Comparative Analysis of Gait Parameters and Symmetry between Preferred Walking Speed and Walking Speed by using the Froude Number

유시현,김종빈,류지선,윤석훈,박상균 한국운동역학회 2016 한국운동역학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in gait parameters and symmetry between walking speed by using the Froude number and preferred walking speed. Method: Fifty adults (age: 21.0 ± 1.7 years, body weight: 71.0 ± 9.2 kg, height: 1.75 ± 0.07 m, leg length: 0.89 ± 0.05 m) participated in this study. Leg length-applied walking speed was calculated by using the Froude number, defined as Fr = v2/gL, where v is the velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L is the leg length. Video data were collected by using eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualysis, Sweden) and the Qualisys Track Manager software (Qualisys, Sweden), with a 200-Hz sampling frequency during two-speed walking (preferred walking speed [PS] and leg length-applied walking speed [LS]) on a treadmill (Instrumented Treadmill, Bertec, USA). The step length, stride length, support percentage, cadence, lower joint angle, range of motion (ROM), and symmetry index were then calculated by using the Matlab R2009a software. Results: Step and stride lengths were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The right single-support percentage was greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip joint angle at heel contact and toe-off were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip and knee joint ROM were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on our findings, we suggest that increased walking speed had a significant effect on step length, stride length, support percentage, and lower joint ROM. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in gait parameters and symmetry between walking speed by using the Froude number and preferred walking speed. Method: Fifty adults (age: 21.0 ± 1.7 years, body weight: 71.0 ± 9.2 kg, height: 1.75 ± 0.07 m, leg length: 0.89 ± 0.05 m) participated in this study. Leg length-applied walking speed was calculated by using the Froude number, defined as Fr = v2/gL, where v is the velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L is the leg length. Video data were collected by using eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualysis, Sweden) and the Qualisys Track Manager software (Qualisys, Sweden), with a 200-Hz sampling frequency during two-speed walking (preferred walking speed [PS] and leg length-applied walking speed [LS]) on a treadmill (Instrumented Treadmill, Bertec, USA). The step length, stride length, support percentage, cadence, lower joint angle, range of motion (ROM), and symmetry index were then calculated by using the Matlab R2009a software. Results: Step and stride lengths were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The right single-support percentage was greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip joint angle at heel contact and toe-off were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip and knee joint ROM were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on our findings, we suggest that increased walking speed had a significant effect on step length, stride length, support percentage, and lower joint ROM.

신발 유형과 행동 과제에 따른 보행 속도 분석

김재원,조연하,이선엽,이무렬,김소정,김진아,Kim, Jae-Won,Jo, Yeon-Ha,Lee, Sun-Yeop,Lee, Mu-Ryeol,Kim, So-Jeong,Kim, Jin-A 한국임상보건과학회 2017 한국임상보건과학회지 Vol.5 No.4

Purpose. Walking depends on the speed and type of shoe to be worn, and the degree of impact varies with the muscle used. In addition, the speed can be changed by moving objects and using objects when walking. This study analyzed the change of walking speed by applying various factors influencing walking. Methods. A total of 60 patients who had not undergone musculoskeletal diseases during the last 1 year were included. Shoe type was divided into slippers and shoe heels. Behavioral types were divided into bagging, books, and cell phone use. The walking speed was measured by the general walking, the middle walking, and the fast walking. The time was measured using a 10M linear distance test. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS program for independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA. Results. There was a statistically significant difference according to the type of shoes when walking. Walking speed was slow in shoe heel. In addition, There was statistically significant difference according to type of behavior task at walking. Walking speed was slow in task type using mobile phone during walking. Conclusions. The walking speed were appeared difference in each type of shoe heel, using mobile phone.

