Translation as Inculturation: A Study of Translating Sursum Corda Focusing on the Korean Linguistic Structure

김형락 한국실천신학회 2011 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.29

This paper deals with this translation of sursum corda in the Korean-English worship book of the PCUSA and UMC, focusing on the inculturation of the foreign language text into the Korean liturgical text within the Korean language system. That is, this research presents the method of how liturgists and clergy people should translate the foreign liturgical text into the native Korean language. While researching the translation issue of sursum corda in Eucharistic prayer in the Korean text, I have reached the strong conviction that the liturgists and church leaders sometimes favor a creative translation based on the native language system rather than on the original meaning. Such a translation promotes a more familiar understanding of the text and more abundant theological interpretations for the native Christians. Anscar J. Chupungco argues the two phases are needed for the completion of liturgical inculturation: acculturation and inculturation. Chupungco explains that acculturation is "the conjunction of three leading factors: (1) juxtaposition (merely external); (2) the dynamic of interaction; (3) the absence of mutual assimilation." It is regarded as an introductory stage of two cultures encountering one another, illustrated as A+B=AB. As Chupungco explains, the mutual assimilation between Christianity and the local culture does not emerge in the stage of acculturation. I think that the translation, "and also be with Pastor" of the KMC and the KEHC can be ranked as the stage of acculturation because there is no mutual assimilation between the Christian liturgical text and Korean langue. As I mentioned previously, "and also be with Pastor [you]"only changes the second person singular pronoun "you" into "Pastor" as the title of "you." This version remains a dialogue between the presider and the congregation like the original text, but the expression of dialogue makes some uncomfortable feeling to both the presider and the congregation. Thus, this translation is definitely the process of "acculturation," A+B=AB (A=Western liturgy, B=Korean text). Compared to "also be with Pastor," the translation of the UMC and PCUSA, "(We) believe/hope that the Lord be with us" is the result of the full inculturation process between the Christian liturgy and the Korean langue. As I discussed above concerning woo-rie, this change of words reflects the most crucial Korean identity, communitarianism, even though it is a liberal translation. In addition, this translation strengthens the identity of the liturgical assembly—the congregation and the presider—as the subject of liturgy. This transformation of the liturgical text ranks at the stage of liturgical inculturation, A+B=C. In this formula, C is the new translation of liturgy through mutual assimilation with the Korean langue, B. It is not the original form of the Christian liturgical text A, but C helps the participants of liturgy to strengthen the identity of their gathering, the subject of liturgy, more than A. Consequently, translation of the liturgical text based on the native langue is a liturgical inculturation. When seeing the translation process of sursum corda in Chan-song-gwa Ye-bae [Come, Let us Worship], I find an interesting chain reaction among the liturgy, theology, and the local context. The translation problem began with the conflict between liturgy (sursum corda) and local context (Korean langue). To solve this problem, woo-rie, reflecting one of the most important Korean identities, communitarianism, is used in the process of translation. Then, this new version of liturgical text strengthens the role of the gathering people (both the ministers and the congregations) as the subject of liturgy. This is a new theology regarding the identity of liturgical assembly. Although liturgical inculturation begins between lex orandi and lex vivendi, the inculturated liturgy affects lex credendi. This process shows additional evidence of the influence of lex orandi on lex credendi.

모국어의 심급들, 토대로서의 번역 - 유종호의 ‘토착어’와 백낙청의 ‘토속어’

