조선총독부의 결핵 인식과 대책

박윤재 한국근현대사학회 2008 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.47 No.-

In 1918, during the Japan’s colonial rule of Korea, Japan’s government-general in Korea announced the ‘Regulation to Prevent Tuberculosis,’ which was about placing spittoons in major public places and sterilizing them. It was a prevention measure based on the idea that tuberculosis is disseminated through body fluids of patients. It was, however, the 1930s when the government-general started to take active measures to prevent tuberculosis. Since the Manchurian Incident in 1931, the range of war that Japan started was growing bigger, and Japan was leading an all-out, total war basis not only in the front line but also in the home front. Under these circumstances, tuberculosis was designated as the most dangerous disease to harm health of its people A tuberculosis sanatorium was grabbing attention as an efficient policy to tackle the disease as a sanatorium isolates patients to stop worries of infection and makes it possible to naturally cure the patients by enhancing their resisting power through recuperation. A sanatorium, however, faced an obstacle, as residents of some candidate places for sanatoriums opposed the foundation of sanatoriums in their residence for fear of the disease. Even after a sanatorium was established, a private sanatorium demanded expenses that were too high for general citizens to afford. After all, in order to efficiently tackle tuberculosis, there was a need for public sanatoriums managed by the government that could accommodate patients living in poverty. Meanwhile, in the mainland Japan, a law to prevent tuberculosis was enacted in 1914, and the number of tuberculosis sanatoriums was on the increase although it does not mean that there were enough sanatoriums. Yet, in Korea, the law to prevent tuberculosis that stipulates a foundation of sanatoriums was not being issued. Furthermore, building tuberculosis sanatoriums that could hospitalize 40,000 patients demanded a budget that the government-general could not afford. After all, without the settlement of the financial issues, all government-general could do in tuberculosis policy was to emphasize prevention through individual health care and hygiene. In 1918, during the Japan’s colonial rule of Korea, Japan’s government-general in Korea announced the ‘Regulation to Prevent Tuberculosis,’ which was about placing spittoons in major public places and sterilizing them. It was a prevention measure based on the idea that tuberculosis is disseminated through body fluids of patients. It was, however, the 1930s when the government-general started to take active measures to prevent tuberculosis. Since the Manchurian Incident in 1931, the range of war that Japan started was growing bigger, and Japan was leading an all-out, total war basis not only in the front line but also in the home front. Under these circumstances, tuberculosis was designated as the most dangerous disease to harm health of its people A tuberculosis sanatorium was grabbing attention as an efficient policy to tackle the disease as a sanatorium isolates patients to stop worries of infection and makes it possible to naturally cure the patients by enhancing their resisting power through recuperation. A sanatorium, however, faced an obstacle, as residents of some candidate places for sanatoriums opposed the foundation of sanatoriums in their residence for fear of the disease. Even after a sanatorium was established, a private sanatorium demanded expenses that were too high for general citizens to afford. After all, in order to efficiently tackle tuberculosis, there was a need for public sanatoriums managed by the government that could accommodate patients living in poverty. Meanwhile, in the mainland Japan, a law to prevent tuberculosis was enacted in 1914, and the number of tuberculosis sanatoriums was on the increase although it does not mean that there were enough sanatoriums. Yet, in Korea, the law to prevent tuberculosis that stipulates a foundation of sanatoriums was not being issued. Furthermore, building tuberculosis sanatoriums that could hospitalize 40,000 patients demanded a budget that the government-general could not afford. After all, without the settlement of the financial issues, all government-general could do in tuberculosis policy was to emphasize prevention through individual health care and hygiene.

요양원 복지사의 임파워먼트가 직무만족에 미치는 영향

곽경자 ( Gyeong Ja Gwak ),이영희 ( Yeong Hee Lee ),최태환 ( Tae Hwan Choi ) 한국노인의료복지학회 2011 노인의료복지연구 Vol.3 No.1

