디자인 정책의 집행 체계 확립

금진우 ( Jin Woo Keum ) 한국정보디자인학회 2004 정보디자인학연구 Vol.7 No.-

어떤 훌륭한 정책이 형성되었더라도, 그것이 효율적으로 집행되지 않으면 그 정책은 쓸모가 없게 된다. 따라서 정책의 집행은 정책의 형성 못지않게 중요시되며, 정책 과정에 소요되는 비용이 클 때 정책 집행의 중요성은 더욱 강조된다. 1990년대 이후, 디자인과 디자인 산업에 대한 정부의 정책적 지원이 눈에 띄게 늘어났다. 그러나 정부가 육성하려는 산업들은 국제 경쟁력을 갖지 못하거나 과잉 투자로 인해 부작용이 초래되었다는 비판이 있듯이, 디자인 정책 집행 역시 그 내용과 규모에 비해 그 결과는 만족한 수준이 되지 못하였다. 이런 비판은 정부의 디자인 지원 정책이 합리적이고 효율적으로 집행되지 못하였음을 암시한다. 디자인 정책 집행 과정의 속성으로 정책 해석, 집행 계획, 조직화, 집행 관료의 확보, 통제와 감청, 위기 관리, 공공 관계 등을 들 수 있다. 정책 집행은 복합적이자 역동적이며, 시한적 과정이기 때문에 그 중요성의 우선 순위는 대체로 상황적 관점에서 결정되어야 한다. 디자인 정책을 효율적으로 집행하기 위한 집행 체계에는 몇 가지 전제 조건이 따른다. 첫째, 디자인 정책의 집행은 기업과 디자인 관련 단체뿐 아니라 일선 디자이너들의 참여와 지지가 없으면 그 효율성은 기대하기 어렵다. 둘째, 디자인 정책의 집행은 능률성보다는 효과성에 역점을 두어야 한다. 셋째, 산업과 경제 구조 및 시대와 문화적 상황에 따라 디자인 정책의 효율성이 달라진다. 따라서 효율적인 디자인 정책 집행 체계의 구축을 시도하면서, 정부가 디자인 정책 집행을 위해 단계별로 유념해야 할 내용들을 제시하였다. 디자인 정책 집행 체계는 단기간에 개발되고 실행되는 것이 아니기에 디자인 정책 담당자들은 중 단기적인 문제들을 해결하는 데 역점을 두어야 한다. 나아가 효율적인 정책 집행을 위해서는 집행과정을 총체적 시각으로 보아야 한다. 결국 디자인 정책의 집행은 지속적인 정치적, 경제적, 사회적, 문화적 환경의 개선을 통해 효율성을 극대화 할 수 있다. Any good policy will be useless if it is not efficiently implemented. Therefore, the policy implementation is as important as the policy formation is and the importance of policy implementation is more emphasized when many expenditures are required in the course of policy. Since 1990`s, the policy support of the government for design and design industry has remarkably increased. However, it is criticized that the industries to be fostered by the government, are not equipped with the international competitive power or caused side effects due to the excessive investment, and the implementation of design policy also did not reach the satisfactory level in comparison of its contents and scale. This criticism indicates that the design support policy of the government was not implemented reasonably and efficiently. The properties of design policy implementation course include the policy interpretation, implementation plan, organization, securing implement officials, control and superintendence, risk management, public relations, etc. The policy implementation is complex, dynamic and time-limited so the priority of its importance should be determined from the situational point of view in general. To implement the design policy efficiently, the implementation system shall meet several preconditions. First, it is hard to expect the efficiency of design policy implementation without participation and support of frontline designers as well as enterprises and design-related groups. Second, the implementation of design policy shall focus on the effect rather than on the efficiency. Third, the efficiency of design policy varies with the industry, economic structure, times and cultural situations. Therefore, I proposed something to be kept in mind by stages when the government implements the design policy while trying to establish the efficient design policy implementation system. As the design policy implementation system cannot be developed and implemented in a short time, persons in charge of design policy shall give priority to solve the middle-and-short term problems. Furthermore, we have to look the implementation course from a general point of view for the efficient policy implementation. After all, the implementation of design policy can maximize its efficiency through the continuous improvement of politic, economic, social and cultural environments.

