End-of-life Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps : Issues and Management in France

( Junbeum Kim ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

Lamps and bulbs are the most commonly used electrical products in home, office, industry, and street. Expansion of lightemitting diode (LED) lamp has been intensified through the dramatic development of LED technologies stimulated by European Commission directive that has banned inefficient lamp use in 2016 to reduce energy consumption and increase energy independence (EU Commission 2009). By replacing mostly incandescent lamp in 2030, LED lamp will largely capture 74% of the market share leading to a 46% energy consumption reduction worth 30 billion dollar energy cost savings compared to energy price in 2012 in the U.S. (DoE 2012, Aman et al. 2013). The increasing market share of LED lamp is attributable to dramatic increase of luminaire efficacy, increasing integration of LEDs with variety of electrical appliances and gradual reduction of initial cost of purchasing LEDs (Aman et al. 2013). The increasing demand of legislators to switch to energy efficient technologies underlies such technological breakthrough and increasing adoption in the market (Mackinsey & Company, 2012). This increase is consistent in the increase of market share of the LED lamp application. Thus, after the end of life span, LED lamps are expected to appear in E-waste stream in general and lighting waste in particular. The lamp collection as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) will increase rapidly in 10 years with about 500 tons in 2020 to 4000 tons. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to articulate the absence of LED lamp recycling technology and identify the missing research gap regarding appropriate management of end of life LED lamps. This study results show “why LED lamp recycling is required” “LED light lamps recycling is under researched”, “reasons for the end of life LED light lamp research lagging”, “no specific processes for LED lamps recycling”, “no „Design for End-of-Life and remanufacturing‟ approach” and “separate lamp collection box and system required for the LED lamps recycling”.

LAMP-3 (Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein 3) Promotes the Intracellular Proliferation of Salmonella typhimurium

Lee, Eun-Ju,Park, Kwan-Sik,Jeon, In-Sook,Cho, Jae-Woon,Lee, Sang-Jeon,Choy, Hyun E.,Song, Ki-Duk,Lee, Hak-Kyo,Choi, Joong-Kook Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2016 Molecules and cells Vol.39 No.7

Lysosomes are cellular organelles containing diverse classes of catabolic enzymes that are implicated in diverse cellular processes including phagocytosis, autophagy, lipid transport, and aging. Lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP-1 and LAMP-2) are major glycoproteins important for maintaining lysosomal integrity, pH, and catabolism. LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 are constitutively expressed in Salmonella-infected cells and are recruited to Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs) as well as Salmonella- induced filaments (Sifs) that promote the survival and proliferation of the Salmonella. LAMP-3, also known as DC-LAMP/CD208, is a member of the LAMP family of proteins, but its role during Salmonella infection remains unclear. DNA microarray analysis identified LAMP-3 as one of the genes responding to LPS stimulation in THP-1 macrophage cells. Subsequent analyses reveal that LPS and Salmonella induced the expression of LAMP-3 at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Confocal Super resolution N-SIM imaging revealed that LAMP-3, like LAMP-2, shifts its localization from the cell surface to alongside Salmonella. Knockdown of LAMP-3 by specific siRNAs decreased the number of Salmonella recovered from the infected cells. Therefore, we conclude that LAMP-3 is induced by Salmonella infection and recruited to the Salmonella pathogen for intracellular proliferation.

LAMP-3 (Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein 3) Promotes the Intracellular Proliferation of Salmonella typhimurium

Joong-Kook Choi,Eun-Ju Lee,Kwan-Sik Park,전인숙,Jae-Woon Choi,Sang Jeon Lee,Hyun E. Choy,Ki-Duk Song,Hak-Kyo Lee 한국분자세포생물학회 2016 Molecules and cells Vol.39 No.7