The purpose of the study is to suggest the measure for the improvement of job satisfaction and level of empowerment of sanatoriums` social workers by analyzing factors of empowerments` effect on the job satisfaction, and investigating level of empowerment and job satisfaction of social workers of sanatoriums for the elderly and the handicapped. The result of investigation and analysis on subjects of 420 social workers of sanatoriums for the elderly and the handicapped in Youngnam area for this is as follows: First, job characteristic that is empowerments` influence factor of sanatoriums` social workers is appeared in order of feedback, and function variety, and in organization characteristic is appeared in order of leadership, reward, and employee development. Second, level of empowerment that is recognized by sanatoriums` social workers is appeared a little higher than normal level and significance is appeared highest, and next are capability, self-determination ability, and influence. Third, features that showed significant difference with significance in general characteristic of sanatoriums` social workers were ‘sex’, ‘marital status’, and ‘religion’, and features that showed significant difference with capability were sex, age, marital status, academic background, and employment history. And features that showed significant difference with self-determination ability were sex, age, marital status, and employment history, and features that showed significant difference with influence were sex, age, employment history and types of facilities. Fourth, the whole average of job satisfaction of sanatoriums` social workers was 3.82 out of 5, which is generally high, features that showed significant difference statistically were age, marital status, academic background, employment history, and types of facilities. Thus, job satisfaction was appeared as high as ‘more than age of thirty’ in age, ‘married’ in marital status, ‘under graduates of colleges’ in academic background, and ‘less than three years’ in employment history. Fifth, as for factors that had influence on job satisfaction, the indirect effect with empowerment was appeared that had significant effect in organization characteristic, and had few effect in organization features. On these results, practical measures to increase job satisfaction of sanatoriums` social workers are as follows: First, political approach is required to standardize duty system(by various types of facilities and clients` characteristic) of social workers of sanatoriums for elderly and the handicapped, and help to do the role as professionals with giving better treatment and building self-respect by enough reward. Second, to suggest chances to perform the responsibility for the duty of the scenes by the regular supervision, establish regular supervision system of social workers of sanatoriums for the elderly and the handicapped, and the extension of duty to increase the functional varieties. Third, it is required to motivate to have self confidence for the work and to use potential ability with transforming leadership, and to have more chances of education for the self-development. To increase job satisfaction of sanatoriums` social workers who give direct services in sanatoriums for the elderly and the handicapped, more active and positive empowerment`s level improvement is in need by improvement of empowerment for them.

The Work of Sherwood Hall and the Haiju Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Colonial Korea

PARK Yunjae 대한의사학회 2013 醫史學 Vol.22 No.3

Sherwood Hall established a tuberculosis sanatorium in 1928 in Haeju, Hwanghaedo Province. While founding Haiju Sanatorium, he had to overcome a couple of problems. Firstly, foreign missions could not afford a sanatorium. The Methodist mission that dispatched Hall initially expressed a negative response to his endeavors. Ms. Verburg’s bequest finally enabled Hall to build a sanatorium. The next obstacle was the objections of neighbors. To overcome opposition, Hall called the sanatorium a School of Hygiene for the Tuberculosis. Finding staffs, nurses in particular, was another problem. Hall stressed that, with precautionary measures, there was relatively little risk. Hall tried to furnish the sanatorium with the most modern facilities and make the sanatorium a place where the public was taught to fight against tuberculosis. Furthermore, Hall built a model farm in conjunction with the sanatorium. The farm would work not only as a stock farm for providing milk and meat but also as a field for occupational therapy. In 1932, in order to secure funding for the expansion of the sanatorium, Hall published the first Christmas seals in Korea, using the sale as an opportunity to organize a civil movement. The relationship of the Haiju Sanatorium with the colonial power was very amicable. Hall was able to establish the sanatorium through the generous co-operation of the colonial government. To the colonial power, the establishment of a tuberculosis sanatorium would mean a lessening of the suffering and death rate from tuberculosis. However, the situation changed in the early 1930s. The colonial power ruled out one of its potentially greatest allies, the missionary power. When the Association for Tuberculosis Prevention of Hwanghaedo Province was established, Hall was appointed to none of the major positions. Medical missionaries could be a threat to the colonial power, which wanted to lead the antituberculosis movement. In 1940, Hall was expelled from Korea, being allegedly accused as a spy of America.

The Work of Sherwood Hall and the Haiju Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Colonial Korea

