수리부품디자인의 보호에 관한 국제적 동향과 과제

전성태(Seong-Tae Jeon) 세창출판사 2011 창작과 권리 Vol.- No.64

Companies supplying parts cannot manufacture a car door that an automobile company has the design rights if the car door is damaged in the accident. In the aftermarket, the companies supplying parts have to buy the car door to the automobile company that has the design rights. Therefore, it is hard for the companies supplying parts to participate in the market. Consumers and insurance industry also suffer when the market is monopolized by a few companies. The regimes of design law for the automobile industry depends on the diverse interests between countries. More to the point, there is no enforceable regulations under the provisions of the spare parts in the international treaties. Therefore, each country needs to consider the reduction of the period of protection for repair parts to minimize harmful effect of spare parts. It is also required the introduction of license agreement to the companies supplying parts in the conditions of payment after a period of years. This study is to review the background of the provision of the repairs and the trends of repair parts design protection in each country. Also, the study presents a few opinions to win antitrust clearance and to protect the design of repair parts. The introduction of license agreement to the companies supplying parts in the conditions of payment is required after a period of years. It will require the reduction of the period of protection for repair parts to minimize harmful effect of spare parts. And the introduction of license agreement to the companies supplying parts in the conditions of payment is needed after a period of years.

Additive manufacturing processes and materials for spare parts

Salmi Mika,Eujin Pei 대한기계학회 2023 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.37 No.11

Additive manufacturing (AM) has shown to have a high potential to produce spare parts on demand. However, the use of AM to produce spare parts on demand faces challenges related to material availability, quality, part size, cost, and pre- and post-processing operations. From existing literature, most studies focus on a single use case. Other studies focus on the applications of using AM from a general perspective, rather than a specific AM process. This study attempts to close this knowledge gap by considering the AM of spare parts and processes by undertaking a thorough review of scientific articles regarding different AM processes and materials being utilised for spare parts. Current publications do not explore all potential materials that are available, and do not investigate a broad range of industrial sectors. It was also found that the tooling industry and use for rapid prototyping are largely left out. The study also showed that the use of material jetting and binder jetting are less frequently used for end-use spare parts and sheet lamination is rarely used at all. In contrast, we found that directed energy deposition was most popularly used for repairing spare parts, followed by powder bed fusion and material extrusion that are prevalent in most industries. This study revealed that further development on the use of binder jetting and material extrusion would allow for more possibilities in the use of high-value pare parts for sectors such as aerospace, automotive, energy, defence, consumer products and medical industries.

다차원 선호도 분석법을 활용한 공군 주요 항공기의 기종별 특성

최명진 ( Myung Jin Choi ),박병화 ( Byeong Hwa Park ) 한국경영공학회 2012 한국경영공학회지 Vol.17 No.3

The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) is continuously improving operational systems for spare parts because their effective and efficient management of spare parts is closely related to ROKAF``s operational readiness. Spare parts for the ROKAF account for the largest portion of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces`` budget of spare parts. The purpose of this study is to diagnose effectiveness of current operational systems for spare parts so as to improve efficiency and maximize operational capability. This study uses Multidimensional analysis of Preference Data (MDPREF) to examine features of aircrafts operated by ROKAF based on indexes used in logistics of ROKAF. The indexes include available rate, cannibalization, supply action rate, supply support rate, customer waiting time, demand accommodation, equipment maintenance budget, zero balance, procurement lead time, requisition objective, and G-NORS. In particular, this study shows that maintaining the available rate for latest aircraft is more important than economic feasibility. Thus, procurement of spare parts should be prioritized on latest aircraft. The results from this study can be applied to inventory management policy for spare parts and should be connected to inventory practices for a more efficient implementation.

Spare Parts Provisioning under Multi-Echelon and Multi-Level Systems

Won Young Yun,Wonseok Jeon,Qian Qian Zhao 한국신뢰성학회 2018 신뢰성응용연구 Vol.18 No.4

Purpose: In this paper, we consider a spare parts allocation problem for multi-level systems with two-echelon repair systems. The system consists of multi-units (components and modules) and has a multi-level structure. The (S-1, S) inventory policy is considered to order spare parts. Methods: We determine the line replaceable units (LRUs) and these maximum spare parts storage levels S in echelon sites that minimize the life cycle cost and satisfy the target system availability. The near-optimal solutions are obtained by a genetic algorithm and simulation. The genetic algorithm is used to generate alternative solutions and simulation is used to evaluate the alternative solutions. Results: We investigate the effect of parameters on the near-optimal solutions in numerical examples. The results show that as the target system availability increases, the level of LRU is increased because shorter replacement time leads to increase the system availability. Conclusion: This study shows that the variation of target system availability affects the results of the near optimal solutions. For further studies, we will consider inventory policy of depot (s, S) and the repair of failed LRU.

