Current Perspectives on the Effects of Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria

Thien Tu Huynh Le(후인르티엔투),Sang Eun Jun(전상은),Gyung-Tae Kim(김경태) 한국생명과학회 2019 생명과학회지 Vol.29 No.11

근권은 식물 뿌리와 토양 미생물이 서로의 신호를 주고 받으며 끊임없이 상호반응하는 역동적인 장소이다. 근권 주위에서 식물의 생장과 생산성에 유익한 토양 미생물을 식물생장촉진근권미생물(Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, PGPR)이라 칭하며, 이 PGPR은 식물 전 생장기간동안 생물학적 및 비생물학적 스트레스에 대한 저항성, 식물 호르몬 조절, 영양분의 흡수와 이용 등에 영향을 끼침으로써 식물의 생장과 발달, 면역, 생산력 등중요한 생명 과정에 관여한다. 그리고, PGPR은 식물 생장을 유도하는 2차 대사산물이나 휘발성 유기 화합물을 생산하고, 식물의 뿌리 역시 식물 유해한 인자 혹은 병원성 인자에 대항하여 자신을 보호하거나 토양 성질 개선을 위해, PGPR을 유인하고 정착시키기 위한 물질을 생산, 분비한다. 그러므로, 식물과 PGPR 사이의 상호작용은 필수적이면서도 상호의존적이다. 현재까지, PGPR에 대한 많은 연구는 직간접적 개념에 대하여 공통적 또는 다양한 조건들에서 여러 방식으로 PGPR의 기능을 밝히는 방향으로 전개되어 왔다. 본 총설에서는 세포분열과 팽창, 분화에 의한 식물의 생장과 발달의 촉진, 식물생장조절인자와 호르몬의 유도, 영양물질의 고정, 용해, 무기화를 촉진하기 위한 PGPR의 역할과 전략을 소개하였다. 또한 PGPR와 토양 미생물군의 효과에 대한 현재까지의 연구 정보를 요약하였다. The rhizosphere is the active zone where plant roots communicate with the soil microbiome, each responding to the other’s signals. The soil microbiome within the rhizosphere that is beneficial to plant growth and productivity is known as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR take part in many pivotal plant processes, including plant growth, development, immunity, and productivity, by influencing acquisition and utilization of nutrient molecules, regulation of phytohormone biosynthesis, signaling, and response, and resistance to biotic- and abiotic-stresses. PGPR also produce secondary compounds and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that elicit plant growth. Moreover, plant roots exude attractants that cause PGPR to aggregate in the rhizosphere zone for colonization, improving soil properties and protecting plants against pathogenic factors. The interactions between PGPR and plant roots in rhizosphere are essential and interdependent. Many studies have reported that PGPR function in multiple ways under the same or diverse conditions, directly and indirectly. This review focuses on the roles and strategies of PGPR in enhancing nutrient acquisition by nutrient fixation/solubilization/mineralization, inducing plant growth regulators/phytohormones, and promoting growth and development of root and shoot by affecting cell division, elongation, and differentiation. We also summarize the current knowledge of the effects of PGPR and the soil microbiota on plants.

The C₃H-type zinc finger protein GDS1/C3H42 is a nuclear-speckle-localized protein that is essential for normal growth and development in Arabidopsis

Kim, D.W.,Jeon, S.J.,Hwang, S.M.,Hong, J.C.,Bahk, J.D. Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd 2016 Plant science Vol.250 No.-

<P>Eukaryotic C3H-type zinc finger proteins (Znfs) comprise a large family of regulatory proteins involved in many aspects of plant stress response, growth and development. However, compared to mammalian, only a few plant Znfs have been functionally characterized. Here, T-DNA inserted gdsl (growth, development and splicing 1) mutant, displayed abnormal growth throughout the lifecycle owing to the reduction of cell size and number. Inverse PCR analysis revealed that the abnormal growth was caused by the disruption of At3g47120, which encodes a C3H42 protein belonging to the C-X-7-C-X-5-C-X-3-H class of the Znf family. GDS1 was ubiquitously transcribed, but shows high levels of expression in young seedling and unexpanded new leaves. In gdsl, the transcripts of many growth- and development-related genes were down-regulated, and the auxin response was dramatically reduced. A fluorescence-based assay revealed that the GDS1 protein was localized to the nucleus, prominently in the speckle compartments. Its arginine/serine dipeptide-rich-like (RS-like) domain was essential for nuclear localization. In addition, the SRI, SRm102 and U1-70K components of the U1 spliceosome interacted with GDS1 in the nuclear speckle compartments. Taken together, these suggest that GDS1, a nuclear-speckle-associated Znf, might play a significant role in splicing during plant growth and development. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

