Biotic stress related functions of hydroxycinnamic acid amide in plants

Donah Mary Macoy,김외연,이상열,김민갑 한국식물학회 2015 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.58 No.3

The study of hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) which is a group of secondary metabolites in plants have been an interesting research subject and become of greater importance at present. Several plant amides have shown important role in plant-pathogen interaction and also in different biotic and abiotic stresses. This review paper aims to give a thorough understanding on the emerging functions of HCAA accumulation in plants related to pathogen infections. In addition, this paper discusses the current biochemical mechanisms on the formation of various classes of HCAAs in relation to plant immunity against pathogens. HCAAs contribute to several developmental processes as well as both biotic and abiotic stress responses which remains unclear up to date and there is a need to further investigate it from different plant species of various tissues or organs and cell cultures.

Effect of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Amides, Coumaroyl Tyramine and Coumaroyl Tryptamine on Biotic Stress Response in Arabidopsis

Macoy Donah Mary J.,Uddin Shahab,안경익,Peseth Son,Ryu Gyeong Ryul,차준영,Lee Jong-Yeol,Bae Dongryeoul,백승만,정혜진,Mackey David,이상열,김외연,김민갑 한국식물학회 2022 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.65 No.2

Coumaroyl tyramine (CT) and coumaroyl tryptamine (CTr) are neutral hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) that accumulate in plants in response to pathogen infection. In this study, we showed that inoculation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) and Erwinia carotovora carotovora (ECC) increased the accumulation of CT in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves at 24 h post-inoculation. Both CT and CTr increased the accumulation of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (PR1) protein. However, CT and CTr had no significant effect on resistance to biotrophic pathogens in both compatible and incompatible plant–pathogen interactions. Nonetheless, our results revealed that CTr plays a critical role in increasing plant susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen ECC. Exogenous application of CT and CTr increased the induction of callose deposition in both the absence and presence of ECC. Increased callose deposition was detected in salicylic acid induction-deficient Arabidopsis mutant sid2 but to a lesser extent in ethylene signaling mutants, ein2-1 and etr1. Overall, our results suggest that ethylene signaling is related to CT and CTr-induced callose deposition and contributes to plant defense against pathogens, whereas salicylic acid is not required for this response.

Biosynthesis, physiology, and functions of hydroxycinnamic acid amides in plants

Donah Mary Macoy,김외연,이상열,김민갑 한국식물생명공학회 2015 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.9 No.5

The study of hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) which are a group of secondary metabolites has been an interesting one and has become one of the important researches at present. Accumulation of several plant amides was detected in various plants, which play important role in plant growth and development. This paper aims to review the biosynthesis, physiology, and functions of HCAA accumulation in plants during plant growth and development as well as in response to senescence and drought stress. HCAAs are secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine pathway. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl) transferase (THT) and tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) are essential enzymes for HCAA biosynthesis. HCAAs contribute to many developmental processes as well as plant responses against biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, there is a need to specifically investigate the role of many HCAAs in view of plant molecular biology since it is still not fully conceptualized and explained at present.

Tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress suppresses plant immunity

Rupak Chakraborty,Donah Mary Macoy,이상열,김외연,김민갑 한국응용생명화학회 2017 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.60 No.6

Most secretory and membrane proteins are properly folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before being transferred to their functional destinations. Physiological and pathological stresses induce unfolded and misfolded protein accumulation in the ER, termed as ER stress. Under ER stress, cells initiate a protective response to maintain cellular homeostasis, which is referred as unfolded protein responses. Although protein processing in the ER has been known to regulate cell lifespan and disease, few evidences that prove the role of ER stress in plant immunity have been reported. We investigated the interaction between ER stress and pathogenicity in Arabidopsis by utilizing the N-glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin (TM) as an ER stress inducer. TM induced the accumulation of PR1 (pathogenesis-related protein 1) and callose in plant leaves, which are markers for PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) activation. However, TM pre-treatment increased susceptibility of Arabidopsis to all bacterial pathogens tested. Moreover, TM resulted in cell death of plant leaves with an additive effect to hypersensitive response by bacterial effector proteins, suggesting TM-induced cell death is independent of the effector-triggered immunity. These results imply that TM-induced ER stress weakens overall immune system of plant not a specific immune pathway, probably via disruption of post-translational modification of immune-related proteins in the ER and subsequent cell death by apoptosis or autophagy. This study provides proves for the distinct suppressive effect of ER stress on the plant immune system.