대북 인도적 지원정책의 집행실패요인 분석: 정책결정과 정책집행의 연계성을 중심으로

이광훈,김권식 세종연구소 2008 국가전략 Vol.14 No.4

In spite of continued international society's Humanitarian Assistance to North Korea since 1995, the humanitarian crisis of North Korean people still remains precarious. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the cause of this policy implementation failure and to provide an implication for desirable unification policy in the near future. The analytical model of this study includes 4 sets of policy implementation factors(policy target group, policy instruments, implementation participants, implementation structure) and 3 sets of policy-making factors(policy goal, policy-making participants, policy-making structure) and 3 sets of linkage factors(causalty between policy goal and instrument, mutual adaptation between policy decision-makers and implementators, policy shareness between policy-making structure and implementation structure) These all factors determine if a policy implementation succeeds or fails. Resulting from failure of substantial institutionalization of Governance, the policy implementation problems of Humanitarian Assistance to North Korea are as follows: mass death by starvation, chronic food shortage and aggravated health status. To sum up, this study shows the following research results: First, failure of monitoring caused by policy non-compliance of North Korean authorities. Second, irrelevancy of regulatory and incentive policy instruments. Third, relief NGOs' difficulty in fund-raising and lack of specialty. Fourth, inefficient implementation system without network organization. These 4 determinants in policy implementation process originate from 3 policy decision-making factors. First, in terms of policy contents: unclear goal setting, collision of agents' goals, contradiction between upper and lower goals. Second, in terms of policy participants: conflict by policy-making participants divided into 2 policy advocacy coalition. Third, in terms of policy structure: closed unification policy network structure of policy decision-making. Finally, we find 3 linkage such factors as uncausalty between goals and instruments, mutual maladaptation between decision-makers and implementators, deficiency of policy networking in policy structure. 본 연구는 대북 인도적 지원정책 집행실패의 요인을 정책집행과 정책결정간의 연계성이라는 맥락에서 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해서 Winter의 통합모형을 근간으로 재구성한 정책집행-정책결정 연계성 모형을 통해 정책집행과 정책결정의 상호관련성을 조명함으로써 집행실패의 문제에 접근하고 있다. 기존의 대북정책집행관련 연구들은 거시적인 이론적 조망에 기반한 것이거나 혹은 이론적 기초가 빈약한 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 단지 실제 정책집행에 활용하기 위한 실태 분석 및 개선책 도출의 단계를 넘어 분석적·이론적인 틀에 기초하여 문제의 원인을 학술적·체계적으로 탐색하고자 하였다. 분석대상은 1995년 이후 노무현 정부에 이르는 우리나라의 대북 인도적 지원정책이다. 분석결과 대북 인도적 지원 정책의 집행실패는 정책결정-집행 거버넌스의 실질적 제도화가 이루어지지 못한데 기인하는 것으로 잠정 결론을 내릴 수 있었다. 본 연구의 정책집행이론적 분석틀은 실제 정책현장에서 발생할 수 있는 정책문제들과 집행 실패 상황의 요인을 중층적 차원에서 다각도로 규명할 수 있게 해주며 동시에 집행현장과 괴리된 탁상공론을 지양하고 현장의 맥락에서 정책 상황을 진단하여 보다 실질적인 정책 대안을 탐색할 수 있게 해준다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.

딥러닝 기반의 돼지 호흡기 질병 식별

이종욱 ( Jonguk Lee ),조현석 ( Hyun Seok Cho ),박대희 ( Daihee Park ),정용화 ( Yongwha Chung ) 한국정보처리학회 2017 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.24 No.2

본 논문에서는 이유자돈의 건강에 심각한 문제를 발생시키고, 농가의 생산성을 급격하게 저하시키는 돼지 호흡기 질환을 효과적으로 식별하는 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 먼저, 돼지가 내는 소리에서 스펙트로그램 정보를 추출한다. 추출된 정보는 최근 각광을 받고 있는 딥러닝 기법 중 하나인CNN에 적용되어, 효과적인 특징으로 변환된 후 돼지 호흡기 질환을 탐지 및 식별한다. 세종시에 위치한 돼지농장에서 취득한 실제 소리 데이터 셋을 이용하여 본 논문에서 제안하는 소리 센서 환경에서의 돼지 호흡기 질병 탐지 시스템의 성능을 실험적으로 검증한다.

지방자치단체의 국가정책 집행 실효성 확보를 위한 사례연구

김필두 ( Pil-doo Kim ),류영아 ( Young-aa Ryoo ) 한국지방행정연구원 2009 한국지방행정연구원 기본연구과제 Vol.2009 No.-

