타지키스탄 언어정책의 특징과 전망 : 타지키스탄 정부의 언어정책과 타지크어와 러시아어의 현실적 언어지위를 중심으로

성동기 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2023 중소연구 Vol.46 No.4

Tajikistan has a different linguistic situation from neighboring Central Asian countries. First, Tajik is the only Persian language in Central Asia. Second, in the eastern part of Tajikistan, there is the Pamir Plateau, which is said to be the roof of the world. Except for the northern and southern parts, most of the country consists of rugged mountainous areas. Therefore, there are many different dialects. Third, due to the civil war that occurred from 1992 to 1997, the Russian diaspora population living in Tajikistan is the smallest in Central Asia. Fourth, as Tajikistan’s economy was virtually paralyzed during the civil war, Tajiks left migrant labor in Russia to help their families and national economy. Fifth, immediately before and after independence, there was a movement to return to the Arabic alphabet again in Tajikistan, the only one in Central Asia. Sixth, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan have so far promoted language policies in the direction of strengthening the national language and weakening the influence of Russian, but Tajikistan, on the contrary, is increasing the proportion of Russian. Based on the above facts, this study analyzed the characteristics and prospects of Tajikistan's language phenomenon and language policy with the following contents. First, the language environment of Tajikistan was analyzed. Second, the language policy of the Tajikistan government was analyzed. Third, the realistic linguistic status of Tajik and Russian was analyzed. Fourth, the language policy of Tajikistan will be evaluated and the future language situation was predicted. 타지키스탄은 주변의 중앙아시아 국가들과는 다른 다음과 같은 언어적 상황을가지고 있다. 첫째, 타지크어는 중앙아시아에서 유일하게 페르시아어(Persian) 계열의 언어이다. 둘째, 타지키스탄의 동부에는 세계의 지붕이라고 하는 파미르고원이 있으며, 북부와 남부를 제외하면 대부분의 국토는 험준한 산악지역으로 이루어져있다. 따라서매우 다양한 방언이 존재한다. 셋째, 1992년부터 1997년까지 발생했던 내전으로 인해서 타지키스탄에 거주하는 러시아 디아스포라 인구는 중앙아시아에서 가장 적다. 넷째, 내전 기간 동안 타지키스탄 경제가 사실상 마비되면서 타지크인은 러시아로이주노동을 떠나서 자신의 가정과 국가경제에 도움을 주고 있다. 다섯째, 독립 직전과 직후에 타지키스탄에서는 유일하게 다시 아랍문자로 회귀하자는 운동이 일어났었다. 여섯째, 카자흐스탄, 우즈베키스탄, 키르기스스탄, 투르크메니스탄이 현재까지 민족어를 강화시키고 러시아어 영향력을 약화시키는 방향으로 언어정책를 추진하고 있지만 타지키스탄은 역으로 러시아어의 비중을 높여가고 있다. 본 연구는 위와 같은 사실을 바탕으로 타지키스탄의 언어현상과 언어정책을 다음과 같은 내용으로 그 특징과 전망을 분석할 것이다. 첫째, 타지키스탄의 언어 환경이 분석될 것이다. 둘째, 타지키스탄 정부의 언어정책이 분석될 것이다. 셋째, 타지크어와 러시아어의 현실적 언어지위가 분석될 것이다. 넷째, 타지키스탄의 언어정책이평가되고 미래의 언어상황이 전망될 것이다.

