The Effect of Iron Supplementation on Blood Components, Immune Cells and Aerobic Capacity during Gradual Weight Loss

( Yong Hong ),( Eue Soo Ahn ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2000 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on blood components (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, and RBC, Hb, Hct) and immune cells (WBC, T-helper cell, T-suppressor cell, NK cells, monocyte), and aerobic capacity (VO2max endurance time) during gradual (3 weeks) weight loss. The subjects of this study were 12 high school wrestlers and 1 judo athlete (n=13) whose athletic career ranged from one year to six years. They were divided into 3 groups; non-weight loss group (NW; 4), weight loss group (WL; 4), weight loss and iron supplementation group (WL+IS; 5). In the gradual procedure, weight loss was achieved in 3 weeks by a diet restriction and enforcement of wearing suit for sweating during the last week. Caloric intake (900, 1800, 2700 kcal/day) of both weight loss groups was restricted gradually (3 stage/week) for weeks. Iron, ferritin, transferrin, RBC, Hb, Hct, WBC, T-suppressor cell, T-helper cell, NK cell and monocyte values were analyzed through blood samples drawn before and after weight loss at rest. And VO2max and endurance time were measured the weight blood sampling. Through loss of the WL and WL+IS groups were decreased each by 4.2kg, 4.3kg. Serum iron and transferrin levels decreased after weight loss in the WL, NW groups but in the WL+IS group they increased after weight loss. Feffitin level increased significantly after weight loss in the NW, WL+IS groups but was not significant in the WL group. RBC level increased in all the groups but was not significant. RBC, Hb and Hct levels increased after weight loss in all the groups but RBC and Hb increased significantly in the NW and WL+IS groups. WBC level decreased in the NW and WL groups after weight loss but increased in the WL+IS group after weight loss. T-suppressor cell level decreased significantly after weight loss in the WL+IS group but was not significant in the NW and WL groups. T-helper cell level decreased after weight loss in all the groups. NK cell level increased after weight loss in all the groups. Monocyte level increased after weight loss in the NW and WL+IS groups but decreased after weight loss in the WL group. VO2max increased after weight loss in the NW and WL+IS groups but decreased after weight loss in the WL group. Endurance time increased after weight loss in the WL, WL+IS groups but decreased in the NW group. The data indicate that iron supplementation during gradual weight loss affected serum iron, ferritin and transferin but did not affect RBC, Hb, Hct. Also, immune cells except monocyte seemed to be affected by exercise and gradual weight loss but were not affected by iron supplementation. but, iron supplementation during gradual weight loss affected monocyte. VO2max and endurance time were not affected by gradual weight loss and iron supplementation.

Development of a Practical Two-Microphone Impedance Tube Method for Sound Transmission Loss Measurement of Sound Isolation Materials

Ro, Sing-Nam,Hwang, Yoon,Lee, Dong-Hoon The Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating 2003 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.11 No.3

This study developed a practical two-microphone impedance tube method to measure the sound transmission loss of sound isolation materials without the use of an expensive reverberation room or an acoustic intensity probe. In order to evaluate the validation and applicability of the two-microphone impedance tube method, sound transmission losses for several sound isolation materials with different surface density and bending stiffness were measured, and the measured values were compared with the results from the reverberation room method and the theory. From the experimental results, it was found that the accuracy of sound transmission loss obtained by the impedance tube method depends upon the diameter size of the impedance tube (i.e., tested sample size). For sound isolation materials having relatively large bending stiffness such as acryl, wood, and aluminum plates, it was found that the impedance tube method proposed by this study was not valid to measure the sound transmission loss. On the other hand, for sound isolation materials having relatively small bending stiffness such as rubber, polyvinyl, and asphalt sheets, the comparisons of transmission loss between the results from the impedance tube method and the theory showed a good agreement within the range of the frequencies satisfying the normal incidence mass law. Therefore, the two-microphone impedance tube method proposed by this study can be an effective measurement method to evaluate the sound transmission loss for soft sound isolation sheets having relatively small bending stiffness.