본 연구는 전국적으로 통일된 행정서비스를 제공하는 것으로 중앙에서 결정한 정책들이 실제 지방에서는 각기 다르게 집행되는 문제에 주목하면서 시작하였다. 정책이 본래의 의도대로 집행되지 못하고 왜곡되는 현상은 국민생활에 불편을 줄 뿐만 아니라 국가와 지방자치단체에게 행·재정적인 피해를 줄 수 있고 의도한 정책 효과를 달성하지 못한다는 점에서 낭비와 비효율성이 야기될 수 있다. 따라서 국가정책이 당초 의도했던 정책 목표를 효과적으로 달성하기 위한 전략의 모색이 필요하게 되었다. 이에, 본 연구는 중앙에서 결정한 정책이 지방에서 집행되는 실태를 분석하여 중앙의 정책이 지방에서 일관성있게 집행될 수 있는 방안을 모색하였다. 본 연구의 이론적 측면은 정책집행과 관련한 국내외 문헌분석, 정부간 관계, 갈등관리, 순응과 불응 등 다양하게 이루어졌다. 이러한 기존의 문헌들을 검토하여 불완전한 국가정책 집행을 분석하는 분석틀을 구상하였다. 본 연구의 실제적 측면은 중앙의 의도대로 집행되고 있지 않는 정책사례들을 심층분석하여 각 사례가 가지고 있는 개별적 문제점과 공통적 문제점을 도출하고, 중앙정부 공무원과 지방자치단체 공무원을 대상으로 설문조사와 심층면담을 실시하여 향후 바람직한 국가정책 집행의 실효성 확보방안을 제시하였다는데 있다. 실태 분석과 설문조사 분석을 통해 도출된 본 연구의 연구 결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중앙정부와 지방자치단체의 의사소통과 협력이 선행되어 불필요한 갈등과 자원 낭비를 막아야 한다. 즉, 거버넌스 차원에서 중앙정부와 지방자치단체가 수평적인 정책파트너로서의 긴밀한 관계를 구축하는 것이 필요하다. 이를 위해서는 협력에 대한 제도적 유인장치를 마련하거나 행정의 분권화를 추진하는 전략이 선행되어야 한다. 또한, 중앙정부와 지방자치단체 간의 지속적인 정보의 교류 활동과 중앙과 지방 간 연계 시스템(협력 시스템)을 구축하는 전략이 필요하다. 둘째, 중앙정부 차원에서 정책의 정당성을 확보해야 한다. 정책이 정당성을 인정받기 위해서는 정책목표가 명확하게 설정되어야 하고, 정책의 개념정의나 관련 용어가 분명해야 하며, 정책에 대한 합리적인 근거가 필요하다. 또한, 정책의 합법성을 확보해야 한다. 정책의 합법성을 확보하기 위해서는 정책과 관련된 법규들을 일관성있게 조정하고 수정, 보완하여 관련 법률 간의 중복·상치가 없도록 해야 한다 또한 전체적인 정책과정에 대한 표준 매뉴얼을 작성·보급하는 방안도 제안할 수 있다. 표준 매뉴얼에는 정책의 목표, 각 용어설명, 정책집행시 지방자치단체가 가질 수 있는 재량의 정도 및 범위 등을 한정하여 중앙과 지방간의 불필요한 대립이 발생하지 않도록 해야 한다. 중앙정부는 결정된 정책을 집행하는 지방자치단체에 대한 특성·실정을 파악하는 작업이 필요하고 지방자치단체의 정책추진 역량을 분석하는 작업이 필요하다. 셋째, 지방자치단체 차원에서는 중앙정부의 정책지침이나 표준 매뉴얼을 바탕으로 하여 그 지역의 특수한 여건 등을 반영한 자체적인 정책집행 계획을 수립하는 작업이 필요하다. 또한 집행에 필요한 인적·물적 자원을 확보하는 작업 또한 중요하다. 설문조사와 심층면담 결과 모두 지방자치단체의 인적·물적 자원부족을 지적하고 있는데, 집행에 필요한 자원을 확보하는 것이 정책의 성공적인 집행에 반드시 필요한 요소라는 점을 간과해서는 안될 것이다. 또한, 중앙정부가 결정한 정책이 원래의 의도대로 집행될 수 있기 위해서는 정책을 실제로 집행하는 지방자치단체가 집행 상의 재량을 확보하여 정책에 대한 지방자치단체의 순응과 지지를 확보하는 것이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. PURPOSE Many policies for achieving national objectives for instance the promotion the welfare of the people, the activity of local economics, and improvement of the quality of life are being made every year. However, these national policies have a big problem when local governments implement, these national policies are different from the original intention that central government determine. In other words, though central government decide a nationally uniform policies, these national policies are implemented differently in reality. In particular, since the advent of popularly elected local government heads and the heads of local government autonomy has been strengthened, the symptoms of national policy distortion are often found. Distortion of national policies are caused the inconvenience to people’s lives as well as the administrative and financial damage to central government and local governments. Also, as the national policies do not achieve the intended policy effects, the waste and inefficiency can be caused Therefore, there need to explore a strategy how national policy achieve its originally intended policy objectives effectively. However, there is likely to cause centralization if we require local governments which have variety of environments and situations of uniform policy implementation. In other words, national policy implementation at the local government level needs the essence of the local autonomy and the effective national policy implementation. In addition, local governments should not implement every policies decided in central government uniformly. Some policies required unity and national interests are asked to enforce a consistent position. The uniform policy implementation could cause the problem that we disregarded the attributes of various local governments and violated the fundamental principles of local autonomy. In other words, we face with a moment to develop the policy implementation principle of coexistent with both the central and local governments. This study analyze the actual conditions of policy implementation in local governments and seek for plans how national policy implement consistently across the local governments. The purpose of this study states that find out various barriers and other distorting factors occurred during the policy implementation, and seek for some solutions. To achieve the purpose of this study, we search for domestic and international policy theory, analyze the actual conditions and current problems of the policy implementation, and propose the future development device. This study focuse on policy making of central government and policy implementation of local governments. Despite the importance of the connection between policy making of the central government and policy implementation of the local governments, the in-depth discussion has not currently being began to emphasize. We expect that this study is a scientific contributions through a variety of academic concepts and theoretical approaches related policy implementation. In addition, we analyze the actual conditions, status, causes, issues, and problems of policy implementation in local governments, and provide informations what local governments want to have when they implement national policy without distortion. In other words, this study has political implications that national policy can be carried out as intended. SCOPE The contents scope of this study are as follows. First, we examine the concepts and significance of the policy making and implementation and analyze domestic and international theories regarding policy. Second, we constitute the policy implementation framework based on the analysis elements, variables, and indicators derived from theories. Third, we analyze the actual conditions and problems of the national policy implementation and national policy distortion. Fourth, we propose the future development device what the central and local governments want to, when they are faced the problems. The object scope of this study are as follows. First, we search the national policy which is needed the unity but actually is implemented separately by regions, and analyze it deeply. Second, if the policy has its problems when central government makes that policy, we find out what the problem is. Third, we analyze the central government and local government officials, and in-depth interview survey was conducted to investigate. This will be complementary materials for current level of the case. METHODS We use a case study analysis methods, a survey