Lysosomes are cellular organelles containing diverse classes of catabolic enzymes that are implicated in diverse cellular processes including phagocytosis, autophagy, lipid transport, and aging. Lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMP-1 and LAMP-2) are major glycoproteins important for maintaining lysosomal integrity, pH, and catabolism. LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 are constitutively expressed in Salmonella-infected cells and are recruited to Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs) as well as Salmonella-induced filaments (Sifs) that promote the survival and proliferation of the Salmonella. LAMP-3, also known as DC-LAMP/CD208, is a member of the LAMP family of proteins, but its role during Salmonella infection remains unclear. DNA microarray analysis identified LAMP-3 as one of the genes responding to LPS stimulation in THP-1 macrophage cells. Subsequent analyses reveal that LPS and Salmonella induced the expression of LAMP-3 at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Confocal Super resolution N-SIM imaging revealed that LAMP-3, like LAMP-2, shifts its localization from the cell surface to alongside Salmonella. Knock-down of LAMP-3 by specific siRNAs decreased the number of Salmonella recovered from the infected cells. Therefore, we conclude that LAMP-3 is induced by Salmonella infection and recruited to the Salmonella pathogen for intracellular proliferation.

백제 등잔(燈盞)과 전통 등기(燈器)의 비교 연구

이상일 국립민속박물관 2018 민속학연구 Vol.0 No.43

Oil lamp was used as main lighting device in Baekje. Thanks to recent excavations, considerable amounts of data on Baekje lamps were accumulated. Most earlier studies on oil lamp focused on different shapes and forms of oil lamps. While these studies have advantages on estimating production methods and classifying abnormal difference in details, there is also a limitation that restoring a specific shapes of how to use oil lamps can be hard. This paper focused on folk lighting device to address the matter. Many folk lighting with traditional folk lighting methods have been handed down over times. There are archeological resources of wooden lampstand that challenging to identify as archaeological remains, and the use of traditional way. By using this advantage, it can be used as a good tool for overcoming data limitations in terms of interpreting archaeological remains. First, it can be assumed that oil lamps were used to install folk lighting device. To see folk lighting device, it is commonly identified to install light sources at high levels and use them. There are diverse types of oil lampstand in Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty, which are found in Joseon folk paintings. By applying them into oil lamps of Baekje, lampstand that similar to the form of oil lamp among folk lighting device were assumed to be used. However, a variety of lampstands