유승환 상허학회 2016 상허학보 Vol.47 No.-

이 논문은 1960년대 후반 이후 이루어진 모국어의 재편을 위한 의식적인 실천 및 그와 관련하여 나타난 모국어를 호명하는 개념들의 발생 조건을 한국(남한) 사회가 접속하고 있는 문화권의 변화 및 그로 인한 번역 상황의 변화라는 관점에서 검토하려고 한다. 1960년대는 모국어에 익숙한 소위 ‘한글 세대’에 의해 한국어에 기초한 새로운 감수성이 나타난 시기였다는 것은 우리에게 익숙한 문학사적 평가이다. 그러나 이러한 평가는 모국어 문학어의 선험적인 존재를 자명한 것으로 이해하고 있다는 점에서 일종의 신화이다. 모국어라는 개념은 다른 외국어로의 번역을 염두에 둘 때에만 상상될 수 있는 유동적 개념이며, 또한 끊임없이 완성을 향한 도정에 있는 미완태로서만 상상되는 개념이기도 하다. 따라서 모국어 문학어 또한 끊임없이 상상되고, 창안되고, 재편되는 과정에서 형성된다. 이 논문은 ‘토착어’, ‘토속어’와 같은 모국어 문학어의 존재 및 그 재편의 방향성을 동시에 지시함으로써 모국어 문학어의 심급을 지시하는 개념들의 발생과 분화가 해방 이후 변화된 번역 상황에 대한 인식과 그에 대한 대응 전략에 기초하고 있다는 점을 유종호와 백낙청의 비평을 통해 확인하려 한다. ‘토착어론’을 중심으로 1950년대 후반부터 시작된 모국어에 대한 유종호 비평의 궤적은 모국어 개념이 재확립되는 과정을 보여준다. 토착어에 대한 유종호의 비평은 초기의 양가적 입장에서, 토착어가 한자어보다 효과적인 사유의 언어가 될 수 있다는 입장으로 돌아선다. 이러한 선회의 배후에는 번역의 원어가 일본어(한자어)에서 영어 등의 서구어로 교체되어 상상되는 상황, 즉 문화권의 이동에 따른 번역 상황의 변화에 대한 인식이 놓여 있다. 이 점에서 유종호의 토착어론은 번역 상황의 변화가 모국어의 재인식 및 재편을 위한 중요한 조건이었다는 점을 드러낸다. 한편 ‘토속어’에 대한 백낙청의 사유는 변화된 번역 상황에 대한 대응 전략의 차이가 모국어 문학어의 재편을 위한 모국어의 심급들을 지시하는 용어의 분화에 중요한 요인이 될 수 있음을 보여준다. 일본어-한자어의 매개를 거치지 않고, 일종의 ‘보편어’로서의 서구어 원어에 직접 소급하려는 새로운 번역의 감각은 보편어와 민족어로서의 모국어 사이의 번역 가능성에 대한 새로운 전망을 창출했으며, 서구과학의 보편어와의 관계에서 모국어를 통한 번역 가능성 혹은 불가능성을 검토하는 것은 근대한국사회와 그 문학의 성격을 가늠하는 중요한 방식이었다. 백낙청은 이러한 작업을 가장 성실히 수행한 비평가였으며, 동시에 ‘토속어’는, 보편어로의 환원 (불)가능성을 지닌 채 각각의 원어에 대응하는 대상의 실재성을 보증하는 장치로서 이러한 작업에 있어 본질적인 중요성을 지닌 개념으로 자리매김된다. 이처럼 모국어의 심급들, 모국어 문학어의 존재와 가능성을 지시하는 개념들은 해방 이후 장기적으로 이루어진 번역 상황의 변화에 대한 인식에 기초하여 발생하고 또한 동일한 상황에 대한 대응 전략의 차이에 의해 분화된다. 모국어에 대한 유종호와 백낙청의 비평은 실제로 1960년대 후반 이후 모국어와 모국어 문학어의 재편으로 이어진다. 이때 이러한 모국어 문학어의 재편은 방언, 속어, 은어, 고어 등 모국어의 특정 심급들에 대한 의식적 수집과 활용에 의해 이루어진다. 그러나 이러한 언어의 의식적인... This study aims to study conscious practices to reorganize mother tongue and occurence of notions to call mother tongue in the late 1960s. This study suggests that change of cultural area to which Korea was connecting and change of translation-situation was a major condition of this phenomenon. It is a familliar appraisal that new sensibilities based on Korean was formed in the late 1960s by ‘Hangul generation’ who were used to mother tongue. However, this appraisal is a kind of myth, because it supposes transcendental being of the mother tongue. A concept of ‘mother tongue’ could only be imagined in relation with translation to other languages. And it was always imagined as an incomplete and a fluid concept. Thus, literary language based on mother tongue was also formed in the process of imaging, creating, reorganizing language. This study pay attention to a few concepts such as Yu Jong-ho’s ‘aboriginal language’ and Paik Nak-chung’s ‘local language’ which implied the degrees of mother tongue in the late 1960s. These concepts suggested the being of ‘pure’ mother tongue and directions of reorganizing mother tongue at once. And the occurence and differentiation of these concepts were based on consciosness about altered translation-situation after the liberation and counterstrategy of this situation. Yu Jong-ho’s criticism on aboriginal language started in the late 1950s. The transition of his perspective about aboriginal language showed re-establishing the concept of mother tongue. He had ambivalent viewpoint on aboriginal language in the initial stages. However, he changed his mind hencefoward and suggested aboriginal language could be more effective language of the reason than Sino-Korean words. Awareness of translation-situation which changed because of change of cultural area to which Korea was connecting placed behind this transition. In other words, he could assert superiority of aboriginal language because he thought not Japanese but English as an orginal language in changed translation-situation. Yu Jong-ho’s criticism on aboriginal language showed that the altered translation-situation was an important condition of reorganizing of mother tongue. Paik Nak-chung’s criticism on local language showed counterstrategy against altered translation-situation was an important element of differentiation of the concepts which called degrees of mother tongue. New sense of translation which discarded mediation of Japanese and Sino-Korean words and reach western Europe language as an original language created new perspective on possibilities of translation. Examination of possibilities of translation between mother tongue and universal language of modern science was an important way to estimate characteristics of modern Korean society and its literature. Paik accomplished these works sincerely. ‘Local language’ was magnified as an essential concept in this process, because it was imagined as a concept which has (im)possibility of translation to universal language and guarantees substantiality of equivalents to each original language. Thus, concepts which called degrees of mother tongue and literary language based on it altered translation-situation and were diffentiated by counterstrategy to this situation. Yu and Paik’s critism on mother tongue led to actual reorganzing of literary language based on mother tongue in the late 1960s. Intentional collection and utilization of specific sections in mother tongue such as dialect, slang, argot, archaic words were important methods to reorganize mother tongue in late 1960s. However these practices did not intend to restore existence which these languages instruct, but intended to reconsturuct equivalents to universal concepts which modern west European science suggested in new translation-situation. Thus, ‘archiving of languages’ is a useful concept to explain reorganization of literary language in the late 1960s.