박윤재 대한의사학회 2013 醫史學 Vol.22 No.3

Sherwood Hall established a tuberculosis sanatorium in 1928 in Haeju, Hwanghaedo Province. While founding Haiju Sanatorium, he had to overcome a couple of problems. Firstly, foreign missions could not afford a sanatorium. The Methodist mission that dispatched Hall initially expressed a negative response to his endeavors. Ms. Verburg’s bequest finally enabled Hall to build a sanatorium. The next obstacle was the objections of neighbors. To overcome opposition, Hall called the sanatorium a School of Hygiene for the Tuberculosis. Finding staffs, nurses in particular, was another problem. Hall stressed that, with precautionary measures, there was relatively little risk. Hall tried to furnish the sanatorium with the most modern facilities and make the sanatorium a place where the public was taught to fight against tuberculosis. Furthermore, Hall built a model farm in conjunction with the sanatorium. The farm would work not only as a stock farm for providing milk and meat but also as a field for occupational therapy. In 1932, in order to secure funding for the expansion of the sanatorium, Hall published the first Christmas seals in Korea, using the sale as an opportunity to organize a civil movement. The relationship of the Haiju Sanatorium with the colonial power wasvery amicable. Hall was able to establish the sanatorium through thegenerous co-operation of the colonial government. To the colonial power,the establishment of a tuberculosis sanatorium would mean a lesseningof the suffering and death rate from tuberculosis. However, the situationchanged in the early 1930s. The colonial power ruled out one of itspotentially greatest allies, the missionary power. When the Associationfor Tuberculosis Prevention of Hwanghaedo Province was established,Hall was appointed to none of the major positions. Medical missionariescould be a threat to the colonial power, which wanted to lead the antituberculosismovement. In 1940, Hall was expelled from Korea, beingallegedly accused as a spy of America.

산림요양센타 모델을 위한 기초 연구

金基源 國民大學校 山林科學硏究所 2001 山林科學 Vol.13 No.-

본 연구는 산림의 과학적인 치유효과를 활용하여 심신을 안정시킬 수 있는 산림요양센타를 제안하고 설치 운영하는 방안을 제안한 것이다. 산림요양센타란 심신의 안정이 필요한 사람이 보양 효과가 높은 숲에서 장기간 휴양하면서 요양하는 시설을 말하며 해당 산림을 포함한다. 산림요양센타 설치를 위해서는 사회복지 사업법이나 산림법을 개정해야 한다. 요양센타는 요양림(療養林)으로 지정한 곳에 세울 수 있고, 운영을 위해서는 전문의와 심리학자, 산림치유사나 원예치료사, 그리고 숲해설가 등이 협력해야 한다. 도입활동은 크게 7가지 그룹으로 산림치유 활동, 음이온 흡입활동, 정적 휴양, 지형요법, 대기/물치료, 자연(숲)관찰, 오락 등이다. 주요 시설들은 산림욕장, 방향식물원, 각종 음이온 발생 분수시설, 요양음악감상시설, 지형요법 산책로, 식물관찰로, 야외잔디광장, 요양상담실 등이다. 시설 규모는 30명을 최소 수용인원으로 했을 때 1인당 169㎡씩 약 5,070㎡, 1인당 거실면적은 콘도형일 경우 약33㎡(침실, 거실, 욕실, 주방), 공동 취사할 경우엔 약 23㎡(침실, 거실, 욕실)이다. 전국을 산림요양자원의 입지적 특성에 따라 7개 권역으로 구분하여 각 권역에서 1곳씩 요양림의 요건을 갖춘 곳을 선별하여 공공기관에서 시범적으로 운영해 볼 수 있다. This study deals with the proposal of a forest sanatorium to set the human body and mind at ease using the healing power of the forest, and an outline of how to set this up and manage it. The forest sanatorium including its forest is a facility in which those people who need a rest of body and mind recreate and heal themselves for an extended visit. To construct a sanatorium, it is basically necessary to revise social welfare law and forest law. This can be constructed as a forest designated as a therapeutic forest. For sanatorium management it is necessary to collaborate with medical experts, psychologists, forest therapists, horticultural therapists, and forest instructors. There are 7 activity groups to be introduced in the sanatorium: forest therapy, negative ion inhalation, quiet recreation, terrain cure, sun- and watercure, nature observation and light amusement. The main facilities are the forest aromatic bath ground, aromatic botanical garden, water-related facilities, terrain cure path, plant observation trails, cure music facility, lawn ground, cure counsel room, and so on. The area of a sanatorium for a minimum capacity of 30 persons is about 5,070㎡, or 169㎡ per person. The living space is ca. 33㎡ for a condominium type and 23㎡ for a common kitchen type. Depending on the site characteristics of forest resources the total forest land is divided into 7 regions, and in each region one sanatorium can be managed by a public agency.