편측성 걸음걸이 트레드밀 훈련이 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 보행 속도와 대칭성 회복에 미치는 효과

이지연,천승철 대한통합의학회 2022 대한통합의학회지 Vol.10 No.4

Purpose : Stroke patients exhibit abnormal walking patterns such as slow walking speed and asymmetrical walking values. The recovery of symmetrical walking in the stance phase using a treadmill means improvements in walking speed and asymmetrical walking. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of unilateral step treadmill training (USTT) on gait speed and the recovery of symmetrical walking in chronic stroke patients. Methods : Fifteen patients (11 men and 4 women) with chronic stroke participated in this study. The 10-meter walk test (10MWT) and GAITRite system were used to determine the intervention-related changes in gait speed and symmetrical walking values such as non-paretic step length (NSL), non-paretic step time (NST), paretic single-support time (PSST), step length asymmetry (SLA), and step time asymmetry (STA) after USTT. All participants completed USTT and underwent measurements at 3 different times: at pretest, posttest, and the follow-up test. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare walking speed and asymmetrical walking values. The statistical significance level was set at p<.05. Results : Walking speed by 10MWT (p<.05) showed significant improvements after USTT as follows: at pretest and posttest (p<.05), posttest and follow-up test (p<.05), and pretest and follow-up test (p<.05). Recovery of symmetrical walking patterns such as NSL (p<.05), NST (p<.05), and SLA (p<.05) were observed after USTT. However, no significant improvements were found in PSST (p>.05) and STA (p>.05) in symmetrical gait. Conclusion : This study suggests that USTT may have a positive effect on walking speed and symmetrical walking patterns in chronic stroke patients. Thus, this study contributes to the existing knowledge about the usefulness of USTT for the effective management of patients with chronic stroke. Further studies are needed to generalize these findings.

Effects of Walking Type and Speed on Oxygen Uptake and Fat Oxidation in College Students

Hye-Yeong Kim,Keun-Ok An,Sung-Sik Ko 대한운동학회 2022 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.24 No.1

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in oxygen uptake, fat oxidation rate, and fat oxidation during treadmill walking, depending on the type and speed of walking. METHODS Ten male college students randomly participated in the experiment under two conditions. Four types of exercise: normal walking, power walking, dumbbell walking, and sand walking, and three exercise intensity conditions: low-speed walking (40% VT), medium-speed walking (50% VT), and high-speed walking (60% VT). RESULTS Oxygen uptake was statistically significantly higher as walking speed increased (p<.001), and there was no statistically significant difference in walking type, but the interaction effect was statistically significant (p=.048). The fatty acid oxidation rate was statistically significantly lower as the walking speed increased (p<.001), and there was no significant difference in walking type, but the interaction effect was statistically significant (p=.008). There was a significant difference in the amount of fat burning according to the walking speed (p=.007), but there was no difference in the walking type, and there was no interaction effect. CONCLUSIONS Dumbbell walking and band walking increased oxygen intake under medium and high speed walking conditions, excluding low speed, compared to normal walking, and it is shown that normal walking and sand walking have an advantage in increasing the fat oxidation rate. In particular, considering the amount of fat oxidation, sand walking in all speed conditions is considered to be effective for weight loss, and it is suggested that it is necessary to investigate this later.

일반 성인들의 보행속도에 따른 신체 관절 변화 차이 비교

정구열,전병오 한국발육발달학회 2023 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.31 No.4

The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare differences in joint changes associated with the walking speed of typical adults. Additionally, it seeks to collect essential data for the development of customized exercise programs. To accomplish this, the research enlisted 27 adult participants residing in S City, Jeollanam-do, and conducted an analysis of how joint changes differed depending on their walking speed. A one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) was performed to assess the differences in joint variables based on walking speed. When statistically significant differences emerged among the groups, further investigations were carried out to identify which groups exhibited distinctions, using Bonferroni post-hoc tests. A significance level of α=0.05 was applied to all statistical tests. Ultimately, the following conclusions were drawn. While there were no changes in cervical posture associated with walking speed, significant posture changes were observed in the trunk as walking speed changed. In terms of hip changes related to walking speed, the extension/flexion angle of the right anterior hip was significantly higher during medium speed, compared to normal and high speeds. Conversely, the rotation angle of the left internal hip exhibited significant increases when walking speed exceeded the normal pace. The analysis findings regarding pelvic-related variables indicated that, when compared to the normal speed, the right rotation angle was significantly reduced at the medium speed. Furthermore, the angles for left pelvic elevation and depression factors were significantly larger at the normal speed in contrast to the high speed. Regarding the factors related to the knee joint, it was observed that the right extension and flexion exhibited significantly larger angles at the higher speed compared to the normal speed. Conversely, the flexion and extension factors of the left knee joint showed significantly larger angles at the medium speed compared to the normal speed. In conclusion, it is essential to further investigate these biomechanical strategies across diverse demographic groups and contribute to the development of customized intervention methodologies. These methodologies, in turn, will provide optimized therapeutic and rehabilitation strategies for individual patients or specific cohorts with gait abnormalities, resulting in improvements in walking functionality and overall functional optimization.