targeting stakeholders and experts, and a depth interviews targeting stakeholders and experts. First, the cases analyzed in this study were selected from the Auditor’s 'Audit Report’, the 'Public Satisfaction Surveys’ about government’s major policy challenges, 'Quality Improvement Practices’ of state policy coordination, the ‘Joint Assessment Report’ of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security. National policies which is not intended implemented were selected. Case study examples of this study were selected from the principle of selection cases, chosen according to the brainstorming process for experts and officials of local governments, and fixed finally four cases. Second, in surveys we compared the recognition of the central government officials and local government officials. The Central government officials targets of the survey were the Ministry of Knowledge Economy(plant-related regulations), the Ministry of Environment(diesel vehicle emissions reduction projects), the National Emergency Management Agency(flood damage prevention and repair projects), the Ministry of Public Administration and Security and the Committee and the regional balance(local government fiscal assistance business). The Local government officials targets of the survey were the metropolitan area(Seoul, Incheon), Chungcheong area(Chungcheongnam Province), Jeolla area (Jeollabuk Province), Gyeongsang area(Gyeongsangnam Province). In particular, we executed the quantitative analysis utilized the SPSS 14.0K to compare the perception of the central and local government officials, Third, in-depth interviews was conducted to government officials who belongs to the Metropolitan area, Chungcheong area, Jeolla area, Gyeongsang area. The in-depth interviews gave some informations what local governments want to get when they should implement national policy uniformly. THEORETICAL STUDY We analyzed the meaning and location of policy implementation in the whole policy process by collecting literature. We listed the theory related to the policy implementation, because we explained the success of policy implementation and the achievement of policy objectives. In addition, we included the inter-governmental relations theory, conflict management theories, and the host agent theory, because we analyzed the relationships between central and local governments. As you confirm in the theoretical analysis in this study, policy making and policy implementation influence each other so they have the mutual relationship. In addition, as the central and local governments have horizontal and comparable relationship rather than vertical relationship, they could amplify the conflict. FRAMEWORK We included the theories of the policy implementation and past researches of the leading scholars, and divided several factors into the policy itself factors and the factors associated with policy implementation. We made the framework by Policy variables, Environment variables, Central government variables, Local government variables from two factors. We selected the obscurity of policy, the lack of validity of causal theory, the conflict of interest about the results of the policy indicators as the Policy variables. We selected the change of environment, the obscurity of business separation, the differences in political vision, the discrimination of resource distribution indicators as the Environment variables. We selected the constraints of policy-making technologies, a central sticking vested interests, the weak central government control indicators as the Central government variables. We selected the discretion of local authorities, the local self-seeking, the lack of capacity of local governments indicators as the Local governments variables. CASE STUDY We Analyzed the cases of the 'Plant-related regulations' 'Diesel vehicle emissions reduction projects’, ‘Flood damage prevention and repair projects’, and ‘Local government fiseal assistance projects’. ‘Plant-related regulations’ have green standards disagreed with laws. There is a problem to management. In addition, the standards require citizens too many documents to establish a plant. So few citizens utilize it. This case is an example of the lack of central government’s regulatory, so policy itself is unclear. ‘Diesel vehicle emissions reduction projects’ have problems that there are no sanctions against no measurement of previous state. In other words, management is not enough. This case is an example of the business distinction between the Minis仕y of the Environment Agency and Local Environmmt is unclear. 'Flood damage prevention and repair projects’ have problems of the site map and site investigations are not thoroughgoing enough. This case is an example of the weak central government control. ‘Local government fiscal assistance projects’ have problems that different local governments were subsidized by the central government unlike true. This case is an example of the excessive discretion of local governments. SURVEY RESULTS As a result of empirical study, we found that we need to analyze the policy implementation steps because survey respondents responded that the policy implementation was insufficient in all stages of policy. First, we could emphasize the problems of the policy environment is bigger than those of policy itself, the central government, and the local governments. In other words, survey respondents responded that the policy(business) could not achieve its objectives because of the problems of the policy environment rather than other problems. In the future, we need to preview the change of the policy environment and prepare a scenario about some changes before policy implementation. Second, survey respondents responded that the lack of logical connection between policy making and implementation, the differences in political vision between the central and local governments, the constraints of policy-making technologies, the local self-seeking, and the lack of capacity of local governments were pointed out as obstacles. It proves the point that several indicators of the framework suggested obstacles of the implementation of the policy. Third, survey respondents responded that the interests between central and local governments are conflicted and the work classification was unclear between central and local governments. We recognize the role