온실 난방부하 산정방법의 검증 및 틈새환기와 지중전열의 영향 분석

신현호(Hyun-Ho Shin),남상운(Sang-Woon Nam) 한국원예학회 2015 원예과학기술지 Vol.33 No.5

원예시설의 환경설계 중 난방부하 산정방법에 대한 검증을 위하여, 대규모 플라스틱 온실에서 총난방부하와 틈새환기율, 지중전열량을 계측하여 계산결과와 비교 분석하였고, 지중전열 및 틈새환기가 온실의 난방부하에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 실험기간 동안 실내기온은 13.3 ± 1.2℃, 실외기온은 -9.4~+7.2℃의 범위를 보였으며, 우리나라의 난방설계 외기온 범위에서 유효한 것으로 확인하였다. 가스트레이서법으로 측정한 틈새환기율은 평균 0.245h<SUP>-1</SUP>로 나타났다. 온실의 피복면적에 일정한 환기전열계수값을 사용하는 방법은 온실의 규모에 따라서 문제가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 환기전열부하는 온실의 체적과 틈새환기율을 이용하는 방법이 합리적인 것으로 판단된다. 온실 중앙에서 측정한 지중열류는 실내외 기온차에 따라 음으로 약간 증가하는 경향을 보이고, 온실 측면에서 측정한 지중열류는 실내외 기온차에 따라 양으로 크게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 계측 결과를 바탕으로 온실의 외주부를 통한 열손실 개념을 도입한 새로운 지중전열부하 산정 방법을 개발하였으며, 검증결과 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 관류열부하는 대체로 실내외 기온차에 비례하는 것으로 나타났으나, 열관류율은 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 관류열부하 산정시 설계조건에 따라 열관류율의 선택에 주의를 기울여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 실험온실의 열관류율은 평균 2.73W·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·℃<SUP>-1</SUP>로 단일피복의 플라스틱 온실 대비 60%의 열절감율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 난방부하 중에서 관류열부하가 84.7~95.4%, 환기전열부하가 4.4~9.5%, 지중전열부하가 -0.2~+6.3%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 관류열부하는 실내외 기온차가 낮은 그룹에서 더 큰 비율을 차지하고, 환기전열부하는 실내외 기온차가 높은 그룹에서 더 큰 비율을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 지중전열부하의 경우 실내외 기온차가 낮은 그룹에서는 부하를 경감시키는 방향으로 작용하고, 실내외 기온차에 따라 부하를 증가시키거나 경감시키는 방향으로 작용하는 것으로 나타났으므로 이 기준 온도차의 선택이 중요한 것으로 판단된다. 지중전열부하에 비하여는 환기전열부하가 더 큰 비중을 차지하므로 에너지 절감을 위해서는 틈새환기율을 줄일 수 있는 대책이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. To investigate a method for calculation of the heating load for environmental designs of horticultural facilities, measurements of total heating load, infiltration rate, and floor heat flux in a large-scale plastic greenhouse were analyzed comparatively with the calculation results. Effects of ground heat exchange and infiltration loss on the greenhouse heating load were examined. The ranges of the indoor and outdoor temperatures were 13.3 ± 1.2℃ and -9.4~+7.2℃ respectively during the experimental period. It was confirmed that the outdoor temperatures were valid in the range of the design temperatures for the greenhouse heating design in Korea. Average infiltration rate of the experimental greenhouse measured by a gas tracer method was 0.245 h<SUP>-1</SUP>. Applying a constant ventilation heat transfer coefficient to the covering area of the greenhouse was found to have a methodological problem in the case of various sizes of greenhouses. Thus, it was considered that the method of using the volume and the infiltration rate of greenhouses was reasonable for the infiltration loss. Floor heat flux measured in the center of the greenhouse tended to increase toward negative slightly according to the differences between indoor and outdoor temperature. By contrast, floor heat flux measured at the side of the greenhouse tended to increase greatly into plus according to the temperature differences. Based on the measured results, a new calculation method for ground heat exchange was developed by adopting the concept of heat loss through the perimeter of greenhouses. The developed method coincided closely with the experimental result. Average transmission heat loss was shown to be directly proportional to the differences between indoor and outdoor temperature, but the average overall heat transfer coefficient tended to decrease. Thus, in calculating the transmission heat loss, the overall heat transfer coefficient must be selected based on design conditions. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the experimental greenhouse averaged 2.73 W·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·C<SUP>-1</SUP>, which represents a 60% heat savings rate compared with plastic greenhouses with a single covering. The total heating load included, transmission heat loss of 84.7~95.4%, infiltration loss of 4.4~9.5%, and ground heat exchange of -0.2~+6.3%. The transmission heat loss accounted for larger proportions in groups with low differences between indoor and outdoor temperature, whereas infiltration heat loss played the larger role in groups with high temperature differences. Ground heat exchange could either heighten or lessen the heating load, depending on the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature. Therefore, the selection of a reference temperature difference is important. Since infiltration loss takes on greater importance than ground heat exchange, measures for lessening the infiltration loss are required to conserve energy.