such as round-shape rod lampstand and simple lampstand could be used. In addition, there is stone lamp at Mireuksa Temple Site in Baekje estimated to be the oldest in Korea. The author explored the possibility that oil lamps could be used by being installed inside stone lamps. Another characteristic of folk lighting device is that there are a diverse range of types to be used in the course of movement such as hand held lamp. There are kinds of oil lamps estimated to be used outside in Baekje, which are relatively bigger with handles and additional structures outside lamps. These types constitute unique factors of Baekje and typically excavated in a royal palace, a royal temple and a government office. In addition to an oil lamp exclusive for movement, this study explored the possibility of installing oil lamps on lampstands, holding them and using them while moving. Oil lamp is considered as a kind of lamp that a variety of studies have not been conducted compared to excavated amounts. It can be understood that it is a limitation of using only archaeological remains. However, it was found that various factors unidentified in archaeological remains were included. Extending and studying data in this extensive perspective is thought to be a better tool for overcoming material limitations of archaeological remains. If more diverse data is utilized for restoring past culture, more extensive and in-depth research can be accomplished. 등잔(燈盞)은 백제에서 주된 등기(燈器)로 사용되었는데, 최근 많은 발굴성과를 통해 상당량의 백제 등잔 자료가 축적되었다. 이들에 대한 기존 연구는 대부분 등잔의 형태적 차이점에만 주목하였는데, 이러한 연구는 제작방법의 추정과 기형의 차이를 세부적으로 분류할 수 있는 장점이 있으나, 등잔을 사용하는 구체적인 과거 모습 복원이 어렵다는 한계도 존재한다. 본고에서는 이를 해결하기 위해, 전통 등기(燈器)를 주목하였다. 국내에는 오랜 기간 전통적인 조명방식을 지속하여 많은 전통 등기가 전해져오고 있다. 또한, 고고 자료로는 확인하기 어려운 나무 받침대 등 유기물질로 이루어진 자료도 존재하며, 전통적인 사용법이 전해 내려오는 사례가 존재한다. 이러한 장점을 잘 활용한다면, 고고 유물의 해석에 있어 자료의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 좋은 수단으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다. 전통 등기를 통해서는 먼저 등잔을 거치(据置)하여 사용하였을 가능성을 추정해보았다. 전통 등기를 살펴보면, 광원을 높은 곳에 거치하여 사용하는 모습은 일상적으로 확인되는 특징으로, 다양한 고려·조선시대 등잔 받침대가 존재하며 조선시대 민화(民畫)에서도 확인된다. 이를 백제 등잔에 적용한 결과, 백제에서는 전통 등기 중 등가(燈架)와 유사한 형태의 받침대를 사용했을 것으로 추정하였다. 다만, 원통형 막대 받침대와 간단한 받침대 등 다양한 받침대도 사용할 수 있었을 것이다. 또한, 백제에는 국내에서 가장 이른 것으로 추정되는 미륵사지 석등이 존재하는데, 등잔이 석등 내부에 거치되어서 사용되었을 가능성을 알아보았다. 다음으로 전통 등기의 특징은 제등(提燈)과 조족등(照足燈) 등 이동(移動)하며 사용하기 위한 다양한 종류가 존재하는 점이다. 백제에도 실외에서 사용되었을 것으로 추정되는 종류의 등잔이 존재하는데, 이들은 상대적으로 크기가 크며, 등잔 외부에 손잡이와 부가적인 시설이 존재한다. 이러한 종류는 백제의 특징적인 요소로 왕궁, 왕실사찰, 관영시설에서 주로 출토되는 양상을 보인다. 이밖에, 이동을 위한 전용(專用)의 등잔 외에, 등잔을 받침대에 거치하고, 받침대 자체를 들고 이동하며 사용하였을 가능성도 알아보았다. 등잔은 출토량에 비해 다양한 연구가 실시되지 못한 기종으로 생각된다. 이는 고고 자료만을 활용한 연구의 한계로 생각된다. 하지만 전통 등기를 살펴보면 고고 자료에서는 확인할 수 없는 다양한 요소를 많이 가지고 있는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 넓은 시각에서 자료를 확장하여 연구하는 것은, 고고 자료가 가지고 있는 물질적 한계를 극복할 수 있는 좋은 수단으로 생각된다. 앞으로 과거 문화를 복원할 때 이처럼 다양한 자료를 활용한다면 더욱 폭넓고 깊이 있는 연구가 가능할 것이다.

