Sex Differences in Cancer: Epidemiology, Genetics and Therapy

김해인,임혜솔,문애리 한국응용약물학회 2018 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.26 No.4

The incidence and mortality of various cancers are associated with sex-specific disparities. Sex differences in cancer epidemiology are one of the most significant findings. Men are more prone to die from cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. Sex difference in cancer incidence is attributed to regulation at the genetic/molecular level and sex hormones such as estrogen. At the genetic/molecular level, gene polymorphism and altered enzymes involving drug metabolism generate differences in cancer incidence between men and women. Sex hormones modulate gene expression in various cancers. Genetic or hormonal differences between men and women determine the effect of chemotherapy. Until today, animal studies and clinical trials investigating chemotherapy showed sex imbalance. Chemotherapy has been used without consideration of sex differences, resulting in disparity of efficacy and toxicity between sexes. Based on accumulating evidence supporting sex differences in chemotherapy, all clinical trials in cancer must incorporate sex differences for a better understanding of biological differences between men and women. In the present review, we summarized the sex differences in (1) incidence and mortality of cancer, (2) genetic and molecular basis of cancer, (3) sex hormones in cancer incidence, and (4) efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy. This review provides useful information for sex-based chemotherapy and development of personalized therapeutic strategies against cancer.

Sex Differences in Cancer: Epidemiology, Genetics and Therapy

Kim, Hae-In,Lim, Hyesol,Moon, Aree The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology 2018 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.26 No.4

The incidence and mortality of various cancers are associated with sex-specific disparities. Sex differences in cancer epidemiology are one of the most significant findings. Men are more prone to die from cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. Sex difference in cancer incidence is attributed to regulation at the genetic/molecular level and sex hormones such as estrogen. At the genetic/molecular level, gene polymorphism and altered enzymes involving drug metabolism generate differences in cancer incidence between men and women. Sex hormones modulate gene expression in various cancers. Genetic or hormonal differences between men and women determine the effect of chemotherapy. Until today, animal studies and clinical trials investigating chemotherapy showed sex imbalance. Chemotherapy has been used without consideration of sex differences, resulting in disparity of efficacy and toxicity between sexes. Based on accumulating evidence supporting sex differences in chemotherapy, all clinical trials in cancer must incorporate sex differences for a better understanding of biological differences between men and women. In the present review, we summarized the sex differences in (1) incidence and mortality of cancer, (2) genetic and molecular basis of cancer, (3) sex hormones in cancer incidence, and (4) efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy. This review provides useful information for sex-based chemotherapy and development of personalized therapeutic strategies against cancer.