Role of RIN4 in Regulating PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Ray, Sujit Kumar,Macoy, Donah Mary,Kim, Woe-Yeon,Lee, Sang Yeol,Kim, Min Gab Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2019 Molecules and cells Vol.42 No.7

As sessile organisms, plants have developed sophisticated system to defend themselves against microbial attack. Since plants do not have specialized immune cells, all plant cells appear to have the innate ability to recognize pathogens and turn on an appropriate defense response. The plant innate immune system has two major branches: PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The ability to discriminate between self and non-self is a fundamental feature of living organisms, and it is a prerequisite for the activation of plant defenses specific to microbial infection. Arabidopsis cells express receptors that detect extracellular molecules or structures of the microbes, which are called collectively PAMPs and activate PTI. However, nucleotidebinding site leucine-rich repeats (NB-LRR) proteins mediated ETI is induced by direct or indirect recognition of effector molecules encoded by avr genes. In Arabidopsis, plasmamembrane localized multifunctional protein RIN4 (RPM1-interacting protein 4) plays important role in both PTI and ETI. Previous studies have suggested that RIN4 functions as a negative regulator of PTI. In addition, many different bacterial effector proteins modify RIN4 to destabilize plant immunity and several NB-LRR proteins, including RPM1 (resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1), RPS2 (resistance to P. syringae 2) guard RIN4. This review summarizes the current studies that have described signaling mechanism of RIN4 function, modification of RIN4 by bacterial effectors and different interacting partner of RIN4 in defense related pathway. In addition, the emerging role of the RIN4 in plant physiology and intercellular signaling as it presents in exosomes will be discussed.

Role of RIN4 in Regulating PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Sujit Kumar Ray,Donah Mary Macoy,김외연,이상열,김민갑 한국분자세포생물학회 2019 Molecules and cells Vol.42 No.7

As sessile organisms, plants have developed sophisticated system to defend themselves against microbial attack. Since plants do not have specialized immune cells, all plant cells appear to have the innate ability to recognize pathogens and turn on an appropriate defense response. The plant innate immune system has two major branches: PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The ability to discriminate between self and non-self is a fundamental feature of living organisms, and it is a prerequisite for the activation of plant defenses specific to microbial infection. Arabidopsis cells express receptors that detect extracellular molecules or structures of the microbes, which are called collectively PAMPs and activate PTI. However, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats (NB-LRR) proteins mediated ETI is induced by direct or indirect recognition of effector molecules encoded by avr genes. In Arabidopsis, plasma-membrane localized multifunctional protein RIN4 (RPM1-interacting protein 4) plays important role in both PTI and ETI. Previous studies have suggested that RIN4 functions as a negative regulator of PTI. In addition, many different bacterial effector proteins modify RIN4 to destabilize plant immunity and several NB-LRR proteins, including RPM1 (resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1), RPS2 (resistance to P. syringae 2) guard RIN4. This review summarizes the current studies that have described signaling mechanism of RIN4 function, modification of RIN4 by bacterial effectors and different interacting partner of RIN4 in defense related pathway. In addition, the emerging role of the RIN4 in plant physiology and intercellular signaling as it presents in exosomes will be discussed.