정신요양시설 거주인의 건강 실태 및 정책 대안

조한진,이승홍 대한통합의학회 2022 대한통합의학회지 Vol.10 No.2

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to directly understand the health condition of residents of mental health sanatoriums nationwide, which has been difficult to ascertain in surveys conducted to date. The study presents specific measures for improving the health of these residents. Methods : A "physical examination questionnaire for residents of mental health sanatoriums" was developed to check the basic physical condition of residents, and 20 out of 59 mental health sanatoriums nationwide were randomly selected. Medical personnel visited the sanatoriums, interviewing and examining the residents in person. A total of 396 health surveys were completed. Results : Many of the residents were underweight but had abdominal obesity. It was confirmed that chronic diseases among the residents were not diagnosed early or were not properly managed. Among the subjective symptoms complained of by the residents, musculoskeletal symptoms were the most common. Oral examinations revealed a serious level of oral health problems among the residents, including dental caries and missing teeth. Basic physical examinations found health problems that required additional examination or medical treatment. Blood pressure abnormalities made up the highest percentage of the health problems. Conclusion : Regular health surveys are needed to determine the health condition of residents of mental health sanatoriums. Access to and quality of primary medical services within the sanatoriums need to be dramatically improved. A delivery system for severe diseases and emergency medical care in the sanatoriums should also be specifically presented. The residents should be notified upon admission and during their stay that they have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of mental and physical health. The issue of health rights should be addressed within a larger framework of reorganizing management plans for people in the community ― not only residents ― with chronic mental illness.

요절의 질병에서 관리의 일상으로 - 한국근대소설 속 결핵의 근대성과 식민성(2)

김주리 상허학회 2015 상허학보 Vol.43 No.-

This study aims to search the representation of Tuberculosis as a chronic epidemic and the meaning of an isolation ward and a sanatorium in which the T.B. patient is isolated, cured and is under medical treatment in the Modern Korean Novels after 1928, founded the Haeju sanatorium. Haeju sanatorium presents the changes of knowledge and representation on the T.B. from an acute infection to a chronic disease, so the T.B was not a fear problem of contagion but a control problem of recuperation in 1930s. In <Polygon of Love>, <Love> etc., Yi, Kwangsu shows the narrative of platinic love and relief between the T.B. patient and nurse at Haeju sanatorium. In <love>, the sanatorium is described like a religious paradise in which a holy life and practice asceticism is appeared. But for a sanatorium named to a paradise, out of the sanatorium, the real world appears that the colonial people was pained, baffled and exasperated by the Fascism. Yi, Kwangsu's work, <Lightless> describes a miserable prison for disease and so shows the falsehood of the sanatorium paradise and the reality of colony as the isolation ward. 이 글은 1928년 해주요양소 설립 이후 근대소설에서, 만성 전염병으로서 결핵의 표상을 분석하고 피병원과 요양소 같은 치료와 격리, 요양이 이루어지는 공간의 형상화에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 요양소의 설치는 ‘급성 전염병’이 아니라 ‘만성 질환’으로 결핵에 대한 지식과 표상의 변화를 나타내며, 1930년대에 결핵은 치명적 전염병이 주는 공포보다는 요양과 섭생을 통한 관리의 문제로 부각된다. 『사랑의 다각형』과 『사랑』등에서 이광수는 해주 요양소를 배경으로 폐결핵 환자와 간호사의 정신적인 사랑과 구원의 서사를 보여준다. 『사랑』에서 성스러울 정도로 경건한 가르침을 수행하는 공간으로서 요양원은 종교적 낙원으로 그려진다. 그러나 요양소가 낙원으로 명명되기 위해서는 요양소 외부의 열악하고 억압받는 현실과 그 현실 가운데 분노하고 슬퍼하며 소모되는 온갖 인간들이 노정될 수밖에 없다. 이광수의 『무명』은 감옥이란 극단적인 공간을 그림으로써 요양소 이상향의 허위를 드러내며, 식민지 현실 속 만성 전염병 결핵이 내포하는 격리 공간의 비참한 실상을 형상화한다.

近代中国结核疗养院实态: 以牯岭普仁医院为中心

瞿艳丹 인천대학교 중국학술원 2020 비교중국연구 Vol.1 No.1

This paper probes the history of Kuling Medical Mission General Hospital and Tuberculosis Sanatorium. It analyzes the process of adopting overseas sanatorium models in China with the influence of foreign medical missionaries from the late Qing Dynasty to the establishment of the Republic of China. In the early 20th century, through the development and promotion of foreign missionaries, Kuling became a famous summer attraction and health resort. Kuling Medical Mission General Hospital, which was born under the missionary model, remained devoted to preaching to patients to significant effect even in the anti-Christian movement and the Northern Expedition. The Nanjing National Government had the intention of creating public tuberculosis sanatoriums, but such desires failed to materialize due to practical impediments. As a result, individuals, medical missionaries, doctors, and charitable organizations successfully constructed modern China’s tuberculosis sanatorium. 本文通过钩沉牯岭普仁肺结核疗养院的历史,分析清末至民国时期医疗传教士将海外疗养院模式移植至中国的过程,解明不同历史时期肺结核疗养院经历的变革及呈现的风貌。20世纪初期,牯岭在外国传教士的开发及宣传之下成为中外人士熟知的避暑、疗养胜地。诞生于医疗传教模式之下的普仁医院一直注重向病人传教,在非基督教运动及北伐的影响之下,也作出相应的转型。南京国民政府虽有创设公立结核疗养院的意图,但由于现实原因,迟迟未得实现。近代中国政府无力推进的结核疗养院建设事业,实由医疗传教士、医师、慈善机构等个人或团体完成。