자녀가 지각한 부모의 양육태도 및 성역할 유형과 자녀의 성역할 유형에 따른 진로타협과정에서의 선호도 차이 연구

김경하(Kim, Kyung-Ha) 연세대학교 교육연구소 2012 미래교육학연구 Vol.25 No.1

본 연구는 부모의 양육태도와 성역할 유형에 따른 자녀의 진로타협과정에서의 선호도 차이를 살펴보고, 그 결과를 통해 진로지도가 필요한 청소년들과 부모들에게 기초 자료를 제공하는데 목적을 두었다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모의 양육태도와 자녀의 성역할 유형에 따른 진로타협과정에서의 선호도를 분석한 결과, 아버지의 양육태도에 따른 진로타협과정에서의 선호도는 유의한 차이가 없었고 자녀의 성역할 특성과의 상호작용 효과는 없었다. 그러나 어머니의 양육태도에 따른 진로타협과정에서 선호도는 유의한 경향성을 나타내었다. 둘째, 부모의 성역할 유형과 자녀의 성역할 유형에 따른 진로타협과정에서의 선호도 차이에서는 부모의 성역할에 따른 효과는 없었으나, 자녀의 성역할 유형에 따른 효과는 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 자녀의 성역할 유형에 따른 진로타협과정에서의 선호도 차이는 남성성 그룹, 여성성 그룹 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 남성성이 높은 경우 사회적 명성, 흥미, 성특성 순으로, 여성성이 높은 경우 흥미, 사회적 명성, 성특성의 순으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결과에 근거하여 다음과 같은 결론을 내릴 수 있다. 진로타협과정에서의 선호도에서 부모의 양육태도에 따른 큰 차이는 없다. 다만 어머니의 자율지향적 양육태도는 자녀가 흥미 있는 직업을 선택하는데 영향을 준다고 알 수 있다. 부모의 성역할 유형에 따른 진로타협과정에서의 선호도 차이는 없다. 성역할 유형에 있어서 부모보다 자녀 자신의 성역할 유형이 먼저 고려된다. 즉, 어머니의 양육태도와 자녀의 성역할 유형은 자녀의 진로선택에 영향을 미친다고 결론 내릴 수 있다. 이 연구 결과는 부모 변인에 있어 어머니의 양육태도가 고등학생 자녀의 진로타협과정에 일부분 영향을 미침을 보여주고, 성역할 유형에 있어서는, 부모보다 자녀의 성역할 유형이 진로타협과정에서의 선호도에 영향을 준다는 점을 밝혔다는데 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference of the career compromise preference focused on parent's rearing attitude perceived by adolescents and parents' sex-role differences, children's sex-role differences. Participants were 446 high school students in Gyong-gi Nanyangju and were questioned about their perceived parents' rearing attitudes, parent's sex-role differences and their sex-role differences and interests, sex types of occupation and social prestige which enabled to measure the compromise preference. As a results, participants preferred social prestige and interest than sex types of occupation, and there were significant differences in mother's rearing attitude and children's sex-role differences. When controlled-goal oriented mothers group had a preferred in social prestige, sex type of occupation and interests in order, automous-non goal oriented mothers group had a preferred in interests, social prestige and sex type of occupation. When masculine children group had a preferred in social prestige, interests and sex type of occupation in order, feminine children group had a preferred in interests, social prestige and sex type of occupation respectively. This results imply there were mother' rearing attitude and children's sex-role differences on the finial considering factor of making a career decision to ensure the vocational self-concept.

질투의 성차와 문화차: 한국과 미국 대학생을 대상으로

함진선,이장한 한국심리학회 2006 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.25 No.2

The purpose of the present study was to examine the sex and culture differences in jealousy in romantic relationship. In this study, the assumption that men's jealousy is hypothesized to be particularly concerned with mate's sexual infidelity, whereas women's jealousy is hypothesized to be particularly concerned with mate's emotional infidelity based on the Evolved Jealousy Mechanism (EJM) perspective was proposed. We hypothesized that not only distinctive feature of the sex-specific evolved jealousy mechanism across the culture was replicated, but also the magnitude of the sex differences varies somewhat across cultures was predicted. To test this purpose, 221 university students in Korea and U.S.A were asked to complete the questionnaires and two-way ANOVAs were used to test the data. Results showed that the sex differences in jealousy were robust across these cultures, providing support for the EJM. An interaction between sex and culture as well as main effects for both sex and culture in jealousy and distress for sexual infidelity were revealed. The magnitude of the sex differences varied in large for the United States but small for Koreans. Accordingly, As the men were belonging to the United States at the same time as indicated greater jealousy, and distress to a partner's sexual infidelity. These results might used to understand the sex and culture differences in jealousy in romantic relationship and other culture factors account for the differences should be discussed in future research. 본 연구의 목적은 연애관계에서 나타나는 질투와 질투에 의해 유발되는 스트레스가 성별과 문화권에 따라 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 알아보는데 있다. 이를 위해 진화론적 질투기제(Evolved Jealousy Mechanism)에 근거하여 남성은 자기 짝의 성적 부정에 대해 질투를 더 많이 느끼는 반면, 여성은 정서적 부정에 질투를 더 많이 경험할 것으로 가정하였다. 본 연구에서는 진화론적 질투기제가 문화권에 동일하게 나타나는 것을 반복 검증하는 동시에 문화권에 따라 성차의 크기가 상이할 것으로 예측하였다. 이를 검증하기 위해 한국과 미국 문화권에 거주하고 있는 대학생 221명(한국인 108명, 미국인113명)을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 이원변량분석을 사용하여 자료 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 진화론적 관점의 질투기제 가설이 반복 검증되었다. 구체적으로 성별과 문화권이 질투와 질투로 유발되는 스트레스에 미치는 상호작용 효과뿐만 아니라 성별과 문화권의 주효과도 유의미하였다. 질투의 성차 크기는 문화권에 따라 다르게 나타나 미국의 경우 성차가 큰 반면 한국은 적었다. 미국 문화권에 거주하는 남성일수록 성적 부정에 대한 질투가 강하였고, 이로 인한 스트레스 정도도 높았다. 본 연구의 결과는 성별과 문화권에 따라 질투의 양상이 어떠한 특성을 보이는지에 관한 정확한 이해를 제공해 주며, 질투에 영향을 미치는 문화적 요인에 대한 후속연구의 필요성을 제기한다.