연구보문 : 사회과학 ; 타지키스탄의 농업현황 및 금후 농업기술 협력방안

고호철 ( Ho Cheol Ko ),강만정 ( Man Jung Kang ),조규택 ( Gyu Taek Cho ),마경호 ( Kyung Ho Ma ),이석영 ( Sok Young Lee ),정해곤 ( Hae Gon Chung ),박홍재 ( Hong Jae Park ),곽재균 ( Jae Gyun Gwag ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2013 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.25 No.1

1. 타지키스탄은 중앙아시아의 남동쪽에 동서로 길게 위치한 국가로서 국토의 50%이상이 해발고도 3,000미터 이상의 고산지이고, 국토의 최저점과 최고점의 차이가 7천 미터를 상회하며, 국토면적의 약 6%가 빙하로 되어 있다. 2. 타지키스탄은 전통적인 농업국가로서 농업이 경제의 축이며 농촌인구가 74%, 농업부문 종사자가 전 산업에서 차지하는 비율이 49.8%이고, 농업생산이 국가전체 GDP에서 차지하는 비중이 21.4%로서 비교적 높은 편이다. 3. 이 나라의 농업은 강우량이 적고 건조한 기후조건 때문에 주로 관개에 의존하고 있으며, 관개재배 면적은 약 70.2만 ha이고, 주요 농작물은 밀, 목화, 보리, 사료작물, 사과, 포도, 옥수수, 감자, 양파, 벼, 토마토 등 이지만, 수량성이 낮아 밀 등 주곡을 수입하고 있다. 4. 축산업이 농업전체 생산액에서 차지하는 비율은 21.7%이고 주로 유목에 의존하고 있으며 유우, 육우, 면양, 염소, 토끼 및 닭이 주된 가축이고 양봉도 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 5. 타지키스탄에는 5,000종의 식물이 분포하고 있고, 왜성밀, 참깨, 멜론, 무, 마늘, 사과, 배, 포도, 베리 류 등 50종의 원산지이고 총 5,317점의 자원을 현지외 보존하고 있으며, 식물원에서도 중앙아시아 고유종 750종을 포함하여 1,500종의 식물을 보존하고 있다. 6. 타지키스탄과는 현재 농업기술협력 사업이 추진되고 있지 않지만 앞으로 농업생산기술이나 농업생산 기반시설 분야에 대한 협력이 필요할 것이다. 특히, 식물유전자원이 다양하게 분포하고 비교적 보유자원 수도 많으나 유전자원 저장시설이 미흡하고 증식 등 관리 분야도 체계적으로 수행되고 있지 못하므로 농업유전자원의 체계적인 관리에 대한 교육과 지원을 통하여 협력관계를 구축하면서 상호 도움이 되는 방안이 적극 모색되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this paper was to introduce agricultural status of the Tajikistan republic for whom are interested in agriculture of Tajikistan. Tajikistan is situated in the south-east of Central Asia and shares borders with Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. The total land area of the Republic is 143.1 thousands ㎢ and 93 percent of the territory is mountain, and nearly half of the country area is located at 3,000 masl and above. Agriculture accounts for approximately 21.4% of GDP in 2011, and approximately 74% of the population resides in rural areas, and 49.8% of the work force is engaged in agricultural production in 2009. Because of a little amount of precipitation, almost all of arable land(702 thousands ha, 94.6%) should be irrigated. Important crops in Tajikistan are wheat, cotton, barley, corn, potato, onion, rice, and tomato. Because of low crop productivity Tajikistan imports many agricultural products including wheat, wheat flour, and potato. The livestock industry occupied 21.7% of total agricultural product and important livestock are cattle, sheep, goat, rabbit and chicken. There are about 5,000 plant species in Tajikistan, including 650 endemic species and Tajikistan is homeland for fifty plant species including dwarf wheat, sesame, melon, radish, garlic, apple, pear, grape, and berries, etc. The total amount of conserved samples ex situ is 5317, out of which 981 are local varieties and landraces, and 1775 are breeding materials. At present, though there is no agriculture technical cooperative project between Korea and Tajikistan, it will be needed to develop cooperative projects in various field of agriculture in the near future. Plant genetic resources can be a good example of cooperative projects on the basis of mutual profit.