A Simple and Rapid Method for Functional Analysis of Plant GrowthpromotingRhizobacteria Using the Development of Cucumber AdventitiousRoot System

Yeoung-Seuk Bae,Kyungseok Park,Young-Gee Lee,최옥희 한국식물병리학회 2007 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.23 No.3

Many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been known for beneficial effects on plants including biological control of soilborne pathogens, induced systemic resistance to plant pathogens, phytohormone production, and improvement of nutrient and water uptake of plants. We developed a simple and rapid method for screening potential PGPR, especially phytohormone producing rhizobacteria, or for analyzing their functions in plant growth using cucumber seedling cuttings. Surface-sterilized cucumber seeds were grown in a plastic pot containing steamed vermiculite. After 7 days of cultivation, the upper part 2 cm in length of cucumber seedling, was cut and used as cucumber cuttings. The base of cutting stem was then dipped in a microcentrifuge tube containing 1.5 ml of a bacterial suspension and incubated at 25oC with a fluorescent light for 10 days. Number and length of developed adventitious roots from cucumber cuttings were examined. The seedling cuttings showed various responses to the isolates tested. Some isolates resulted in withering at the day of examination or in reduced number of roots developed. Several isolates stimulated initial development of adventitious roots showing more adventitious root hair number than that of untreated cuttings, while some isolate had more adventitious root hair number and longer adventitious roots than that of untreated control. Similar results were obtained from the trial with rose cuttings. Our results suggest that this bioassay method may provide a useful way for differentiating PGPR's functions involved in the development of root system.

식물 생장 촉진 진균에 의한 담배의 생장 촉진과 뿌리 발달

홍은혜,이진옥,김수정,김영남,김지성,김선형,Hong, Eunhye,Lee, Jinok,Kim, Sujung,Nie, Hualin,Kim, Young-Nam,Kim, Jiseong,Kim, Sunhyung 한국식물생명공학회 2020 JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Vol.47 No.4

식물생장촉진 미생물은 식물 뿌리에 영양을 원활하게 공급하거나 휘발성 유기화합물(Volatile Organic Compound, VOC)를 이용하여 식물의 내재 인자와 상호작용을 통해 생장을 촉진한다. 본 연구에서는 식물 생장 촉진 진균 UOS의 담배에서의 생장 촉진 효과를 평가하고, 계통발생학적 분석을 통해 동정하였다. 또한, UOS의 식물 생장 촉진 인자를 탐색하고자 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 분석을 통해 UOS의 VOCs를 확인하였다. UOS를 처리한 담배는 무처리구에 비해서 3.8배의 생중량이 증가하였고, I-plate를 이용한 분리된 공간에서는 UOS처리구가 무처리에 비해 생중량이 4.2배 증가하였다. 또한, UOS 처리구의 식물은 주근의 길이가 약2배 짧아지고 측근의 수가 약2배 증가하였다. UOS은 포자 및 균사 형태와 Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 유전자 염기서열을 통하여 Phoma sp.으로 동정되었으며, 이들은 GC-MS분석을 통해 UOS는 hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3)라는 VOC를 갖고 있는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이 결과들은 Phoma sp.의 진균 UOS가 VOC물질인 D3을 통해서 간접적으로 식물 생장 촉진 및 뿌리 발달에 영향을 미치는 것을 나타낸다. UOS와 그의 VOC인 D3의 활용은 농업에서 생장량 증대에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms promote plant growth by supplying nutrients to roots and interacting with the intrinsic factors in plants through volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we evaluated the effect of UOS, plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) isolated from previous study, on the growth of Nicotiana tabacum L. var Xanthi nc. Phylogenetic analysis and GC-MS were used to identify the fungal species and the VOCs emitted by the UOS, respectively. The fresh weight of UOS-treated Nicotiana tabacum L. was 3.8 and 4.2-fold higher than that of the control groups grown in vertical and I-plates, respectively. Moreover, in the UOS-treated plants, the length of the primary root was half and the number of lateral roots were twice compared to those in control plants. The UOS was identified as Phoma sp. by studying spore and mycelial morphology and using phylogenetic analysis. GC-MS revealed that the VOC emitted by the UOS was hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3). These results suggest that the UOS of Phoma sp. influences plant growth and root development through D3. We expect this UOS and its VOC, D3 to be utilized in the future to increase growth and enhance yield for other plants.