separation and function allocation between the central and local governments are necessarily needed Fourth, central government survey respondents responded that the local self-seeking and the local government’s abuse of discretion are the major obstacles of the implementation of the policy. Local government survey respondents responded that a central sticking vested interests, the strong control power of the central government are the major obstacles of the implementation of the policy. In other words, a difference of opinion between response groups could be seen. This means cooperation and coordination between the central and local governments should be built into the system. Fifth, survey respondents most commonly responded that the lack of validity of causal theory indicators among the Policy variables. This expose as the policy itself lacked causality and logical connection between policy making and implementation, so policy making and implementation were not connected consistently. Sixth, survey respondents most commonly responded that the differences in political vision between the central and local governments indicators among the Environment variables. This expose as the differences in political vision between the central and local governments occurred in the process of the national policy making and implementation, the national policy didn’t implement intendedly. Seventh, survey respondents most commonly responded that a central sticking vested interests indicators among the Central government variables. This expose as the central government emphasized their vested interests while the central government made the national policy decisions, so the national policy rather didn’t implement smoothly. Eighth, survey respondents most commonly responded that the local self-seeking indicators among the Local governments variables. This expose as the local governments emphasized their region rather than the entire countries, so the local governments are interested in the development of their region and the national policy didn’t implement smoothly. DEPTH INTERVIEW RESULTS We examine the depth interview to government officials who belongs to the Metropolitan area, Chungcheong area, Jeolla area, Gyeongsang area. First, interviewee pointed out that the policy made by the central government had the complexity and vagueness of the concept and content, so the policy itself was unclear. Second, the contents of laws were unrealistic and duplicated. Each laws were incompatible with other laws. So, interviewee pointed out that policy making and implementation are a separate form. Third, the law provided a large frame. And as practical details were ambiguous, the implementation of the policy itself is difficult. Fourth, as the human and material resources for policy implementation were insufficient, the implementation of the policy was difficult. In other words, as the number of civil servants responsible for policy implementation was short, and the budget support of central government was lack, the policy implementation has not made as the original intent. RECOMMENDATIONS Finally, we suggest some policy recommendations. Following recommendations would be important considerations to develop national policies implementation. We need a relations establish between the nature of local autonomy and effective implementation of national policy, because national policy should be implemented uniformly at the level of local governments. Of course, all the policies made by central government should not implemented uniformly. This means that if we require unity of policy implementation and national interests, local governments should implemented uniformly the national policy. In fact, so that we apply the results of this study, the consideration of several factors should be involved. In particular, the central and local governments communicate and cooperate each other, and they should prevent unnecessary conflict and waste of resources. In other words, the central and local governments need to make a close relationship as a horizontal policy partners in the governance dimension. To accomplish this,the institutional lure of cooperation and the strategy of administrative decentralization should be followed. In addition, the continued flow of information over the central and local governments is needed. A strategy to build the cooperative systems between the central and local governments is needed. In addition, we can suggest various detailed plan which each actors should be achieved. First, the central government should ensure the legitimacy of the policy. Policy can be admitted its’ legitimacy that policy objectives are clearly set. And the definition of concepts and related terms should be obvious. Reasonable basis for the policy is needed And we should ensure the legality of the policy. So that we ensure the legality of the policy, we control and modify the regulations related to the policy. In other words, overlap and conflict between laws should not be existed. In addition, we need the central government’s policy guidelines and standards manual in the overall policy. The central government would make and distribute the central government’s policy guidelines and standards manual. In guidelines and standards manual have the policy objectives, description of each term, and must be limited some discretions the local government can have. In other words, unnecessary conflict between the central and the local governments should avoid. The central government needs to figure out the attributes and actual conditions of local governments. And the central government needs to analyze the operation abilities of the local governments. Second, the local governments required their own plans of the policy implementation reflected their special conditions and circumstances. Their own plans of the policy implementation are underneath the central government’s policy guidelines and standards manual. It is also important to secure the human and material resources what is needed for policy implementation Results of surveys and in-depth interviews all pointed out the human and material resources are insufficient. It is necessary we secure the requisite resources for successful implementation of the policy. In addition, the local governments would have some discretions and implement the national policy subjectively.