Iran’s Foreign Policy toward Tajikistan: Exploring the Effective Factors

Karimi Mahdi,Osuli Odlu Qasem 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2023 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.14 No.2

After the independence of the Central Asian (CA) republics, Iran has tried to develop its relations with these sates, especially with Tajikistan. The development of bilateral relations between Iran and Tajikistan has been very important for both sides. But after nearly 30 years of political relations between Iran and Tajikistan, bilateral relations have not developed much and have faced numerous limitations. By adopting Rosenau’s theory, the current study aims at investigating Iran’s foreign policy (FP) toward Tajikistan and the factors influencing the bilateral relations between the two countries. The present paper argues that societal, governmental, idiosyncratic, and role variables, respectively, have hindered the development of bilateral relations between Iran and Tajikistan. Finally, systemic variables have had the least influence on Iran’s relations with Tajikistan, and the results show that the U.S. and its sanctions have had insignificant effect on Iran–Tajikistan bilateral relations, and in terms of the systemic variables, Iran has faced more opposition from China than any other country in the development of relations with Tajikistan.

타지키스탄 이슬람 부흥당 (IRPT)의 형성, 활동, 그리고 소멸

정세진(Jung, Sejin) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2020 슬라브학보 Vol.35 No.4

This article aims to analyze Tajikistan"s internal affairs through the formation, process, and extinction of the IRPT, which was a key force in the civil war in Tajikistan, and until 2015, which served as the only legitimate Islamic party in Central Asia. In addition, this topic is considered to be an appropriate research subject in that it is possible to grasp one of the central Asian national identity through the relationship between the Tajikistan government and the IRPT. The IRPT was formed in 1991 and was officially declared illegal in 2015. IRPT was an anti-government force during the civil war in Tajikistan, and was a key force in the UTO. In 1997, the government and anti-government force signed peace negotiations, and the IRPT began to function as a legitimate party. However, Tajikistan government declared IRPT an illegal organization in 2015. Party registration was also banned. IRPT once had a vision for the construction of an Islamic theocratic state, but has never shown Islamic fundamentalist behavior after the civil war. And IRPT did not promote religious or political solidarity with Islamic fundamentalists. From this point of view, it was a measure to stabilize the regime when the government checked the IRPT and declared it an illegal organization and banned party registration in 2015. President Rahmon succeeded in blocking the influence of the IRPT, thereby winning the political victory to complete the authoritarian regime. The regime is expected to stabilize in Tajikistan for a considerable period of time. And it can be said that there is little possibility that the IRPT will be rebuilt in Tajikistan in the future. Although the IRPT was formed and went through the course of its political process, it is reasonable to see that it has disappeared on the surface at this point. In this paper, Chapter 2 analyzes the formation of the IRP in the 1990s in the Soviet era and the establishment of the Tajikistan IRP branch, and Chapter 3 examines the establishment and organization of the IRPT. Chapter 4 is the core content of this paper and describes the activities and ideology of the IRPT after the civil war. And in Chapter 5, the analysis of the relationship between the Tajikistan government and the IRPT will be developed.

