현상학적 몸: 김춘수의 「꽃」과 이청준의 귀향

권택영 ( Kwon Teck-young ) 한국문학이론과 비평학회 2010 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.48 No.-

Human body had been regarded as the source of evil thereby repressed by the law in male dominated society. At the end of Modernity, however, body, along with other repressed strata such as writing, women, the colored people, and sexuality, began to be arising accompanied with the flowering intellectual movements of Deconstruction, and consecutively the Cultural Studies. Placing the human right of women, race and sexuality in equal position to the established groups, the body plays the crucial role to shift a paradigm. For instance, M. Foucault utilizes Nietzsche's concepts of not only genealogy but Dionysus, the Greek God of body (or pleasure) who is the counterpart of Apollon, a God of law. Foucault rewrites the history of sexuality of the family-oriented modern society in which homosexuality was strategically repressed as evil, while Judith Butler rereads this "materialized body" for the purpose of lesbian movement, so called "Queer." Now in the 21th century, we are revisiting the phenomenology of Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty who enlarged human body in terms of experience to the extend of things, environment, and Nature. This paper is about phenomenological body in the context of Korean poem and fictions. Chunsoo Kim depicts how body becomes a "Flower" with the name designated by a lover. Since we are born from the earth (or thing) into the world, and eventually return to the earth, we need a meaning and a purpose to live in this world. Hence, we give a name to a body and turn a thing to be the absolute Being, but the veil of language cannot hide the trace of body completely, because body is more powerful than language. There is always a surplus of name as Kim expresses it "Flower" which is still transient, yet eternal. On the other hand, the surplus of body becomes a cause of changing direction from home to the city, and vice versa in Chungjoon Lee's fictions. In his works, a narrator who proceeded to the society gets tired and sick but endures it with a fantasy of home-coming. The body or thing(bird or tree) makes the narrator turn the directions for the circulation of life by going and coming back between home and society just like the cycle of Nature.

여대생의 신체상 지각 불일치와 심리적 안녕감 간의 관계

육근영,윤지원,김근향,박지혜,서신영 한국여성심리학회 2009 한국심리학회지 여성 Vol.14 No.4

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between body-image discrepancy and psychological well-being in female college students. 200 female college students were recruited. The results showed that most of female college students belonged to thin-normal range, however, 92.5% of participants assessed that thin body is ideal. As female college students internalized the standard of thin body image, body-image discrepancy was also caused. Correlation analysis showed that body-image discrepancy has negative correlation with body-esteem, and psychological well-being. Also, as previous studies BMI and body-esteem have negative correlation with psychological well-being. Especially, in this study we conducted hierarchial regression analysis to assess the unique contribution of body-image discrepancy to psychological well-being. The results of hierarchial regression analysis demonstrated that body-image discrepancy has unique contribution to psychological well-being after controlling BMI, body-esteem, and stress. In addition, according to the level of body-image discrepancy, we investigated group differences. The group of ‘discrepancy is large’ showed psychological well-being and body-esteem is low, and stress level is high compare to the group of ‘discrepancy is small’.

현대미술에 재현된 몸의 변용에 대한 미학적 고찰

임성훈 현대미술학회 2019 현대미술학 논문집 Vol.23 No.2

Body has always been an important theme in the history of art. Also, the body represented in art is an aesthetic index of the culture of that era. This paper examines the transfiguration of the body represented in art, especially contemporary art, from an aesthetic point of view. To this end, this paper first looks back on the aesthetic trajectory of the body in art history. The body, traditionally expressed in art history, is radically transformed from impressionism, which heralds the start of modernism. This aesthetic turn that took place in the representation of the body later develops in a variety of ways. The aesthetic transfiguration of the body appears as incomplete body, cruel body, rejecting body, ambiguous body, invisible body. etc. These five features provide a clue to gauge the direction of body aesthetics in contemporary art as a whole. 미술의 역사에서 몸은 언제나 중요한 주제였다. 또한 미술로 재현된 몸은 그 시대의 문화에 대한 미학적 지표이기도 하다. 이 논문은 미술, 특히 현대미술에 재현된 몸의 변용을 미학적 관점에서 고찰한다. 이를 위해 우선 미술사에 나타난 몸의 미학적 궤적을 돌아본다. 미술사에서 전통적으로 표현된 몸은 모더니즘의 출발을 알리는 인상주의에서 급격하게 변용된다. 몸의 재현에서 일어난 이러한 미학적 전회는 이후 현대미술에서 매우 다양한 방식으로 전개된다. 현대미술에 표상된 몸의 미학적 변용은 불완전한 몸, 잔혹한 몸, 거부하는 몸, 모호한 몸, 비가시적인 몸 등으로 나타난다. 이러한 다섯 가지 특징은 현대미술에 나타난 몸미학의 향방을 전체적으로 가늠할 수 있는 단초를 제공한다.