A Simple and Rapid Method for Functional Analysis of Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria Using the Development of Cucumber Adventitious Root System

Bae, Yeoung-Seuk,Park, Kyung-Seok,Lee, Young-Gee,Choi, Ok-Hee The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2007 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.23 No.3

Many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been known for beneficial effects on plants including biological control of soilborne pathogens, induced systemic resistance to plant pathogens, phytohormone production, and improvement of nutrient and water uptake of plants. We developed a simple and rapid method for screening potential PGPR, especially phytohormone producing rhizobacteria, or for analyzing their functions in plant growth using cucumber seedling cuttings. Surface-sterilized cucumber seeds were grown in a plastic pot containing steamed vermiculite. After 7 days of cultivation, the upper part 2 cm in length of cucumber seedling, was cut and used as cucumber cuttings. The base of cutting stem was then dipped in a microcentrifuge tube containing 1.5ml of a bacterial suspension and incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ with a fluorescent light for 10 days. Number and length of developed adventitious roots from cucumber cuttings were examined. The seedling cuttings showed various responses to the isolates tested. Some isolates resulted in withering at the day of examination or in reduced number of roots developed. Several isolates stimulated initial development of adventitious roots showing more adventitious root hair number than that of untreated cuttings, while some isolate had more adventitious root hair number and longer adventitious roots than that of untreated control. Similar results were obtained from the trial with rose cuttings. Our results suggest that this bioassay method may provide a useful way for differentiating PGPR's functions involved in the development of root system.

Engineering Plant Growth and Development on Nanotopographical Cues

( Mahpara Safdar ),( Sunhopark ),( Woochankim ),( Yonghyungwon ),( Janghokim ) 한국농업기계학회 2022 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.2

Seed germination and root development are important indicators of plant development. Here, we propose a new nanotechnology to guide plant growth and development. We developed polymer-based soil model platforms with various nanotopographical features to explore the influence of guiding topographical cues on plant development including phenotypic aspects and gene regulation. The fabricated nanotextured surfaces showed the good mechanical stability, biocompatibility, strong adhesion, non-toxicity as well as super hydrophobicity. Our new Arabidopsis root system had the abundant molecular genetic resources according to the unique nano-structure designs, controlling the plant growth, which can be used as a new platform for investing the phenotype and gene networks. Finally, we showed some examples that our nanotopographical platforms could promote the plant growth and development by providing specific roadmap and transport genes responsible.

<i>Capsicum annuum</i> CCR4-associated factor <i>CaCAF1</i> is necessary for plant development and defence response

Sarowar, Sujon,Oh, Hyun Woo,Cho, Hye Sun,Baek, Kwang-Hyun,Seong, Eun Soo,Joung, Young Hee,Choi, Gyung Ja,Lee, Sanghyeob,Choi, Doil Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS Scientifi 2007 The Plant Journal Vol. No.