건강보험 보장성 확대정책의 집행분석: Winter의 정책집행모형의 적용

유수연 ( Soo Yeon You ),강민아 ( Min Ah Kang ),권순만 ( Soon Man Kwon ) 한국보건행정학회 2014 보건행정학회지 Vol.24 No.3

Background: Most studies on the national health insurance benefit expansion policy have focused on policy tools or decision-making process. Hence there was not enough understanding on how policies are actually implemented within the specific policy context in Korea which has a national mandatory health insurance system with a dominant proportion of private providers. The main objectives of this study is to understand the implementation process of the benefit coverage expansion policy. Unlike other implementation studies, we tried to examine both the process of implementation and decision making and how they interact with each other. Methods: Interviews were conducted with the ex-members of the Health Insurance Policy Review Committee. Medical doctors who implement the policy at the ‘street-level’ were also interviewed. To figure out major variables and the degree of their influences, the data were analyzed with Winter`s Policy Implementation Model which integrates the decision making and implementation phases. Results: As predicted by the Winter model, problems in the decision making phase, such as conflicts among the members of committee, lack of applicable causal theories application of highly symbolic activities, and limited attention of citizen to the issue are key variables that cause the ‘implementation failure.’ In the implementation phase, hospitals` own financial interests and practitioners` dependence on the hospitals` guidance were barriers to meeting the policy goals of providing a better coverage for patients. Patients, the target group, tend to prefer physicians who prescribe more treatment and medicine. To note, ‘fixers’ who can link and fill the gap between the decision-makers and implementers were not present. Conclusion: For achieving the policy goal of providing a better and more coverage to patients, the critical roles of medical providers as street-level implementers should be noted. Also decision making process of benefit package expansion policy should incorporate its influence on the implementation phase.

한국의 반부패 정책집행의 영향 요인에 대한 공직자의 인식에 관한 연구

김상년,박치형 한국공공관리학회 2024 한국공공관리학보 Vol.38 No.1

Little research has been done on the factors influencing Korea's anti-corruption policy implementation. In this study, based on Mazimanian and Sabatier's policy implementation theory, we developed a model reflecting the characteristics of Korea's anti-corruption policy implementation and conducted a survey of policy implementers. This survey aims to identify factors affecting the implementation of anti-corruption policies established by the Korean government over the past 10 years. In addition, we conducted in-depth interviews with anti-corruption policy experts who participated in the anti-corruption policy development process to evaluate their perceptions. As a result, policy executors were found to consider the characteristics of the policy itself, such as policy goals, and factors related to the implementation system, such as the availability of resources and the leadership of the head of the agency, as important factors in policy implementation. Anti-corruption policy. In comparison, policy experts cited changes in the political and social environment and the interest and support of institutions such as the President and the National Assembly as much more important factors. This study shows that factors affecting public policy implementation are perceived differently by groups participating in the policy-making process and policy implementation process, and therefore, it appears that different approaches will be needed for each group in the future. In addition, in order for Korea's anti-corruption policy to continue to achieve successful results, it is necessary to establish and clearly establish anti-corruption strategies and goals at the government level and strengthen education to raise anti-corruption awareness.