성별에 따른 일화기억 차이에 대한 체계적 고찰

이지영(Lee, Ji-Yeong),박진혁(Park, Jin-Hyuck) 대한신경계작업치료학회 2020 재활치료과학 Vol.9 No.4

목적 : 본 연구는 성별에 따른 일화기억의 차이에 대한 체계적 고찰을 통해 성별에 따른 인지 중재 및관련 연구의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2010년부터 2019년 사이의 문헌을 Cochrane, Google Scholar, KISS, PubMed, PsycINFO 데이터베이스를 통해 검색하였다. 검색 키워드로는 ‘Sex differences’ or ‘Gender differences’ and ‘Episodic memory’ or ‘Autobiographical memory’를 사용하였다. 8편의 연구를 최종적으로 선택하여연구의 질적 수준, 연구 대상자, 일화기억 평가 방법, 주요 측정변수, 수행 결과 분석하였다. 결과 : 총 8편의 연구 질적 수준을 분석한 결과, 수준 Ⅱ에 해당하는 연구 5편(62.5%), 수준 Ⅲ에해당하는 연구는 3편(37.5%)으로 전반적인 질적 수준은 높았다. 분석 결과, 주로 성인과 노인이연구 대상자에 포함되어 있었다. 일화기억 평가 방법은 인지과제 또는 표준화된 검사를 이용하는방법으로 구분되었으며, 시각 또는 청각 자극을 제시한 후 일정 시간이 지난 뒤 자유회상을 실시하고있었으며 그 수행을 측정하였다. 전반적으로 여성이 남성에 비해 높은 수준을 보였고 특히 청각적일화기억에서 뚜렷한 차이를 나타냈다. 반면 시각적 일화기억에서는 성별에 따른 유의한 차이를확인하지 못하였다. 결론 : 성별에 따른 일화기억의 차이를 확인하기 위해 다양한 방식으로 평가를 실시하여 일화기억을 평가하고 있었으며, 전반적으로 여성이 남성보다 높은 수준의 일화기억 수준을 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 임상에서성별의 차이를 고려한 인지적 중재를 시행할 필요성을 시사한다. 후속 연구에서는 생태학적인 타당도를높이기 위해 일화기억 평가가 필요할 것이다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to systematically review sex differences in episodic memory. Methods : We searched previous studies published in all electronic databases between 2010 and 2019. The key terms used in the search were ‘sex differences’ or ‘gender differences’ and ‘episodic memory’ or ‘autobiographical memory’. 8 studies were finally extracted for analysis. Results : The 8 studies had evidence levels of Ⅱ (67.5%) and Ⅲ (37.5%), which are quite high. Healthy younger adults or healthy adults were recruited to examine sex differences in episodic memory. Assessment methods for episodic memory were mainly divided into cognitive tasks or standardized tests using visual or auditory stimuli. Subjects were instructed to memorize the stimuli and asked to recall them after some time. Overall females outperformed male. In particular, there were significant sex differences in verbal episodic memory. In contrast, there was no significant sex difference in visual episodic memory. Conclusion : To identify sex differences in episodic memory, a variety of test methods were used in various ways. Overall, females showed higher episodic memory than males. These findings suggest a need for cognitive intervention considering sex differences in the clinic. In the future, episodic memory tests with high ecological validity should be conducted to investigate sex differences in episodic memory.