<P>Summary</P><P>The CCR4-associated factor 1 (CAF1) protein belongs to the CCR4-NOT complex, which is an evolutionary conserved protein complex and plays an important role in the control of transcription and mRNA decay in yeast and mammals. To investigate the function of CAF1 in plants, we performed gain- and loss-of-function studies by overexpression of the pepper CAF1 (<I>CaCAF1</I>) in tomato and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the gene in pepper plants. Overexpression of <I>CaCAF1</I> in tomato resulted in significant growth enhancement, with increasing leaf thickness, and enlarged cell size by more than twofold when compared with the control plants. A transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that the <I>CaCAF1</I>-transgenic tomato plants had thicker cell walls and cuticle layers than the control plants. In addition to developmental changes, overexpression of <I>CaCAF1</I> in tomato plants resulted in enhanced resistance against the oomycete pathogen <I>Phytophthora infestans</I>. Additionally, microarray, northern and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of <I>CaCAF1-</I>transgenic tomato plants revealed that multiple genes were constitutively upregulated, including genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis, defence reactions and cell-wall organogenesis. In contrast, VIGS of <I>CaCAF1</I> in pepper plants caused significant growth retardation and enhanced susceptibility to the pepper bacterial spot pathogen <I>Xanthomonas axonopodis</I> pv. <I>vesicatoria</I>. Our results suggest roles for plant <I>CAF1</I> in normal growth and development, as well as in defence against pathogens.</P>

Biosynthesis, physiology, and functions of hydroxycinnamic acid amides in plants

Donah Mary Macoy,김외연,이상열,김민갑 한국식물생명공학회 2015 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.9 No.5

The study of hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) which are a group of secondary metabolites has been an interesting one and has become one of the important researches at present. Accumulation of several plant amides was detected in various plants, which play important role in plant growth and development. This paper aims to review the biosynthesis, physiology, and functions of HCAA accumulation in plants during plant growth and development as well as in response to senescence and drought stress. HCAAs are secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine pathway. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl) transferase (THT) and tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) are essential enzymes for HCAA biosynthesis. HCAAs contribute to many developmental processes as well as plant responses against biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, there is a need to specifically investigate the role of many HCAAs in view of plant molecular biology since it is still not fully conceptualized and explained at present.

DNA methylation levels in different tissues in tea plant via an optimized HPLC method

Ying Gao,Jia-Li Hao,Zhen Wang,Kwan-Jeong Song,Jian-Hui Ye,Xin-Qiang Zheng,Yue-Rong Liang,Jian-Liang Lu 한국원예학회 2019 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.60 No.6

DNA methylation is one of the most important events in epigenetics and significantly influences plant growth and development. In the present study, we established and optimized a high-performance liquid chromatography method for detecting the base composition in DNA in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) tissues by using saline buffers-free mobile phases. The DNA methylation level varied with tea plant tissue, cultivar, and growth stage. A relatively higher DNA methylation level was observed in tender leaf (38.34%) and pistil (38.19%) tissues, while a relatively low level was detected in capillary root (19.45%), stamen (19.61%), and old leaf (20.70%) tissues. The pattern of the methylation level formed a saddle curve during the growth of dormant buds in spring; the lowest point appeared at the stage of one leaf and a bud. The methylation level in the adventitious buds regenerated from the branch after pruning seemed to decrease with an increase in the degree of pruning. These DNA methylation levels might be associated with the development of tea plant.

보리 葯培養에 前處理와 植物 生長調節劑 處理가 캘러스 形成 및 植物體 分化에 미치는 效果

Byung Hee Hong(洪丙熹),Kyung Moon Kim(金庚汶) 한국육종학회 1993 한국육종학회지 Vol.25 No.2

This study was carried out to find an efficient method of barley anther culture and to investigate the induction of anther derived-callus in accordance with durations of pretreatment at 5℃, stages of pollen development and the combined treatment of NAA and BAP. In the callus induction at 5℃ in the respective durations of pretreatment, it was shown that Deuce produced better calli at non-pretreatment while Duke and Dissa showed higher calli induction at pretreatment of 20 days and 10 days, respectively. The high callus responses in Deuce and Dissa were found at the early and mid uninucleated stage. In the callus reponses of the pollen treated with combinations of NAA and BAP, Deuce and Dissa responded well to 3.0㎎/ℓ NAA alone. The callus induced from anther culture largely produced albino plants and rarely produced normal plants. However, large callus was beneficial for inducing plants.