Evaluation of upper extremity swing motion reproducibility of exoskeleton gait training device

Jae Ho Kim(김재호),Jaejin Hwang(황재진),Myung-Chul Jung(정명철),Seung-Min Mo(모승민) 대한인간공학회 2021 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

Objective: This study’s objective was to evaluate the kinematics variables of the upper extremities joints in response to changes in walking speed to identify movement characteristics and propose ergonomic guidelines for exoskeleton devices’ gait stability. In addition, a training device was developed by applying this guideline and mechanism that can reproduce the swing motion of the upper extremity during gait motion. And the reproducibility of the upper extremity swing motion of this training device was evaluated. Background: The natural swing motion of the upper extremity during walking helps to secure the stability of walking by improving the balance ability of the body. And the natural rhythm of human movements in the upper extremity while walking could be useful to determine the functional limit of the exoskeletal devices to enhance the limb dynamics. Method: Walking speed was set as four levels, including 3.6, 4.3, preferred walking speed (PWS), 5.4, and 7.2 ㎞/h as a within-subject variable. The subject walked according to the randomized walking speed for 90 seconds on the treadmill. Twenty gait cycles of motion capture data from each experimental condition of each subject were extracted. The shoulder joint’s kinematic data were analyzed in 2 DOF and the elbow joint data were analyzed in 1 DOF. Results: The kinematic variables of shoulder and elbow were associated with increasing proportionally to walking speed. A sufficient swing of the arm was required to maintain walking stability and reduce the walking energy cost as walking speed increases. The shoulder ROM was analyzed slightly lower at PWS than the slowest walking speed of 3.6㎞/h. The preferred walking speed will induce natural walking patterns of the limb and improve walking stability. The elbow and shoulder joints reflect dynamic covariation of the torque patterns according to the movement of the human body and generate linear synergy. And the reproducibility evaluation of the upper extremity swing motion of the developed training device, it was confirmed that there was no statistically significant difference for most of the independent variables compared to the walking movement without the training device. It means that the device developed through this study reflects the swing motion of the upper extremity well during walking. Conclusion: This study recommended designing a natural shoulder-elbow movement as a linked segment system for the exoskeleton devices’ gait stability. Application: This study"s findings would be used to design the features of the exoskeletal devices (wearable robot, upper limb swing equipment, etc.).

건강한 아동이 걸을 때에 생리학적 소비지수

이향숙(Lee Hyang Sook),김봉옥(Kim Bong Ok) 한국전문물리치료학회 2002 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Physiological Cost Index(PCI) of walking has been widely used to predict oxygen consumption in health subjects or patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictability of physiological cost index of walking for the amount of exercise and cardiac function. Walking exercise was conducted in 67 healthy children (age 4-12) with a self-selected comfortable walking speed on the level surface. Walking speed was calculated, and heart rate was measured before and immediately after the walking. PCI was calculated for statistical analysis. The results were as follows; 1) The walking speed tends to increase and PCI of walking tends to decrease with age. There was significant difference in walking heart rate tends to decrease Linear regression equation between walking speed and age was 'Y(walking speed) = 2.124X (age)+48.286'(R2=.337), (p=.00). 3) The walking heart rate tends to decrease with age. Linear regression equation between walking heart rate and age was 'Y (walking heart rate) = 143.346-2.63X(age)' (R2=.3425), (p=.00). 4) The walking heart rate decreased as body surface area (BSA) increased. Linear regression equation between walking heart rate and BSA was 'Y (walking heart rate)=149.830 - 27.115X(BSA)' (R2=.3066),(P=.00). In conclusion, these equations and PCI could be useful to quantify the variation of energy expenditure of children with pathological gait when compared with age-matched healthy children.