문재인 정부의 노동 정책에 대한 평가

이병훈 한국사회과학연구회 2021 동향과 전망 Vol.- No.113

The labor policy of Moon Jae-In government, which was officially formulated by the National Planning and Advisory Commission, was shaped in the form of policy promises by the candle-light labor activism circles’ demand on pro-labor reforms, policy-solidarity agreements with labor unions, and the need of progressive political campaigns to differentiate from the conservative governments. In this study, fifteen labor policies, implemented by Moon Jae-In government, are comparatively examined in terms of policy implementation and impacts. The comparison identifies four patterns in the combination of policy implementation and impact as follows: 1) full policy implementation with little impact, 2) limited policy implementation with little impact, 3) no policy implementation, 4) full policy implementation with a satisfied impact. As such, labor policies pf Moon Jae-In government are diverse in terms of implementation processes and outcomes. In order to comprehend the changes and diversity in the implementation of labor policies, it is significant to figure out the implementation capacity of policy making actors and their political interplay with other involved actors, as well as to examine the structural contexts and constraints. 문재인 정부의 노동 정책은 대선 국면에서 촛불 시민 혁명의 핵심 주체로 동참하였던 노동계의 ‘친노동적’ 개혁 요구, 노동조합들과의 정책연대협약 체결, 그리고 보수 정권과의 차별화된 진보적 정책 대안의 제시 필요성 등에 의해 정책 공약의 형태로 형성되었으며, 집권 후 국정기획자문위원회에 의해 국정 과제로 확정되어 공표되었다. 이번 연구에서 검토한 15개의 노동 정책 과제를 이행 여부와 집행 효과의 평가 기준에 의거하여 비교·검토해 보면, 1) 이행하였으나 집행 효과가 미진하거나 새로운 문제를 초래하는 유형, 2) 이행 수준과 집행 효과가 모두 제한적인 유형, 3) 전연 이행되지 않은 유형, 4) 이행 수준과 집행 효과 모두 계획대로 또는 그 이상으로 발전된 유형으로 분류해 볼 수 있다. 문재인 정부가 추진한 노동 정책들의 실행 궤적이나 집행 성과가 상당히 다양하다는 점에서 정책 집행의 변동과 편차를 이해하려면 정책 추진의 구조적 맥락 조건이나 제약 조건을 진단하는 것으로 그치기보다 노동 정책에 간여하는 다양한 주체들 간의 정치적 상호작용과 정책 추진 주체의 집행 역량을 면밀히 파악하는 것이 중요하다.

돈의문의 디지털 복원정책집행 과정에 관한 연구

최유선 국립문화재연구원 2023 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.56 No.2

This study analyzed policy implementation factors focusing on how Donuimun, a demolished cultural heritage, was digitally restored and the policy implementation process of Donuimun Gate restoration. Through this, the characteristics of the implementation process of the digital Donuimun Gate restoration policy promoted by public-private multilateral collaboration were examined and implications were sought for how institutions with different interests solved problems and collaborated in the implementation process. The research method was focused on policy implementation factors including policy executive factors, policy content factors, policy resource factors, and policy environment factors, and the process was analyzed for each detailed component. Along with literature analysis, in-depth interviews were conducted with participants in policy implementation. As a result of the study, first, it was found in the policy executive factor that the quick decision-making leadership of the policy manager and the flexible attitude of the person in charge of the government agency had a positive effect on preventing conflicts between different interest groups. Second, in terms of policy content, establishing a common goal that everyone can accept and moving forward consistently gave trust and created synergy. Third, in the policy implementation resource factor, the importance of the budget was emphasized. Finally, as an environmental factor for policy implementation, the opening of 5G mobile communication for the first time along with the emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution at the time of policy implementation acted as a timely factor. The digital Donuimun Gate was the first case of restoring a lost cultural heritage with AR and VR, and received attention and support from the mass media and the public. This also shows that digital restoration can be a model case that can be a solution without conflicts with local residents where cultural heritages are located or conflicts between stakeholders in the preservation and restoration of real objects.