타지키스탄 이슬람 원리주의

정세진(Jung, Se Jin) 한국노어노문학회 2016 노어노문학 Vol.28 No.4

본 논고는 타지키스탄 이슬람 원리주의를 정부의 정치적 세력과의 관계를 중심으로 분석하는 내용을 그 중심적인 주제로 구성하고 있다. 특히 타지키스탄 정부가 1990년대부터 어떤 방식으로 이슬람 원리주의자들에 대한 정책을 구사했는지를 중심적인 내용으로 구성하고, 이에 대항해 이슬람 원리주의의 태동과 생성을 1980년대부터 현대까지 정치적 맥락 가운데 분석하고 있다. 기본적으로 타지키스탄의 역사 및 정치적 상황을 일별하고 타지키스탄의 이슬람 원리주의의 형성과 내전 시기의 특성을 규명하며, 2000년대 이후의 이슬람 원리주의와 정부의 정치적 세력과의 관계가 서술된다. 본 논고는 타지키스탄 이슬람 원리주의 세력이 현재까지도 타지키스탄 내의 정치적 불안정성의 하나의 요소가 되고 있다는 점을 강조했다. 그리고 이러한 차원에서 향후 이슬람 원리주의 세력이 타지키스탄 내에서 어떠한 위치를 차지할 수 있는 지는 지속적으로 규명될 필요성이 있다는 점을 강조한다. 현재 독재 체제를 구축하고 있는 타지키스탄으로서는 이슬람 원리주의자를 비롯한 반대파 세력에 대해 어떤 정치적 관계를 가지는 것이 정권의 안정성을 기하는 지가 매우 중요하다. This articles explores Islamic fundamentalism pf Tajikistan foused on relatiob with political forces, examining particularly concept and its process of fundamentalism in Tajikistan. This paper deals with the importance of the creation and development of the ideas of fundamentalism in Central Asia and in Tajikistan before the breakup of USSR and Post-soviet times. Above all I concentrated some of the events and the conflicts in which occurred in Tajikistan. Chapter II examines political surroundings in Tajikistan, examining political pressure and autocratic regime of the present president. Chapter III review naissance and process of Islamic fundamentalism and the relations between Civil war and fundamentalism in Tajikistan. Chapter IV analyzes the relations of Islamic fundamentalists of 21th century and political forces. This paper aims to evaluate in terms of the Islamic fundamentalism of Tajikistan, and the resistance of the fundamentalists in Tajikistan. I considered some theoretical frameworks concerning Islamic ideas against the government methods of rule in Tajikistan.

Towards Understanding Tajikistan’s Sociolinguistically Complex Language Ecology: Historical Development, Current Status, Issues, Research, Policy and Practice

Bahry Stephen A.,Olimnazarova Tojiniso 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2023 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.14 No.2

Tajikistan, at the heart of Central Eurasia, had a population of 7,563,687 in 2010, estimated recently to be almost 10,084,935. Named for its majority nationality, Tajikistan has many other nationalities, most with their own language. This article explores what is known about the historical, development and current status of multiple languages in Tajikistan’s linguistic tapestry. We provide a tentative overview of Tajikistan’s evolving language ecology from earliest times when a range of Eastern Iranian languages were dominant, to the reduced use of Eastern Iranian languages following the entry of Arabic and New Persian (a western Iranian language) into the ecology with the Arab conquest, and the subsequent entry of Turkic languages, and more recently the entry of Russian under the late Russian empire and its spread under the Soviet Union. Following independence in 1991, a shift in balance among domains of use of Tajik and Russian has been ongoing at the same time as international languages, especially English, have entered Tajikistan’s language ecology. We review the current state of knowledge about contemporary sociolinguistic dynamics, monolingualism and plurilingualism in society, where the titular language, Tajik/Persian, is in interaction with local, regional and global languages. Against the background of changing post-independence language and language-in-education policies, we discuss the prospects for monolingual, multilingual and plurilingual education in Tajikistan among efforts to promote the official language, Tajik, and to provide minority language education, while also developing proficiency in foreign languages in Tajikistan, through initiatives such as English-medium instruction.

타지키스탄의 농업현황 및 금후 농업기술 협력방안

고호철,강만정,조규택,마경호,이석영,정해곤,박홍재,곽재균 한국국제농업개발학회 2013 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.25 No.1