Comparison of Power Quality and Luminous Efficacy of Commercial Energy Saving Lamps in Thailand

Nitipong Somchaiwong,Ekkachai Chaidee 제어로봇시스템학회 2012 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.10

The objectives of this paper are the investigation and comparison of the electrical power quality and efficacy of energy saving lamps. These lamps consume less real power and produce higher relative illumination compared with traditional incandescent lamps. However, the energy saving lamps produce high total harmonic distortion (THD) that have effect to power quality problem. On the other hand those lamps operate at low power factor which is the demanding additional reactive power from the electrical utility. To investigation the power quality of lamps, the samples of commercial energy saving lamps in Thailand are tested. The experimental results are compared with standard incandescent and mercury lamps. The experiments were performed by using Luminous Flux Tester which is developed according IEC standard. We found that, the sample compact fluorescent lamps have lower energy consumption, higher illumination than the standard incandescent lamps, but high level of THD. The compact fluorescent lamps have higher efficacy than the mercury lamps. In this paper, the electrical and lighting characteristics of energy saving lamps are presented to verify the effectiveness of each lamp.

A study on Mercury of Component from Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Seung-Whee Rhee,Hun-Su Park,Min-Suk Lee,Jae-Kyung Kim,Hoe-Kyung Jung 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.2

Compact fluorescent lamps are strongly encouraged to manage separately in Korea because Compact fluorescent lamps contain mercury. Compact fluorescent lamps have managed as household waste in Korea, however, even though Compact fluorescent lamps contains hazardous material such as mercury. The aim of management of Compact fluorescent lamps separately is to reduce the release of mercury from Compact fluorescent lamp lamps into the environment and to reuse of the glass, metals and other components of Compact fluorescent lamps. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can’t be eliminated completely in lamps. In the crushing process, CFL(compact fluorescent lamp) is separated into glass, plastic, ballast, phosphor powder and vapor. Using the crushing technique, concentration of mercury vapor emission from CFL is evaluated. Through the experiments, the efficiency of the crushing and separation for the unit is estimated by measuring the volume of CFL. In this study, the concentration of mercury is analyzed by MVI(Mercury Vapor Indicator) method for vapor in CFL. From the results of mercury distribution for 3 companies, the concentration of mercury in compact fluorescent lamp is less than that in the other type lamps. And phosphor powder has greater than 99% of total mercury amount in CFL and the mercury concentration in phosphor powder is measured between 1,008ppm and 1,349ppm. The mercury concentration in phosphor powder can be changed by the type of company and period of usage. KET and TCLP are carried out for phosphor powder, glass, plastic, ballast and base cap to estimate the hazardous characteristic. From the results of KET and TCLP test for CFL, phosphor powder from CFL should be controlled separately by stabilization or other methods to reuse as a renewable material because the phosphor powder is determined as a hazardous waste. From the results of characteristics of CFL, the carbonization system of CFL should be carried out in the temperature of less than 350℃. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of Compact fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can’t be eliminated completely in lamps. In Korea, demonstration for recycling of U type lamps had once begun in the area of Seoul Metropolitan, 2000. In 2004, U type lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Association, approximately 38 million Compact fluorescent lamps were recycled in Korea, 2011 because 3 recycling facilities for Compact fluorescent lamps are operated in Korea. Recycling rate of Compact fluorescent lamps in Korea is about 31.0% but about 70% of Compact fluorescent lamps may not manage properly. Hence, discarded lamps release approximately 2 to 3 tons of mercury per year into the environment[6]. In USA, Compact fluorescent lamps has controlled by Universal Waste Rule and merchandises containing mercury prohibited to produce. Also, MEBA(Mercury Export Ban Act) is activated in USA from 2013. According to Association of Lighting and Mercury Recycler, member companies accomplish about 85% of the lamp recycling done each year. In Germany, best available technology (BAT) system for recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps is established and about 20 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps. In 1994, approximately 70-80% of total Compact fluorescent lamps are recycled in 1994 and Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 1996. In Sweden, MRT System, which was developed by Lumalampan, separated mercury from Compact fluorescent lamps by distillation operation, 1979. Reverse route collection system is active to improve the collection of Compact fluorescent lamps. Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 2001. In Austria, about 40 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps to recycle glass and ferrous metals. And wastes containing mercury are treated in landfill site by using special container [7,8]. In this study, Compact fluorescent lamps is cut by a end-cutting unit with a cam crusher and base-cap is separated from glass part. In the end-cutting unit, a vacuum system is operating to collect mercury vapor to prevent leaking from the end-cutting unit. First of all, characteristics and major composition of Compact fluorescent lamps are estimated. Through the experiments, it is measured mercury concentration in the parts of Compact fluorescent lamps such as glass tube, phosphor powder, and base cap after separation in the end-cutting unit. Also, it is evaluated mercury emission from Compact fluorescent lamps by measuring the concentration of effluent gas in the end-cutting unit with changing flow rate. Finally, Korea Extraction Method (KET) and TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test are applied to phosphor powder to verify that phosphor powder is a hazardous waste [9].