Harmonic Distortion Contribution for the Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulated Energy Market: A New Scheme for Industry Consumer

Nojeng, Syarifuddin,Hassan, Mohammad Yusri,Said, Dalila Mat,Abdullah, Md.Pauzi,Hussin, Faridah The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2015 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.10 No.1

The industry has rapidly growth and energy supply technology advanced are become main factor which to contribute of the harmonic losses. This problem is one aspect that may affect the capability of the transmission line and also to the efficiency of electricity. This paper proposes a new scheme to allocate the cost pertaining to transmission loss due to harmonics. The proposed method, called as Generalized Harmonic Distribution Factor, uses the principle of proportional sharing method to allocate the losses among the transmission users especially for industry consumers. The IEEE 14- and 30 bus test system is used to compare the proposed method with existing method. The results showed that the proposed method provided a scheme better in allocating the cost of transmission loss, which could encourage the users to minimize the losses.

소형 잔향실의 확산 음장 보정 계수 측정 연구

김태민(Tae Min Kim),김다래(Da Rae Kim),김정태(Jeung Tae Kim) 한국소음진동공학회 2014 한국소음진동공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

Transmission loss of specimen is calculated by measuring energy of incident and transmission and using reverberant room of large size. But normal measurement of transmission loss has trouble because it is actually demanded that large area and specimen of certain size is satisfied with condition of diffused sound field. Especially, in case of mechanical component, interested frequency band is mid-frequency band between 500 ~ 2k Hz, and it is used to be available to minimize a reverberation chamber under conditions satisfying acoustic one because production of specimen for transmission loss measurement has limit. But, as in semi-reverberation room, it is difficult to satisfy condition of diffuse sound field and modification factor is applied to complement that. Correction factor when measuring transmission loss using semi-reverberation chamber is required accuracy because it works as main factor determining reliability of reuslts on transmission loss. In this study, it is analyzed that an effect on correction factor based on varying materials and sizes of specimens in order to deduction of it. Also It is confirmed that applied by elicited correction factor with actual railway vehicle’s floor has reliability.

Comparison Study of Sound Transmission Loss in High Speed Train

Kim, Tae-Min,Kim, Jeung-Tae The Korean Society for Railway 2011 International Journal of Railway Vol.4 No.1

Many studies for improving the railway vehicle's performance and comfort such as speed, weight and noise are currently in progress. Improving the structural characteristics of the vehicle for greater noise insulation is considered important for reducing disturbance due to noise, but measuring transmission loss entails large costs. This study explores an alternative method for estimating and measuring the railway vehicle's transmission loss that involves on applying the numerical analysis coupled with scaled reverberation chamber measurement. The transmission loss measurement using scaled reverberation chamber was performed after the compensation value was found through 1mm thickness(1t) specimen. For numerical analysis, a commercially available acoustics solver VA ONE was used. The proposed method is found to lead to transmission loss measurement comparable to the measurements based on large-scale reverberation chamber. Thus, it can be argued that a reliable method has been developed for measuring railway vehicle's transmission loss.