몸의 사회학적 연구 현황과 새로운 과제

김남옥 한국이론사회학회 2012 사회와 이론 Vol.21 No.-

This article examines the context in which body became one of the major topic of interest in the discipline of sociology. Also, the achievements and limits of the researches allowed “Sociology of Body” to establish an independent field within a realm of sociology are discussed while exploring the current challenges Sociology of Body is facing and possible tasks at hand. Body has long been excluded in the endeavors of sociological analyses. It was not until 1980s that body rose as the major theme for sociological research. Such rise to in interest in body among sociologists could be explained by the appearance of anti-dualistic ontology and the effects of post-capitalist culture. Previous literatures dealing with body can be grouped into three categories: ‘modern power and body’, ‘post-capitalism and body’, and ‘feminism and body.’ Regardless of which category, all these studies should deem important for it is their challenge to Cartesian myth using social constructionism that brought body back into the center of sociological imagination and made active debates on body possible. Now, it is about time that more in-depth researches on the relationship between body and technological science took place. Since our body has been reduced to information, it not only can be extracted, separated, decoded, reorganized and downloaded but also can access machineries, be strengthened and replaced with capital, currency, commodity and raw materials. This is in line with the very essence of ‘Information Capitalism’, the new face of capitalism feeding off of information itself. Therefore, body in the high-tech age should be viewed through the prism of information paradigm, and a new frame to which such argument can be argued is in order. 본고는 몸이 사회학의 핵심 주제로 부상하게 된 배경과 사회학 내에 ‘몸의 사회학’이라는 독립적인 영역을 구축하는 데 기여한 지금까지의 연구 성과 및 한계를 검토하고, 이후에 수행되어야 할 새로운 과제를 모색해본다. 몸은 오랫동안 사회학적 탐구 영역에서 배제되어오다가 1980년대에 이르러 사회학의 핵심 주제로 부상(浮上)하였다. 그것은 탈(脫)이원론적 존재론의 등장과 후기 자본주의의 문화적 결과에 기인한 것이다. 지금까지 수행되어온 몸에 대한 연구들은 ‘근대 권력과 몸’, ‘후기 자본주의와 몸’, ‘페미니즘과 몸’ 등 세 가지로 범주화할 수 있다. 이들은 데카르트적 신화에 대한 도전과 사회구성주의적 관점을 공통의 전략으로 내세워 유폐되었던 몸을 사회학적 상상력의 구심점으로 호명해냄으로써 몸에 대한 광범위하고 활발한 논의를 이끌어냈다는 점에서 매우 의미 있다. 이제 기술과학과 몸의 관계에 대한 심층적인 연구가 본격화되어야 한다. 오늘날 우리 몸은 추출해내고, 분리하고, 해독하고, 재조직하고, 다운로드하고, 기계와 접속하고, 강화할 수 있으며, 자본 또는 화폐, 상품, 원료로 치환될 수 있는 것으로 간주된다. 이는 우리 몸을 정보로 환원시킨 결과이며, 정보 자체를 원료로 삼는 자본주의의 새로운 얼굴, ‘정보 자본주의’의 본질과 맥을 같이한다. 그러므로 고도 기술 시대의 몸은 정보화 패러다임의 프리즘을 통해 보아야 하며 이를 논증하기 위한 이론 틀을 구축하는 것이 필요하다.

14~16세 여자 청소년 하반신 체형 유형화 및 특징 분석

박세영,김동은 한국의류학회 2022 한국의류학회지 Vol.46 No.4

The study classifies and analyzes the lower-body-shape types of female adolescents aged 14 to 16 years to provide meaningful information for making ready-to-wear patterns that are suitable for various female adolescent body types. The body-size data of 830 females aged 14 to 16 years were analyzed from 6th Size Korea anthropometric study. A factor analysis of 27 measurement items related to the lower body extracted 3 factors: waist/upper legs, height of the lower body, and hip area. A cluster analysis classified the female adolescent lower- body types into four clusters: the skinny body type with the shortest lower-body length, the most obese body type with the largest girth, the normal body type with the longest hip length, and the slender body type with the longest lower-body length. The discriminant analysis determined that nine measurement items had the most influence on classifying lower-body-shape types, and discriminant functions were derived. These results are meaningful because they provide more precise information about lower-body-shape types.