디자인보호법 개정을 통한 자동차 대체부품 시장 활성화를 위한 연구 - 해외의 사례를 중심으로 -

김지영 ( Kim Jiyoung ),김인철 ( Kim Inchul ) 중앙대학교 문화미디어엔터테인먼트법연구소 2017 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트 법 Vol.11 No.1

최근 국내에는 자동차 대체부품에 관한 이슈로 많은 논쟁이 벌어지고 있다. 그 이유는 이미 대체부품을 사용할 수 있도록 관련 법안은 정비가 된 상태이지만 자동차 제조사들이 자신들의 부품을 디자인 등록을 함으로서 제3자가 함부로 베끼지 못하도록 하였기 때문이다. 하지만 이는 이미 외국에서는 예전부터 이슈가 되어 오던 문제이며, 오랫동안 이 문제에 대하여 많은 토론이 이루어지고 있는 상황이다. 그러나 우리나라에서 이 문제가 본격적으로 논의되기 시작한 것은 몇 년이 되지 않았다. 이미 외국의 많은 국가들은 자동차 수리부품 시장에서 순정부품뿐만 아니라 대체부품이 사용되는 비율이 높은 편인데 이는 국내 완성차업체가 제조하여 판매하는 자동차도 같은 상황이다. 하지만 우리나라 부품업체의 경우에는 디자인권에 가로막혀 대체부품을 생산하지 못하고 있는 상황이고 그에 따라 수출도 하지 못하고 있는 상황이다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 자동차 대체부품에 대하여 다른 나라에서 이루어진 논의와 입법안들 그리고 사건들을 살펴보고 그와 더불어서 우리나라에서 나온 입법안과 현재의 상황에 대해서 살펴보고자 한다. Recently, Korean Government has tried to invigorate market for vehicle spare parts through revision of related laws. But vehicle manufacturers protect their rights through design registration of spare parts. So, National Assembly proposed 3 years protection for visible spare parts for the vehicle only. But the proposal has been denied because there are conflicts between interests. However, for the consumer and public interests, that proposal needs to be passed. Already EU and the United States of America try to limit the protection for almost 30 years and also some countries in Europe already limited it. So, after study through EU and U.S.A. proposals, studies and cases we can seek for how to limit the design protection for spare parts in South Korea.

대체부품에 대한 디자인보호의 경향–유럽사법재판소 판례를 기반으로 하여–

김지영,김인철 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2019 江原法學 Vol.56 No.-

It has been several years after spare part certification system started. Still, the use of replacement parts in the parts market is still quite low. So, government suggests when consumers using non-OEM parts they can get remuneration partly but they are still using OEM part. Because car manufacturers register their spare parts to protect it through design right. In that case, spare parts company cannot produce spare part freely. So, South Korea parliament try to introduce ‘repair clause’ repeatedly but cannot because of car manufacturers and Korean Intellectual Property Office are opposed it. But in the European Union already introduce ‘repair clause’ in their Directive and Regulation. Recently, Court of Justice of the European Union(CJEU) decided car wheels are also can be protected under ‘repair clause’. It can be said that the EU has suggested in what direction the spare parts market will go. So, in this article will be introduced the recent case of CJEU and legislative history of ‘repair clause’ to help present ‘repair clause’ in South Korea. 우리나라에서 대체부품인증제가 시행된 지 오랜 시간이 흘렀다. 그러나 여전히 부품시장에서 대체부품 사용률은 상당히 낮은 편이며, 최근 대체부품을 이용하면 일정 부분을 환급해주는 제도를 도입하였음에도 그 효과는 미미한 것으로 나타난다. 그 이유는 자동차 제조사들이 자사의 부품을 디자인등록을 통하여 보호받고 있기 때문에 대체부품 제조사들이 자유롭게 대체부품을 생산하지 못하기 때문이다. 하지만 호주 등 많은 나라에서는 디자인보호법으로, 유럽연합의 경우에는 디자인지침과 디자인규정을 통하여 각 회원국들이 수리조항을 도입하여 대체부품 시장을 자유화 할 수 있도록 각 국의 디자인보호법을 개정하는 것을 유도하고 있다. 또한 최근 유럽사법재판소의 판례에 따르면 기존의 판결보다 범위를 넓게 해석하여 자동차의 바퀴까지 수리조항의 혜택을 받게 함으로써 앞으로 유럽연합이 대체부품 시장에 있어서 어떠한 방향으로 나아갈 것인지 제시했다고 볼 수 있다. 그렇기에 본 판례를 자세하게 국내에 소개함으로써 우리나라에서 논의되고 있는 대체부품의 디자인보호 제한에 도움이 되고자 한다. 유럽연합이 수리조항을 도입한 과정을 살펴보면 치열한 논의와 다각도의 연구 끝에 도입한 것으로 유럽연합의 수리조항 입법과정을 살피는 것도 우리나라에 수리조항을 도입하는데 있어서 큰 도움이 될 것으로 보인다. 이와 더불어 이미 수리조항을 도입한 국가인 영국 그리고 호주의 수리조항 도입과정과 내용을 살펴보고 우리나라에 수리조항을 도입하는데 있어서 참고자료가 되었으면 한다.