1. 타지키스탄은 중앙아시아의 남동쪽에 동서로 길게 위치한 국가로서 국토의 50%이상이 해발고도 3,000미터 이상의 고산지이고, 국토의 최저점과 최고점의 차이가 7천 미터를 상회하며, 국토면적의 약 6%가 빙하로 되어 있다. 2. 타지키스탄은 전통적인 농업국가로서 농업이 경제의 축이며 농촌인구가 74%, 농업부문 종사자가 전 산업에서 차지하는 비율이 49.8%이고, 농업생산이 국가전체 GDP 에서 차지하는 비중이 21.4%로서 비교적 높은 편이다. 3. 이 나라의 농업은 강우량이 적고 건조한 기후조건 때문에 주로 관개에 의존하고 있으며, 관개재배 면적은 약 70.2만 ha 이고, 주요 농작물은 밀, 목화, 보리, 사료작물, 사과, 포도, 옥수수, 감자, 양파, 벼, 토마토 등 이지만, 수량성이 낮아 밀 등 주곡을 수입하고 있다. 4. 축산업이 농업전체 생산액에서 차지하는 비율은 21.7%이고 주로 유목에 의존하고 있으며 유우, 육우, 면양, 염소, 토끼 및 닭이 주된 가축이고 양봉도 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 5. 타지키스탄에는 5,000종의 식물이 분포하고 있고, 왜성밀, 참깨, 멜론, 무, 마늘, 사과, 배, 포도, 베리 류 등 50종의 원산지이고 총 5,317점의 자원을 현지외 보존하고 있으며, 식물원에서도 중앙아시아 고유종 750종을 포함하여 1,500종의 식물을 보존하고 있다. 6. 타지키스탄과는 현재 농업기술협력 사업이 추진되고 있지 않지만 앞으로 농업생산기술이나 농업생산 기반시설 분야에 대한 협력이 필요할 것이다. 특히, 식물유전자원이 다양하게 분포하고 비교적 보유자원 수도 많으나 유전자원 저장시설이 미흡하고 증식 등 관리 분야도 체계적으로 수행되고 있지 못하므로 농업유전자원의 체계적인 관리에 대한 교육과 지원을 통하여 협력관계를 구축하면서 상호 도움이 되는 방안이 적극 모색되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this paper was to introduce agricultural status of the Tajikistan republic for whom are interested in agriculture of Tajikistan. Tajikistan is situated in the south-east of Central Asia and shares borders with Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. The total land area of the Republic is 143.1 thousands km2 and 93 percent of the territory is mountain, and nearly half of the country area is located at 3,000 masl and above. Agriculture accounts for approximately 21.4% of GDP in 2011, and approximately 74% of the population resides in rural areas, and 49.8% of the work force is engaged in agricultural production in 2009. Because of a little amount of precipitation, almost all of arable land(702 thousands ha, 94.6%) should be irrigated. Important crops in Tajikistan are wheat, cotton, barley, corn, potato, onion, rice, and tomato. Because of low crop productivity Tajikistan imports many agricultural products including wheat, wheat flour, and potato. The livestock industry occupied 21.7% of total agricultural product and important livestock are cattle, sheep, goat, rabbit and chicken. There are about 5,000 plant species in Tajikistan, including 650 endemic species and Tajikistan is homeland for fifty plant species including dwarf wheat, sesame, melon, radish, garlic, apple, pear, grape, and berries, etc. The total amount of conserved samples ex situ is 5317, out of which 981 are local varieties and landraces, and 1775 are breeding materials. At present, though there is no agriculture technical cooperative project between Korea and Tajikistan, it will be needed to develop cooperative projects in various field of agriculture in the near future. Plant genetic resources can be a good example of cooperative projects on the basis of mutual profit.

타지키스탄의 노동이주와 송금

김영진(Kim, Young Jin) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2013 슬라브학보 Vol.28 No.4

This paper aims to analyse the influence of global financial crisis on pattern and scale of labor migration and remittances of Tajikistan. In late 2008, Tajikistan’s external dependence made the country vulnerable when the global financial crisis reached the critical stage. The crisis had quickly dispersed to Russia, where an abrupt plunge of oil price made to push the country into a severe recession throughout 2009. Tajikistan’s economic dependence on remittances from Russia was expected to lead to an immediate ‘import’ of the crisis. At the same time, Tajikistan suffered from falls in world market prices of major export commodities (aluminium and cotton) thus adding to economic pressure in the domestic labour market. In this paper we have found that the global financial crisis had increased migration in Tajikistan, a highly remittances dependent country. The decline in the value of remittances coincides with the domestic economic decline in Tajikistan, so that households further expand the established migration network to cope with the domestic economic crisis. Despite the global financial crisis, remittances remained a major source of finance for many households who have to bear most of the risk of Tajikistan’s external dependence. Another remarkable change appeared during the economic crisis was the increasing ratios of Tajikistan’s migrants moving towards Russia and particularly the migrants’ deepening concentration upon Moscow.