편향된 성비 맥락에서 얼굴의 성별에 따른 주의 효과

서경보,김민식 한국인지및생물심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.26 No.1

Previous research suggest that sex-ratio has a huge impact on family structure, economic behavior, and more. The current study was conducted to explore the effects of sex-ratio context on human selective attention. In Experiment 1, each of the two experimental groups read two different versions of a fictitious news article: a male-biased version and a female-biased version. Then, the difference in gaze cueing effect between male and female cues was measured. Female participants in the female-biased group showed a greater gaze cueing effect to male cue stimuli than participants in any other group. That is, in a low sex ratio context (i.e., fewer males), women were more sensitive to attentional guidance from the opposite-sex gaze cue. In Experiment 2, using a letter probe task, we measured the distribution of spatial attention and also added a balanced sex-ratio group. The results showed that women assigned more amount of spatial attention to opposite-sex stimuli in a female-biased context, and less amount of spatial attention to opposite-sex stimuli in a male-biased context. The results of both experiments show that only women showed attentional effects of sex-ratio context. Female-biased context caused women to be more sensitive to attentional guidance from the opposite-sex face stimuli and assign more spatial attention to the opposite-sex face stimuli. Women in a male-biased context assigned less spatial attention to the opposite-sex face stimuli. The results are quite different from previous sex-ratio studies which state that males are more influenced by sex-ratio. This study was the first to show the attentional effects of sex-ratio, and implicates that sex-ratio influences not only socio-economic variables, but cognitive mechanisms as well. 남성과 여성의 비율인 성비는 인간의 가족 구조, 경제적 행동 등에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 성비가 인간의 선택적 주의에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험1에서는 성비가 높거나 낮다는 내용으로 꾸며낸 뉴스기사를 집단 별로 읽도록 하여 성비가 각각 남성편향(남성이 여성보다 많음)이거나 여성편향이라고 생각하게 하였다. 이어서 단서 자극의 성별이 각각 동성이거나 이성일 때 시선단서효과의 크기 변화를 확인하였다. 실험 결과, 여성편향 맥락에서 여성이 이성 단서 자극의 주의 유도에 더욱 민감하게 반응하였다. 실험2에서는 남성편향, 여성편향 조건과 더불어 성비 균형 조건을 추가하였다. 기사를 읽도록 한 후 글자 탐사를 이용하여 각 성별 얼굴 자극에 대한 공간적 주의 배분을 측정하였다. 실험 결과, 여성편향 맥락에서 여성이 이성 자극에 대해 상대적으로 더 많은 주의를 할당하였고, 남성편향 맥락에서는 여성이 이성 자극에 대해 상대적으로 더 적은 주의를 할당하였다. 두 실험 모두에서 시각적 주의에 대한 성비의 영향은 여성에게만 나타났다. 여성편향 맥락은 여성이 이성 자극의 주의 유도에 더욱 민감하게 반응하도록 하는 효과와 이성 자극에 대한 시각적 주의를 더 많이 할당하도록 하는 효과가 있었으며, 남성편향 맥락은 여성이 이성 자극에 대한 시각적 주의를 더 적게 할당하도록 하는 효과가 있었다. 이는 기존의 성비 관련 연구에서 보통 남성에게 성비의 효과가 더 크게 나타났던 것과는 대조적인 결과이다. 본 연구는 주의에 대한 성비의 영향을 최초로 확인한 것이며, 성비가 사회 경제적 변인 뿐 아니라 주의 등의 인지 기제에도 영향을 미침을 시사한다.

