Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese characters' 'practices of Chinese charactersㆍwords of Chinese characters' and so on. The other mid category, 'Chinese writing' composed of 'essence of Chinese writing' 'principle of Chinese writing' 'attitude of Chinese writing' 'practice of Chinese writing' and others as small categories. One of the large categories, 'classic Chinese writing' classified to the mid category as 'literature of Chinese writing' 'historical study of Chinese writing' 'philosophy of Chinese writing'. And these categories divided to the small ones again. That is, 'literature of Chinese writing' consisted of 'essence of literature of Chinese writing' 'principle of literature of Chinese writing' 'attitude of literature of Chinese writing' 'practices of literature of Chinese writing' and others. 'historical study of Chinese writing' consisted of 'essence of historical study of Chinese writing' 'principle of historical study of Chinese writing' 'attitude of historical study of Chinese writing' 'practice of historical study of Chinese writing' and others as small categories. 'philosophy of Chinese writing' consisted of 'essence of historical study of Chinese writing' 'principle of historical study of Chinese writing' 'attitude of historical study of Chinese writing' 'practice of historical study of Chinese writing' and others. In this plans, contents by each grade were omitted.