한센인의 ‘요양소 가는 길’ 연구 -장편소설 '낙화유수'와 재일교포 환우수기 '형극의 반생기'를 중심으로-

오현석 부산외국어대학교 다문화연구소 2023 다문화사회와 교육연구 Vol.13 No.-

This paper dealt with the identity problems and otherization problems that Hansen’s people face in the process of visiting the leprosy sanatorium. The “road to leprosy sanatorium” was functioned to recognize and grasp themselves objectively. The full-length novel “NAKHWAYUSU” describes many moments of pain that the main character Kim Baek-soo experienced on his way to the leprosy sanatorium. Zainichi Korean Hansen people of 川野順’s work describes the process of the author going to the leprosy sanatorium after being diagnosed with Hansen’s disease in Japan. And they are accept their existence, which has changed from before, on the way to the leprosy sanatorium. 본 논문은 한센인이 한센병 요양소를 찾아가는 과정에서 겪게 되는 정체성 문제와 타자화 문제를 다루었다. ‘요양소 가는 길’은 단순히 한센인들이 물리적으로 걸어가는 길이 아니다. 일반인으로 살아오다가 한센병을 진단받고 사회적 타자가 된 자신에게 적응이 필요했다. 그래서 ‘요양소 가는 길’은 한센인으로서의 자신의 정체성을 확립해 가는 과정이라 할 수 있다. 장편소설 낙화유수 는 주인공 김백수가 요양소로 가는 과정에서 겪게 된 수많은 고통의 순간들을 서술하고 있다. 재일한센인 川野順의 형극의 반생기 는 작가가 일본에서 한센병 진단 후 요양소로 가는 과정을 서술하고 있다. 특히 이 작품은 조선인이자 한센인으로 살아온 이중의 마이너리티 속에서 겪은 차별과 배제를 잘 반영하고 있다. 이 두 작품에서 그들은 요양소 가는 길 위에서 이전과는 달라진 자신의 존재를 인정하고, 이해하고, 받아들이기 위한 깨달음을 얻었다. 더 나아가 이를 통해 자기를 객관화하여 자신의 정체성을 확립하고자 했다.

식민지 대만의 「나단가(癩短歌)」를 읽는다 - 낙생원(楽生院)위안회 『만수과(万寿果)』 를 중심으로

호시나 히로노부 연세대학교 국학연구원 2019 동방학지 Vol.187 No.-

This paper examines Taiwan’s “leprosy literature,” particularly the genre of tanka, through Papayas, a publication by Losheng Sanatorium for Hansen’s disease patients in colonial Taiwan. The proliferation of leprosy literature coincides with the inauguration of Japanization Movement within Taiwan. Particularly, the “leprosy tanka” became widely distributed as Takenori Shibayama began selecting tankas for the sanatorium’s publication, Papaya, since January, 1937. The paper interrogates the complex interplay between colonialism and exclusion and discrimination of leprosy patients by questioning the ways in which the leprosy literature in colonial Taiwan differs from that of Japan. 이 논문은 식민지 대만의 한센병 요양소 <낙생원>에서 발간된 『만수과』(Papayas)라는 잡지를 중심으로, 대만의 나(癩) 문학 중 특히 나 단가를 고찰했다. 낙생원은 1930년 12월에 대만총독부가 설립하는데, 일종의 형무소나 수용소처럼 여겨져 도망자가 많았다. 대만에서 나 문학이 왕성해진 시기는 일본에 의한 황민화 운동이 시작된 시기와 거의 중첩된다. 특히 1937년 1월부터 시바야마 다케노리가 요양소 잡지 『만수과』의 단가를 선정하는 역할을 하면서 나 단가가 활발히 소개된다. 이처럼 식민지 대만의 나문학이 일본의 나문학과 어떤 점에서 같고 다른가를 물음으로써, 식민주의에 의한 배제·차별과 한센병에 의한 배제·차별이 어떻게 서로 복합적으로 작용했는가를 밝혔다.