한국인의 언어기억과 공간기억의 성차: 메타분석

김홍근,김용숙 한국여성심리학회 2018 한국심리학회지 여성 Vol.23 No.4

Studies involving Westerners as subjects have indicated that women are superior to men in verbal memory capacity, whereas men are superior to women in spatial memory capacity. Given that sex differences in cognitive abilities are sensitive to various sociocultural variables, Korean men and women may or may not show similar sex differences. While some domestic studies have addressed sex differences in memory capacity using Koreans as subjects, it is unknown to what extent sex differences found in these studies are collectively similar to those found in Western studies. To clarify this issue, the present study performed a meta-analysis of 12 domestic studies that have reported relevant data. These studies collectively involved 1876 men and 2936 women. Major results were as follows. First, the meta-analysis provided clear evidence that Korean women are superior to Korean men in verbal memory capacity. Second, the meta-analysis provided partial evidence that Korean men are superior to Korean women in spatial memory capacity. Korean men were superior to Korean women in spatial memory tasks that involved relatively short, but not long, learning time. Lastly, in studies involving adult or elderly samples, men had significantly greater years of education than women. This factor tended to reduce women’s advantage for verbal memory performance and increase mens’ advantage for spatial memory performance. Given that both Western and Korean data indicate female superiority in verbal memory capacity and male superiority in spatial memory capacity, such sex differences are relatively cross-cultural. The causes of these sex differences may include gender differences in hemispheric development and those in social learning, and interactions between the two factors.

Sex-specific Behavioral Features of Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder

전세진,Edson Luck Gonzales,Darine Froy Mabunga,Schley Valencia,김도경,김유정,Keremkleroo Jym L. Adil,신동필,박동현,신찬영 한국뇌신경과학회 2018 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.27 No.5

Sex is an important factor in understanding the clinical presentation, management, and developmental trajectory of children with neuropsychiatric disorders. While much is known about the clinical and neurobehavioral profiles of males with neuropsychiatric disorders, surprisingly little is known about females in this respect. Animal models may provide detailed mechanistic information about sex differences in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in terms of manifestation, disease progression, and development of therapeutic options. This review aims to widen our understanding of the role of sex in autism spectrum disorder, by summarizing and comparing behavioral characteristics of animal models. Our current understanding of how differences emerge in boys and girls with neuropsychiatric disorders is limited: Information derived from animal studies will stimulate future research on the role of biological maturation rates, sex hormones, sex-selective protective (or aggravating) factors and psychosocial factors, which are essential to devise sex precision medicine and to improve diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, there is a strong need of novel strategies to elucidate the major mechanisms leading to sex-specific autism features, as well as novel models or methods to examine these sex differences.

Molecular Markers in Sex Differences in Cancer

Shin, Ji Yoon,Jung, Hee Jin,Moon, Aree Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2019 Toxicological Research Vol.35 No.4

Cancer is one of the common causes of death with a high degree of mortality, worldwide. In many types of cancers, if not all, sex-biased disparities have been observed. In these cancers, an individual's sex has been shown to be one of the crucial factors underlying the incidence and mortality of cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that differentially expressed genes and proteins may contribute to sex-biased differences in male and female cancers. Therefore, identification of these molecular differences is important for early diagnosis of cancer, prediction of cancer prognosis, and determination of response to specific therapies. In the present review, we summarize the differentially expressed genes and proteins in several cancers including bladder, colorectal, liver, lung, and nonsmall cell lung cancers as well as renal clear cell carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The sex-biased molecular differences were identified via proteomics, genomics, and big data analysis. The identified molecules represent potential candidates as sex-specific cancer biomarkers. Our study provides molecular insights into the impact of sex on cancers, suggesting strategies for sex-biased therapy against certain types of cancers.

Molecular Markers in Sex Differences in Cancer

신지윤,정희진,문애리 한국독성학회 2019 Toxicological Research Vol.35 No.4

Cancer is one of the common causes of death with a high degree of mortality, worldwide. In many types of cancers, if not all, sex-biased disparities have been observed. In these cancers, an individual’s sex has been shown to be one of the crucial factors underlying the incidence and mortality of cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that differentially expressed genes and proteins may contribute to sex-biased differences in male and female cancers. Therefore, identification of these molecular differences is important for early diagnosis of cancer, prediction of cancer prognosis, and determination of response to specific therapies. In the present review, we summarize the differentially expressed genes and proteins in several cancers including bladder, colorectal, liver, lung, and nonsmall cell lung cancers as well as renal clear cell carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The sex-biased molecular differences were identified via proteomics, genomics, and big data analysis. The identified molecules represent potential candidates as sex-specific cancer biomarkers. Our study provides molecular insights into the impact of sex on cancers, suggesting strategies for sex-biased therapy against certain types of cancers.