Translation Strategy of Sports Movie Titles

( Wei Liu ),( Wendong Li ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: Sports movies are the films featuring stories about sports persons and activities. This type of movies have won great attention and popularity among all movies because of the uplifting spirits of passion and perseverance exemplified by the sports in the movies, as well as their satisfaction of human`s desires of self-transcendence and dream-fulfillment. Therefore, sports movies have been a hot topic since its first advent 100 years ago. As a special field of translation, movie titles translation into Chinese can convey a movie`s major messages to the audience which is a great help to facilitate audience`s understanding of the film. Methods: Literature review Expert interview Case study Logic analysis Results: 1. Sports movie titles translation is subject to the influence of the factors of box office and anesthetics. It can directly impact the movie makers in whether the filming investment can be rewarded to finance further more sports movies or not. The sports spirits demonstrated through the movies are usually positively inspiring and unyielding, and the protagonists` success is achieved through step-by-step hard work to become sports stars or champions. Audience can be both informed of the stories and inspired by the sports spirits through the translation of the movie titles. 2. There are three approaches in sports movie titles translation, i.e., literal translation, liberal translation and amplification translation. 3. There are some problems in the translation of sports movie titles, such as the practice of word-for-word translation of the original English titles failing to make a good combination with the movie`s plots and subject. Conclusion: Sports movie is an art of combining audio and visual faculties, their titles translation has direct influence to the audience`s understanding of the movies` subject. It is not only an art form but also a bridge between China and other countries in cultural exchanges and an important medium of cultural input and output. Translators should make intensive study and insightful analysis of the sports movies` story and subject and strive to realize both sports movies business value and educational functions by adept use of various translation methods and techniques. Meanwhile, translators should also learn western cultures and understand the cultural differences to work out a perfect translation by achieving a balance of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance".