Comparative Analysis of Gait Parameters and Symmetry between Preferred Walking Speed and Walking Speed by using the Froude Number

Yoo, Si-Hyun,Kim, Jong-Bin,Ryu, Ji-Seon,Yoon, Suk-Hoon,Park, Sang-Kyoon Korean Society of Sport Biomechanics 2016 한국운동역학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in gait parameters and symmetry between walking speed by using the Froude number and preferred walking speed. Method: Fifty adults (age: $21.0{\pm}1.7years$, body weight: $71.0{\pm}9.2kg$, height: $1.75{\pm}0.07m$, leg length: $0.89{\pm}0.05m$) participated in this study. Leg length-applied walking speed was calculated by using the Froude number, defined as Fr = ${\upsilon}^2$/gL, where v is the velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L is the leg length. Video data were collected by using eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualysis, Sweden) and the Qualisys Track Manager software (Qualisys, Sweden), with a 200-Hz sampling frequency during two-speed walking (preferred walking speed [PS] and leg length-applied walking speed [LS]) on a treadmill (Instrumented Treadmill, Bertec, USA). The step length, stride length, support percentage, cadence, lower joint angle, range of motion (ROM), and symmetry index were then calculated by using the Matlab R2009a software. Results: Step and stride lengths were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The right single-support percentage was greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip joint angle at heel contact and toe-off were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip and knee joint ROM were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on our findings, we suggest that increased walking speed had a significant effect on step length, stride length, support percentage, and lower joint ROM.

Comparative Analysis of Gait Parameters and Symmetry between Preferred Walking Speed and Walking Speed by using the Froude Number

( Si Hyun Yoo ),( Jong Bin Kim ),( Ji Seon Ryu ),( Suk Hoon Yoon ),( Sang Kyoon Park ) 한국운동역학회 2016 한국운동역학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in gait parameters and symmetrybetween walking speed by using the Froude number and preferred walking speed.Method: Fifty adults (age: 21.0 ± 1.7 years, body weight: 71.0 ± 9.2 kg, height: 1.75 ± 0.07 m, leg length:0.89 ± 0.05 m) participated in this study. Leg length-applied walking speed was calculated by using theFroude number, defined as Fr = v2/gL, where v is the velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L isthe leg length. Video data were collected by using eight infrared cameras (Oqus 300, Qualysis, Sweden) andthe Qualisys Track Manager software (Qualisys, Sweden), with a 200-Hz sampling frequency during twospeedwalking (preferred walking speed [PS] and leg length-applied walking speed [LS]) on a treadmill(Instrumented Treadmill, Bertec, USA). The step length, stride length, support percentage, cadence, lowerjoint angle, range of motion (ROM), and symmetry index were then calculated by using the Matlab R2009asoftware.Results: Step and stride lengths were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The right single-support percentagewas greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05). The hip joint angle at heel contact and toe-off were greater in LSthan in PS (p < 0.05). The hip and knee joint ROM were greater in LS than in PS (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Based on our findings, we suggest that increased walking speed had a significant effect onstep length, stride length, support percentage, and lower joint ROM.

정상인에서 보행속도가 발관절의 관절각과 발바닥 최대 압력 분포에 미치는 영향

박경희(Park Kyung-hee),권오윤(Kwon Oh-yun),김영호(Kim Young-ho) 한국전문물리치료학회 2003 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.10 No.1

Many factors affect foot and ankle biomechanics during walking, including gait speed and anthropometric characteristics. However, speed has not been taken into account in foot kinematics and kinetics during walking. This study examined the effect of walking speed on foot joint motion and peak plantar pressure during the walking phase. Eighty healthy subjects (40 men, 40 women) were recruited. Maximal dorsiflexion and excursion were measured at the first metatarsophalangeal joints during walking phase at three different cadences (80, 100, and 120 step/min) using a three dimensional motion analysis system (CMS70P). At the same time, peak plantar pressure was investigated using pressure distribution platforms (MatScan system) under the hallux heads of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones and heel. Maximal dorsiflexion and excursion and excursion at the ankle joint decreased significantly with increasing walking speed. Peak plantar pressure increased significantly under the heads of the first of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones, and heel with increasing walking speed: three was no change under the hallux. There were no significant changes in maximal dorsiflexion or excursion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The results show that walking speed should be considered when comparing gait parameters. The results also suggest that slow walking speeds may decrease forefoot peak plantar pressure in patients with peripheral neuropathy who have a high risk of skin breakdown under the forefoot.