낙후지역개발정책의 집행요인별 평가

김정호(Jung Ho Kim) 한국정부학회 2014 한국행정논집 Vol.26 No.3

개발촉진지구사업은 낙후지역에 기반시설을 설치하여 낙후지역의 개발토대를 마련하기 위한 낙후지역개발정책의 한 수단으로 중요한 의미를 지니고 있다. 이와 같은 개발촉진지구사업을 대상으로 정책집행적 차원에서 평가하여 정책적 시사점을 모색하는 데 본 연구의 목적을 두고 있다. 연구방법은 정책집행요인을 정책자체요인, 집행체제요인, 환경적 요인으로 나눈 후 이에 관련된 하위변수를 중심으로 경북 북부지역의 개발촉진지구사업을 평가하되, 질적인 방법으로 한다. 본 연구로 다음과 같은 정책집행에 관한 시사점을 얻을수 있다. 첫째, 정책자체요인에서 보면 정책내용이 성장동력육성과 인력개발 등 문제해결을 위한 근원적 처방으로 일관성과 연계성을 가져야 하며, 정책집행수단으로 민간자본에 대한 타당성이 제고되어야 한다. 둘째, 정책집행체제요인에서 보면 사업의 효율적인 집행을 위한 경북 북부지역의 시·군간 네트워크구축과 추진기구의 설립이 필요하며, 집행자의 전문성과 연속성이 요구된다. 셋째, 정책환경적 요인에서 보면 사회·경제적 여건에 대한 충분한 고려와 보다 적극적인 주민참여가 필요하다. The development-facilitated district project has important meanings as one of policy instruments for the development of depressed region to lay foundations by establishing infrastructures in the depressed region. The purpose of this study is to search for policy implications from evaluating development-facilitated district projects in terms of policy implementation. This study divides the policy implementation factor into three parts, policy itself factor, policy implementation system factor, policy environment factor, and then qualitatively evaluates development-facilitated district projects in the northern region of Kyungpook province as sub-variables related to above-mentioned three factors. It`s results are as follows. First, in terms of policy itself factor policy programs should be consistent and associated as fundamental prescriptions for policy problems, the feasibility of the private capital as a policy implementation instrument enhanced. Second, in terms of policy implementation system factor the establishment of networks among municipalities and an apparatus to coordinate and control them, and also the expertise and continuity of implement tor are needed. Third, in terms of policy environment factor the sufficient consideration to socio-economic situations and residents` positive participations are needed for the seamless policy implementation.

대학구조개혁 정책집행과정 분석

박지회(Park, Ji Hoe),고장완(Ko, Jang Wan) 고려대학교 교육문제연구소 2016 敎育問題硏究 Vol.29 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 이론적 고찰을 통해 설정한 정책집행과정 분석틀을 중심으로 현 정부의 대학구조개혁 정책집행과정을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 정책집행과정에 영향을 미치는 주요 변인으로 정책자체, 정책집행 조직, 정책대상 집단, 환경 등을 설정하여 분석틀을 구축하였고, 각 변인별 세부 요인들을 토대로 대학구조개혁 집행과정을 살펴보았다. 분석은 현 정부 출범이후 지난 2013년부터 일반에 공개되었던 정부정책자료, 신문기사, 교육부 보도자료, 전문가 사설, 의안 등의 자료를 중심으로 진행되었다. 분석결과 다음과 같은 사항들을 파악할 수 있었다. 첫째, 대학구조개혁 정책 자체는 구체적인 정원감축목표를 제시하고 있으나 법적 근거가 여전히 마련되지 못함에 따라 평가결과 조치 시행에 대한 공적효력을 확보하지 못하였다. 둘째, 정책집행 조직의 관료제 구조는 대학구조개혁정책을 빠르게 추진하는데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 국가 주도의 강력한 정책 집행에 따라 대학이 피 평가자의 입장에서는 순응하였지만, 여러 영역에서 불순응의 태도를 보였다. 또한 정책대상 집단 내에서 이익 집단과 손해 집단이 나타났다. 넷째, 정책형성과정에서부터 집행과정에 이르기까지 대학구조개혁정책에 대한 논란이 지속되는 것으로 파악되었다. 본 연구결과는 실질적으로 대학 경쟁력 제고를 위한 대학구조개혁정책의 실현을 위해서는 정책 변동의 가능성을 열어두고 여러 환류요인을 고려한 정책의 수정ㆍ보완이 필요하다는 점을 시사한다. The purpose of this research was to analyze the current administration’s implementation process in university restructuring policy based on policy implementation process framework set up by theoretical review. For this purpose, the framework consisted of the key variables, ‘policy itself’, ‘policy implementation organization’, ‘target group of the policy’, ‘environment’ and so on which affect policy implementation process and policy implementation process of university restructuring was analyzed based upon the sub-elements of each variables. The data resources include government documents, newspaper articles, press release by MOE, and related bills, which were released to the public from 2013 to middle 2016. As a result, first, although the university restructuring policy itself provided a specific goal to reduce student enrollment quotas, there was no official effect for the measures by the evaluation result as the legal basis still has not been established. Second, the bureaucracy of the policy implementation organization speeded the policy implementation process. Third, as the powerful policy implementation by the government, universities complied with it in terms of ratee, but not in the other areas. Among the policy target groups, they were divided into two groups, which made profit or damaged. Fourth, the controversy on the issue of university restructuring was still aroused from the policy formation to the implementation process. We can draw an implication that to realize the university restructuring policy to enhance competitiveness of higher education in Korea, revisions and supplementation of the policy should be made given the feedback factors and the possibilities of the policy variation.