LGBT 소설에 나타난 포스트바디의 상상력과 수행성

김윤정 이화어문학회 2019 이화어문논집 Vol.48 No.-

This paper aims to examine the queer sensibility and literary resistance reflected in post-body. Hence, based on Korean LGBT novels, it intends to investigate the way sex and gender are realized by a body of post-body. In the recent LGBT novels, performance and practice of the queer identity are shown by selection of a body through post-body and its transformation considering one's taste. Here, it is influenced by the development of technology. For instance, a high-tech body of LGBTs, which is integrated with a mechanical body, or a hybrid body by genetic modification are bodies embodying the performative gender identity. The innovative development of technology actualizes a variety of potentials of a human body and the thing these works suggest is a body which can be designed according to individual taste. The extreme transformation and deconstruction of a body go toward desacralization of a human body. In the conceptual definition of post-humanism, a human being or a body is not the center of the global awareness but the thing partial and arbitrary so interpretation of these works is free and unconstrained. As such, realization of the queer identity found from the recent LGBT novels is demanding a gender concept as the social temporality. It pursues imploding the existing concepts imprinted on a body and overcoming a conflict, discrepancy and social hatred caused by discord between sex and gender through potentials of post-body. That is, it presents the new ethics and a lifestyle by combining a bodily issue with technology in the post-human era. 이 논문은 포스트바디에 투영된 소수자적 감수성과 그 문학적 저항성을 고찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 한국 LGBT 소설을 중심으로 포스트바디의 몸이 성(性)과 젠더를 구현하는 방식을 고찰하고자 한다. 최근의 LGBT 소설에서 퀴어 정체성의 수행과 실천은 포스트바디를 통해서 몸을 선택하고 취향에 따라 변형하는 것으로 나타난다. 여기에는 기술과학의 발전이 영향을 미치고 있다. 예컨대, 기계적 몸과 결합하는 성소수자들의 하이테크바디나 유전자 변형으로 가능해지는 하이브리드바디는 수행적 젠더 정체성을 체현하는 몸이다. 기술과학의 혁신적인 발전은 인간의 몸에 대한 다양한 가능성들을 실현시키는데, 이들 작품이 공통적으로 제시하는 것은 각 개인의 취향에 따라 디자인할 수 있는 몸이다. 극단적인 신체의 변형과 해체는 인간의 몸을 탈신성화 하는 데에까지 나아가는데, 포스트휴머니즘의 개념적 정의에서 인간의 존재나 몸은 더 이상 세계 인식의 중심이 아니고 부분적이며 임의적이기 때문에 이 작품들에 대한 해석은 보다 자유롭다. 이와 같이 최근의 LGBT 소설에서 발견되는 퀴어 정체성의 구현은 구성된 사회적 일시성으로서의 젠더 개념을 요구하고 있다. 기존의 몸에 각인된 개념을 내파하고, 성(性)과 젠더의 불일치에서 발생하는 갈등과 괴리, 그리고 사회적 혐오의 발생 등을 포스트바디의 가능성으로 극복하고자 한다. 포스트휴먼 시대에 몸의 문제를 기술과 결합하여 새로운 윤리를 제시하고 새로운 삶의 방식을 제안하는 것이다.

노년 남성의 체형에 관한 인식 유형화

차수정(Su-Joung Cha) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2019 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.24 No.4

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data necessary for the development of clothing that can improve the satisfaction of body shape of elderly men by examining subjective characteristics and characteristics of perception type of older men "s body shape. Using the Q methodology, I investigated and analyzed the process of formation and main characteristics of subjectivity of various types of recognition that elderly men express about their body shape. There were four types of perception of body shape in elderly men: flat hip and bird legs skinny body, back bent and abdominal obese body, thick neck and upper body development body, forward cervical neck and protruding abdomen obese body. The actual body shape of elderly men was classified according to the bust, waist circumference, hip circumference, and body part angle. But recognition body shape of elderly men was classified by visual factors like the abdomen, the angle of the neck, the inclination of the back, the slope of the waist, and the degree of obesity. It is necessary to consider the trend of silver fashion which is increasing in demand. In addition, it is necessary to develop clothing patterns of comfortable fit through ergonomic study on the physical characteristics of older men. Consideration should be given to the design and pattern that can reduce the difference between the ideal body shape and the body shape recognized by older men.