대학생들의 번역기 사용과 기계 번역의 문제점

마선미 한국통번역교육학회 2022 통번역교육연구 Vol.20 No.4

Translation is a popular activity which is widely used in English classes. The invention of machine translation changed how people look at the use of translation. Students started to use them in the class as well as in their daily lives and machine translation has become one of necessary item. This research examined how students viewed translation in English learning as well as the use of machine translation. It also investigated how students view the role of a translator. For this study, 35 students participated for the survey and translation activities. The data revealed that students do not think translation is a necessary medium for learning English. Also, they think machine translation will be a reliable source for translation in the future. However, after using machine translation, students responded that it would take a long time to have better machine translation and it would not be easy to properly translate them.

Translation revision student workshop as an effective translation education tool: A case study of revising a cultural comic book

정호정 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2010 영미연구 Vol.23 No.-

Translation revision refers to an act of checking and making changes to a translated text in terms of its grammaticality, abiding by prevalent linguistic and textual rules, style, information distribution and flow, among other things. Considering that translation as a first run‐through is bound to be filled with traces of linguistic influence from the source language, translation revision should be an integral part of quality translation. Given the difficulty the translator experiences to secure oneself an effective translation revision by others, it is imperative to incorporate self‐editing and self‐revision skills as part of translator competence. Likewise, how to teach self‐editing and self‐revision should be a legitimate concern in translation education. This paper introduces the student revision workshop as a fruitful tool with which to teach translation revision to translators in training. Section 1 summarizes the role of translation revision in a student revision workshop. Specifically, the definition of student revision workshop, its underlying foundation and the organizational preparations needed are briefly discussed. Section 2 discusses the workshop procedures and offers a theoretical overview of the key concepts of translation, and a proposed list of students’ tasks. The cases of flawed translations are presented in most of Section 3 in two categories: content‐oriented concerns and form‐related revisions, and the remaining part of Section 3 is devoted to student findings and discussions thereof. Section 4 concludes the paper by highlighting the need for advance preparation and organization in order to make the workshop a success, together with some suggestions for future studies.

Teaching Screen Translation in the Classroom

Sung Eun Cho 영상영어교육학회 2008 영상영어교육 (STEM journal) Vol.9 No.1

Screen translation can be a highly motivational discipline which engages student's interest and enthusiasm, promotes confidence and security and fosters development of L2 learning and translation strategies. Thorough training in screen translation offers additional benefits in the form of transferable skills, that may be relevant to the students' professional activities in the future. Translation pedagogy is now catching up with the progress in translation studies and the continuing demands for high-quality translators. And with the diffusion of multimedia texts, the view of translators as communicators between languages and cultures is now widely accepted and influencing and changing the didactics of translation accordingly. Screen translation has much to recommend it as a new and motivational form of translation activity at university level. It offers rich possibilities for imaginative course design. Moreover, the specific nature of the multimedia texts requires the teacher to recognize that teaching of translation involves not only in the linguistic aspects of translation but also instruction in the specific constraints of screen translation. That is to say, it must also involve the pedagogy that recognizes its multimedia communicative contexts.