에볼라 출혈열 발병 : 효과적인 전염병 관리 및 통제를 위한 진단

강보람 ( Boram Kang ),김효진 ( Hyojin Kim ),도나메리멕코이 ( Donah Mary Macoy ),김민갑 ( Min Gab Kim ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2017 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.45 No.2

첫 번째 에볼라 출혈열 발발은 1976년 콩고 민주 공화국과 수단에서 발생했으며, 이후 2014년 서아프리카에서 27,741건, 11,284건의 사망자가 발생했다. 발열은 Filoviridae 계열에 속하며 ssRNA 게놈을 가진 에볼라 바이러스에 의해 발생했다. 바이러스의 알려진 아형은 Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus 및 Zaire ebolavirus이다. 역사적으로 에볼라의 주요 발생 지역은 동부 및 중부 아프리카 열대 지방에서 발생했다. 서아프리카에서의 발발로 인해 전세계사회에서 수많은 사망과 공포가 확산되었다. 효과적인 치료와 백신이없는 상황에서 전염병을 관리하고 통제하는 가장 중요한 방법은 정확한 진단을 통해서이다. WHO(세계 보건기구)는 체외진단(IVD) 검사에서 에볼라의 선택과 사용에 관한 긴급 지침을 발표했다. RealStar Ebolavirus Screen RT-PCR 키트 1.0 (Altona), Liferiver-Ebola Virus (EBOV) 실시간 RT-PCR 키트, Xpert 에볼라 검사 및 ReEBOV 항원 검사를 통해 수많은 회사 및 연구 기관에서 진단을 받고 4가지 WHO 조달 승인 진단을 확인했다. 또한, 신속한 검사 키트 Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT)와 같은 새로운 진단법이 현재 연구 중이다. The first Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan in 1976 and then emerged in West Africa in 2014 with a total of 27,741 cases and 11,284 deaths. The fever is caused by the Ebola virus, which belongs to the Filoviridae family and contains a ssRNA genome. The known subtypes of the virus are Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, and Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebola outbreak was historically originated majorly from the East and Central African tropical belt. The current outbreaks in West Africa caused numerous deaths and spread fear in global society. In the absence of effective treatment strategies and any vaccine, accurate diagnosis is the most important contributing factor in the management and control of the epidemic disease. WHO (World Health Organization) has announced emergency guidance for the selection and use of Ebola in in vitro diagnostic assays. Numerous companies and research institutions have studied the various diagnosis methods and identified four WHO procurement approved as diagnosis kits: RealStar Ebolavirus Screen RTPCR kit 1.0 (Altona), Liferiver-Ebola Virus (EBOV) Real time RT-PCR kit, Xpert Ebola Assay, and ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test Kit. The efficiency of novel diagnostic kits such as Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT) is cur-rently being evaluated.

Molecular characterization of HEXOKINASE1 in plant innate immunity

Jing Wu,Uddin Shahab,Chakraborty Rupak,Van Anh Duong Thu,Macoy Donah Mary,Park Si On,Ryu Gyeong Ryul,Kim Young Hun,Cha Joon‑Yung,Kim Woe-Yeon,Kim Min Gab 한국응용생명화학회 2020 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.63 No.6

Hexokinase1 (HXK1) is an Arabidopsis glucose sensor that has a variety of roles during plant growth and devlopment, including during germination, fowering, and senescence. HXK1 also acts as a positive regulator of plant immune responses. Previous research suggested that HXK1 might infuence plant immune responses via responses to glu‑ cose. Plant immune responses are governed by two main pathways: PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and efectortriggered immunity (ETI). PTI involves the recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and leads to increased callose formation and accumulation of pathogenesis response (PR) proteins. ETI acts in response to efectors secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. During ETI, the membrane-localized protein RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) becomes phosphorylated in reponse to interactions with efectors and mediates the downstream response. In this study, the efects of glucose on plant immune responses against infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and other P. syringae strains were investigated in the presence and absence of HXK1. Infltration of leaves with glucose prior to infection led to decreases in bacterial populations and reductions in disease symptoms in wild-type Arabidopsis plants, indicating that glucose plays a role in plant immunity. Both PTI and ETI responses were afected. However, these efects were not observed in a hxk1 mutant, indicating that the efects of glucose on plant immune responses were mediated by HXK1-related pathways.