무용학 : 춤 문화 속의 몸에 관한 여성주의적 성찰

정응근(ChungEung-Keun),이정연(LeeJeong-Yeon) 한국체육학회 2003 한국체육학회지 Vol.42 No.4

The purpose of this study is to determine the status of the body in dance art from a social perspective and how the body has been evidenced in human history. For the purpose, this researcher critically suggests from a feminist view that the body as such evidenced has been in fact socially constructed, providing a way to politics of culture.Discussions about the human body essentially include those about men and women and become involved with issues related to the structure of social power, resultantly making different interpretations. Feminism functions as a momentum for renewing thoughts to draw out such interpretations and provides positive insights to the core of the issues. Women's body having a socially poor position is one of central bases for recovering and developing women's rights. In relation, feminism is most reasonable to form cooperation with dance culture.Understanding dance should start from understanding social contexts in which dance was created and developed. There are inseparable relations between thoughts by society and artists. The twos are mutually related whether the latter represents or reflects the latter. Dance has been greatly developed as performance art, with dynamics based on gift-talented dancers' skills and unique choreography. For example, ballet works standing on the endurance of all pains, mental or physical, provide an extreme mysticism to the audience via ballerinas' body. 'Gender role changes' by dancers as one of recent approaches to 'distorting classics' is an attempt to create another body, raising questions about related fixed ideas and providing a discourse on the body.Thus this study reinterprets the significance of the body in dance considering relations between 'body and art'. And the study shows the importance of historical explorations about how the use of the body has been developed since the medieval age of Renaissance and how the body has been posted in the field of dance since the emergence of modernism. Furthermore, the study reevaluates relations between the body as a historical stuff and society from a feminist perspective. All these processes propose the possibility of using feminist strategies as cultural politics for the social practice of dance art.

인스타그램에서의 바디프로필 문화와 여성 신체의 성적 대상화

손송이 한국여성커뮤니케이션학회 2024 미디어, 젠더 & 문화 Vol.39 No.1

This study examines the body profile culture led mainly by people in their 20s and 30s in South Korea. Firstly, this study aims to investigate that the style of female body profile with body exposure involves sexual objectification which can be understood in the context of European nude painting and sculpture tradition. Secondly, it aims to reveal that sexual objectification in female body profiles is also related to the algorithm of Instagram, where body profiles are mostly posted and shared. For this purpose, female body images which have been posted on Instagram accounts of photographic agencies specialized in taking body profile photos, were analyzed with iconographical viewpoint to reveal the tendency of objectification of women in the culture. This approach presupposes that the convention of western nude paintings and sculptures that were characterized by Contrapposto and Venus Pudica, has been reflected in female body profile photos. The results of this study were as follows. Most of the women who take part in the body profile culture, monitor their bodies on a daily basis to keep their bodies in shape internalizing male gaze, control their weights, postures, facial expressions and so on and photoshop the photos of them according to ideal aesthetic standards. With these efforts, they try to show off their thin body shape, the curves from the breasts to the waist and buttocks, and some sense of shame of their body. In other respects, posting and sharing their body profiles on SNS can be seen as an attempt to acquire capital in the attention economy. It was revealed that Instagram algorithm tends to reproduce and reinforce the idea of female body as an unequal “place” by allowing more feeds with body exposure of women to be widely seen and shared. When it comes to the phenomenon, this study suggests that Instagram should make its community guidelines more effective and specific, and actively intervene and cooperate with police investigations at the platform level for sexual harassment, discrimination and so on that occur on Instagram. In addition, it is necessary to educate people about media literacy and to encourage body positivity movements etc. at the user level.

3차원 데이터를 활용하여 시니어를 대상으로 한 바디쉐이퍼의 보정기능성 평가

김소영,홍경희,이희란 한국의류산업학회 2019 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.20 No.2

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has increased studies on observing the cross section by overlapping the clothing worn using 3D human body data. However, there is a lack of studies on the effect of pressure clothing that contracts the shape of the human body. Therefore, this study objectively evaluated the shaping functionality of body shapers using 3D scan and 3D data. Two types of commercial body shapers were selected for this study. The nude body and body wearing body shapers were then scanned. A 3D program evaluated the shaping functionality by overlapping the nude state with the body wearing body shaper A and B respectively. As a result, it was found that the effect of body shapers could be adequately observed according to body parts. The smaller body shaper was shown to have superior shaping capability with the abdomen more affected. Analysis of the horizontal cross section indicated that the waist circumference decreased by 6 cm when wearing body shaper A and decreased by 12cm when wearing body shaper B. The volume of the waist part decreased by 8.6% when wearing body shaper A and by 20.4% when wearing body shaper B. Therefore, it is more effective to compare the objective shaping functionality by body parts using the overlapped 3D scanned data rather than using exterior evaluation or length measurement when wearing clothing that contracts the body shape.