데이터마이닝을 활용한 해군함정 수리부속 수요예측

윤현민,김수환 한국산업경영시스템학회 2017 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.40 No.4

Recent development in science and technology has modernized the weapon system of ROKN (Republic Of Korea Navy). Although the cost of purchasing, operating and maintaining the cutting-edge weapon systems has been increased significantly, the national defense expenditure is under a tight budget constraint. In order to maintain the availability of ships with low cost, we need accurate demand forecasts for spare parts. We attempted to find consumption pattern using data mining techniques. First we gathered a large amount of component consumption data through the DELIIS (Defense Logistics Intergrated Information System). Through data collection, we obtained 42 variables such as annual consumption quantity , ASL selection quantity, order-relase ratio. The objective variable is the quantity of spare parts purchased in f-year and MSE (Mean squared error) is used as the predictive power measure. To construct an optimal demand forecasting model, regression tree model, randomforest model, neural network model, and linear regression model were used as data mining techniques. The open software R was used for model construction. The results show that randomforest model is the best value of MSE. The important variables utilized in all models are consumption quantity, ASL selection quantity and order-release rate. The data related to the demand forecast of spare parts in the DELIIS was collected and the demand for the spare parts was estimated by using the data mining technique. Our approach shows improved performance in demand forecasting with higher accuracy then previous work. Also data mining can be used to identify variables that are related to demand forecasting.

Naval Vessel Spare Parts Demand Forecasting Using Data Mining

Hyunmin Yoon(윤현민),Suhwan Kim(김수환) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2017 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.40 No.4

Recent development in science and technology has modernized the weapon system of ROKN (Republic Of Korea Navy). Although the cost of purchasing, operating and maintaining the cutting-edge weapon systems has been increased significantly, the national defense expenditure is under a tight budget constraint. In order to maintain the availability of ships with low cost, we need accurate demand forecasts for spare parts. We attempted to find consumption pattern using data mining techniques. First we gathered a large amount of component consumption data through the DELIIS (Defense Logistics Intergrated Information System). Through data collection, we obtained 42 variables such as annual consumption quantity , ASL selection quantity, order-re-lase ratio. The objective variable is the quantity of spare parts purchased in f-year and MSE (Mean squared error) is used as the predictive power measure. To construct an optimal demand forecasting model, regression tree model, randomforest model, neural network model, and linear regression model were used as data mining techniques. The open software R was used for model construction. The results show that randomforest model is the best value of MSE. The important variables utilized in all models are consumption quantity, ASL selection quantity and order-release rate. The data related to the demand forecast of spare parts in the DELIIS was collected and the demand for the spare parts was estimated by using the data mining technique. Our approach shows improved performance in demand forecasting with higher accuracy then previous work. Also data mining can be used to identify variables that are related to demand forecasting.

Spare Parts Provisioning under Multi-Echelon and Multi-Level Systems

윤원영,전원석,조천천 한국신뢰성학회 2018 신뢰성응용연구 Vol.18 No.4

Purpose: In this paper, we consider a spare parts allocation problem for multi-level systems with two-echelon repair systems. The system consists of multi-units (components and modules) and has a multi-level structure. The (S-1, S) inventory policy is considered to order spare parts. Methods: We determine the line replaceable units (LRUs) and these maximum spare parts storage levels S in echelon sites that minimize the life cycle cost and satisfy the target system availability. The near-optimal solutions are obtained by a genetic algorithm and simulation. The genetic algorithm is used to generate alternative solutions and simulation is used to evaluate the alternative solutions. Results: We investigate the effect of parameters on the near-optimal solutions in numerical examples. The results show that as the target system availability increases, the level of LRU is increased because shorter replacement time leads to increase the system availability. Conclusion: This study shows that the variation of target system availability affects the results of the near optimal solutions. For further studies, we will consider inventory policy of depot (s, S) and the repair of failed LRU.

수리부속비 비용추정식 개발과 활용방안

류민규,이용복,강성진,Ryu, Min-Kyu,Lee, Yong-Bok,Kang, Sung-Jin 한국군사과학기술학회 2010 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.13 No.4

Currently, a life cycle cost estimates(LCCE) is the most important factor in weapon system acquisition process. However, operation and maintenance(O&M) cost related studies are insufficient from the previous literature survey. O&M cost consists of various cost factors such a man power, maintenance and direct & indirect support costs. We have known that spare-parts cost is a key factor in the O&M cost. In this paper, we developed the spare-parts cost estimating relationships(CERs) of fixed-wing aircraft and armored vehicle weapon systems which include 4 historical cost drivers ; system acquisition cost, deterioration rate, localization rate, mission characteristic. Furthermore, we proposed the application methodologies that O&M cost estimating, total life cycle cost estimating and determination of the economic life using the spare-parts CERs.