과정 지향적 번역학과 사고 발화법

김련희 한국국제회의통역학회 2002 통역과 번역 Vol.4 No.1

Until recently, product-oriented translation studies have been dominant among scholars. In this approach, translation products are examined in terms of their linguistic aspects. As interest in the cognitive processes of translation has increased, however, process-oriented translation studies have been gaining increasing attention over the last twenty years or so. Translation studies look into what is going on in the brain of a translator while translation. So, unlike the product-oriented translation studies, it looks for psycholinguistic validity. The think-aloud protocols (TAP) method, as an introspective method, is one of the methods adopted by process-oriented translation studies. This paper describes the TAP method - its methodology and the methodological limitations, the findings of previous TAP studies and the implications of the findings for translation education. The TAP method, despite its limitations, has proved to be efficient in tapping into the translation process, thereby making it possible to capture those aspects of translation which could be ignored or lost by the product-oriented approach. The findings of translation studies could help establish a psycholinguistic model of translation. Eventually, it could contribute to changing the course of translation education, in which the product-oriented approach has been dominant, to a more process-oriented approach. It is hoped that more process-oriented studies are conducted using a TAP method.

Translation Commentary as a Pedagogical Tool for Undergraduate Translation Courses

Sang-Bin Lee 한국응용언어학회 2010 응용 언어학 Vol.26 No.3

Much of translation pedagogy in Korea has been dominated by teacher-centered, product-oriented educational methods which emphasize the teacher’s own decisions and the students’ final texts. Against this background, this study argues that the translation commentary (TC) is one of the most effective tools for looking into the undergraduate student’s translation process. To show a practical example of TC writing, the researcher presents a TC guideline and asks 32 undergraduate students to summary-translate an English speech text into Korean and to write down their translation process according to the guideline. One example selected from 32 TCs illustrates the multifaceted procedural aspects of a translator’s mind, including how he set about translating, what kinds of challenge he encountered, and what kinds of strategies he selected. This study also discusses the potential benefits of the TC writing from the viewpoints of students, teachers and translator training.

웹 광고 번역 기법 연구: 한영번역을 중심으로

박명관,정원일 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2009 언어연구 Vol.26 No.2

Park, Myung-Kwan and Chung, Wonil. 2009. Examining Features of Korean-to-English Web Advertisement Translation. Linguistic Research 26(2), 101-120. This paper focuses on web translation, examining its realization of universal features of translation that, according to Baker (1993), typically occur in translated texts. More narrowing down to the Korean-to-English web translation of the hotel advertizement text that enjoys a much wider readership among people around the world, we note that universal features of translation such as explicitation, simplification and normalization are also found in this genre of web translation. In particular, target texts (TT) of web translation tend to become longer with more words than their counterpart source texts (TT). Second, as explicitation is more frequent than simplification in web translation, it must be the case that it leads to an increase in the number of words in TT relative to ST. Third, different cultural backgrounds interfere with the very act of translating, especially affecting universal features of translation. (Dongguk University)

일본어권 학습자를 위한 한국어 번역교육 고찰-한국어 통·번역 교육과정을 중심으로-

임형재,우메무라 마유미 한국언어문화교육학회 2019 언어와 문화 Vol.15 No.4

Despite the fact that Japan has wide experiences and long history of translation compared to other neighboring countries, except for in few studies, it is still lacking behind in regards to research on translation education, translation theory and translation strategy. This can be attributed to the fact that translation study is still not fully recognized as a separate discipline in Japan. For this reason, professional interpreters and translators are mainly trained in private tutoring classes and professional schools. However, in recent years, the related achievements in translation are being recognized and there has been a movement to set up specialized courses to train professional interpreters and translators. According to this study, institutions of higher education (graduate school) offering translation education courses at present (2019) is only 2% of the whole of graduate school. In addition, the translation education course is offered only as a sub-discipline in Science of Communication and Linguistic Culturology. South Korea started Interpretation and Translation master degree program in 1979 and China started Translation and Interpretation master degree (MTI) program in 2007. Compared to these two countries, Japan is considerably slow. This study has attempted to give an overview of the situation of translation education in higher education institutions in Japan by examining its current situation of translation education. It also analyzed the contents of Korean translation education courses in graduate schools and professional schools. Through this research, specific problems are pointed out and the solutions to each problem are presented in this paper.