비대칭적 상호의존론에 입각한 타지키스탄의 식량안보 분석

강하람,최우익 서울대학교 러시아연구소 2023 러시아연구 Vol.33 No.2

This study conducted an analysis of Tajikistan's food security issues from an external perspective. Although Tajikistan internally promoted policies to strengthen food security after the independence from the former Soviet Union, but it experiences food instability depending on its relations with Russia and Kazakhstan. As a result, Tajikistan's food security was analyzed based on the theory of asymmetric interdependence. The analysis found that Tajikistan had a high asymmetric interdependence on Russia and Kazakhstan. Tajikistan was in a food crisis when relations with major trading partners changed, including Kazakhstan's wheat export restrictions, Russia's cancellation of oil duty-free agreements, and Western economic sanctions in 2014 and 2022. Serious asymmetrical relationships in food security have a significant impact on survival security. Therefore, Tajikistan should reduce its asymmetric dependence on major trading partners to strengthen food security, diversify relations with other countries, and increase its competitiveness so that it can become internally self-reliant.

안정성 vs. 유연성: 국제투자기준과 기후변화조치 간의 조화를 통한 지속가능한 발전의 도모 - 타지키스탄 사례를 중심으로 -

어딜로브파르비즈 ( Odilov Parviz ),박덕영 ( Deok-young Park ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2018 홍익법학 Vol.19 No.2

타지키스탄 정부는 앞으로100년 동안 기후변화의 영향이 심각할 것으로 보고, 지속가능한 발전과 기후변화에 대응하기 위해 강력한 지도력을 발휘하기 시작했다. 그리고 적응 및 완화에 있어 의욕적인 조치들을 취할 것을UNFCCC에 서약해왔다. 한편, 일부 외국인 투자자들은 기후변화의 문제의 심각성 뿐 아니라 높은 사업성을 근거로 그들의 투자를 ‘갈색’에서 ‘녹색’으로 전환하기 시작했고 타지키스탄의 주요 환경 프로젝트에 투자를 고려하고 있다. 그런데 UNFCCC에 의거한 타지키스탄 정부의 의무는 국제투자협정(International Investment Agreements)에 따르는 의무와 규범적인 충돌을 야기할 수 있으며, 정부가 수행하는 기후변화 관련 조치가 투자자 국가 분쟁해결(Investor State Dispute Settlement)를 통해 제소될 수 있는 위협이 있다. 실재로 타지키스탄의 국제투자법의 대부분은 환경보호에 대한 규범이 미비하다. 본 논문은 이러한 미비점을 해소하기 위한 목적으로 타지키스탄의 사례에서 국제환경보호법과 국제투자보호기준을 조화시키는 방법에 대해서 논의하고자 한다. Tajikistan government has started taking a strong leadership towards sustainable development and combating climate change, as it will be very strongly affected by the impacts of climatic changes in the next one hundred years. It has pledged before the UNFCCC to take ambitious steps in adaptation and mitigation measures. In meantime, some foreign investors have started shifting their investments from ‘brown’ to ‘green’ due to both strong impacts of climate change, as well as business opportunities, and have been considering to invest in major economic projects in Tajikistan. Nevertheless, Tajikistan obligation under the UNFCCC may result in a normative conflict with its obligations deriving from its International Investment Agreements, and create a threat of government’s liability for measures undertaken to address climate change under the Investor State Dispute Settlement mechanism. Majority of Tajikistan international investment legislation actually lacks norms on environmental protection. This research attempts to fill this gap by discussing the possible ways of reconciling international environmental norms law with international investment protection standards in case of Tajikistan