Harmonic Distortion Contribution for the Transmission Loss Allocation in Deregulated Energy Market

Syarifuddin Nojeng,Mohammad Yusri Hassan,Dalila Mat Said,Md.Pauzi Abdullah,Faridah Hussin 대한전기학회 2015 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.10 No.1

The industry has rapidly growth and energy supply technology advanced are become main factor which to contribute of the harmonic losses. This problem is one aspect that may affect the capability of the transmission line and also to the efficiency of electricity. This paper proposes a new scheme to allocate the cost pertaining to transmission loss due to harmonics. The proposed method, called as Generalized Harmonic Distribution Factor, uses the principle of proportional sharing method to allocate the losses among the transmission users especially for industry consumers. The IEEE 14-and 30 bus test system is used to compare the proposed method with existing method. The results showed that the proposed method provided a scheme better in allocating the cost of transmission loss, which could encourage the users to minimize the losses.

Comparison Study of Sound Transmission Loss in High Speed Train

Tae Min Kim,Jeung Tae Kim 한국철도학회 2011 International Journal of Railway Vol.4 No.1

Many studies for improving the railway vehicle’s performance and comfort such as speed, weight and noise are currently in progress. Improving the structural characteristics of the vehicle for greater noise insulation is considered important for reducing disturbance due to noise, but measuring transmission loss entails large costs. This study explores an alternative method for estimating and measuring the railway vehicle’s transmission loss that involves on applying the numerical analysis coupled with scaled reverberation chamber measurement. The transmission loss measurement using scaled reverberation chamber was performed after the compensation value was found through 1mm thickness(1t) specimen. For numerical analysis, a commercially available acoustics solver VA ONE was used. The proposed method is found to lead to transmission loss measurement comparable to the measurements based on large-scale reverberation chamber. Thus, it can be argued that a reliable method has been developed for measuring railway vehicle’s transmission loss.

이음5G 4.7 GHz 대역에서 건물간 전달손실 측정 및 분석

장원,김동우,조병록,오순수 한국전자파학회 2023 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.34 No.7

A demand-based deployment strategy has been recently proposed for e-Um5G in the industrial market. This study measured the transmission loss between buildings at a frequency of 4.7 GHz to initiate small cell deployment in certain areas. A local average apparatus was utilized to remove fading effects, and data were acquired at discrete points one or two meters apart. The transmission losses for buildings 39 m and 95 m from the transmitter were 56.6 dB and 69.1 dB, respectively, excluding free-space loss. The transmission loss was found to be sensitive to building structure and transmitter location, as the loss for a building 39 m away decreased to 49.5 dB when the transmitter was moved closer to the building entrance. The measured results were analyzed in terms of the ITU-R SG3 (International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector, Study Group 3) definition of building entry loss and can be used for frequency sharing and building-level small cell deployment in the e-Um5G frequency band.

A Study on Tunneling Effect in Sound Transmission Loss Measurement

Kim, Bong-Ki,Kim, Jae-Seung,Kim, Hyun-Sil,Kang, Hyun-Ju,Kim, Sang-Ryul The Acoustical Society of Korea 2004 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.23 No.e1

This study is aimed to evaluate a tunneling effect in the laboratory measurement of sound transmission loss. Based on the formulation for sound transmission loss of a finite panel in the presence of tunnel, variations of the sound transmission loss with the parameters of panel location and tunnel depth are investigated. In comparison with the transmission loss of a finite plate in an infinite rigid baffle, the maximum difference occurs in the laboratory measurement when the panel is placed at the center of the tunnel, while a better estimation of true transmission loss is obtained when the panel is located at either end.