백제 등잔 사용법 연구

이상일 충남대학교 백제연구소 2018 百濟硏究 Vol.68 No.-

An oil lamp had been distinctive lighting device in ancient and traditional societies, including the Three Kingdoms Period of the Korean Peninsula. Quite a number of oil lamps have been unearthed from the Baekje region, and there have been not a few researches on the Baekje oil lamp. However, most of them have excessively focused on difference in shape or form rather than that in usage, the most critical function of the lamp, and the main focus of this work is the usage of the Baekje oil lamp. Ahead of the approach to the usage of the Baekje lamp, this work paid attention to the ancient Chinese lighting devices and their changing process. In the third century, there was active cultural exchange between Baekje and China, in particular the Western Qin, and Chinese culture, including Chinese products was introduced into the Baekje region. It seems to be quite reasonable that Chinese lighting devices, including an oil lamp had also been involved in the cultural exchange and it had influence on the Baekje lamp. While the lamp of Hanseong period of Baekje was related to those of Chines Qin, the lamps of the Ungjin and Sabi periods of Baekje were related to those of Chinese North and South Dynasties. It has been understood that the ancient oil lamps of China and Baekje were related to each other; therefore their usage was also quite similar to each other. Both animal oil and plant oil were used for the fuel of the Baekje lamp. It is believed that the kind of oil for fuel is quite critical to decide the shape or form of the lamp. While a lamp fueled by plant oil has a fuel container with a flat bottom, a lamp fueled by animal oil has a fuel container with a pointed protuberance. On the other hand, a lamp fueled by both types of oil has a fuel container with a cylindroid protuberance. In addition, while an indoor lamp had a pedestal, an outdoor lamp had a handle. A large lamp with two fuel containers seems to have been used in a royal palace, a royal temple and a government office. The author hopes that this work on the usage of the Baekje lamp will be make small contribution to the study of the Baekje archaeology and the solid reconstruction of past culture, including that of Baekje. I also hope that future archaeological approach to material remains will pay more attention to the functional aspect rather than that of form or shape. 등잔은 백제의 대표적인 조명도구로, 출토량에 비해 다양한 연구가 실시되지 못하였다. 기존에 실시된 등잔 연구는 대부분 형태적 차이점에 중점을 두었는데, 이는 다양한 특징과 사용방법이 존재하는 등잔에 적합하지 않은 것으로 생각되었다. 본고에서는 기존 연구의 한계를 극복하기 위해, 등잔의 사용방법을 주목하였다. 등잔의 사용법을 밝히기 위해 먼저, 중국의 燈器를 주목하였다. 3세기 후반 시작되는 중국과의 교류는 백제토기의 탄생에 많은 영향을 미쳤다. 등잔 역시 이러한 배경 속에 중국 燈器의 영향을 받은 것으로 추정하였으며, 특히 魏晉·南北朝時代의 燈器와 유사성이 확인되었다. 이를 바탕으로 중국 燈器의 사용법 연구를 참고하여 백제 등잔의 사용법을 추정해보았다. 먼저 등잔에서 가장 중요한 기능은 불을 밝히는 것으로, 연료에 따라 다른 사용방법을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 등잔의 연료는 고체 형태의 동물성 연료와 액체 형태의 식물성 연료로 나누어지며, 동물성 연료는 촉을 통해 기름을 고정하며, 식물성 연료는 구연부에 심지를 올려 사용했을 것이다. 이밖에, 받침이 있는 등잔은 동물성, 식물성 연료가 모두 사용하는 것으로 추정하였다. 다음으로 기존 연구에서는 주목받지 않은 등잔 받침대와 손잡이를 사용하는 모습을 추정해보았다. 등잔 대부분은 받침대와 함께 조합되었을 것으로 추정되며 받침대 상면에 평평히 거치되는 형태로 사용되었을 것이다. 이밖에 실외에서 이동하며 사용하기 위해 등잔 외부에 추가로 손잡이를 설정한 종류도 확인된다. 이들은 일반 유적이 아닌, 왕궁, 왕실사찰, 관영시설에서 주로 출토되는 양상을 보였다. 본고는 기존 등잔 연구에서 주로 주목한 형태적 요소가 아닌, 사용법을 주목한 것에 의미가 있다고 생각된다. 사용법과 같이 기존에 고려되지 않은 연구방법을 사용한다면 새로운 결과를 찾아낼 수 있을 것이며, 앞으로 등잔 연구뿐만 아니라 전반적인 연구에서 사용법 연구와 같은 다양한 접근이 시도된다면 과거 문화를 복원하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

IS-12 : A study on Mercury of Component from Compact Fluorescent Lamp

( Seung Whee Rhee ),( Hun Su Park ),( Min Suk Lee ),( Jae Kyung Kim ),( Hoe Kyung Jung ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.-

Compact fluorescent lamps are strongly encouraged to manage separately in Korea because Compact fluorescent lamps contain mercury. Compact fluorescent lamps have managed as household waste in Korea, however, even though Compact fluorescent lamps contains hazardous material such as mercury. The aim of management of Compact fluorescent lamps separately is to reduce the release of mercury from Compact fluorescent lamp lamps into the environment and to reuse of the glass, metals and other components of Compact fluorescent lamps. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can`t be eliminated completely in lamps. In the crushing process, CFL(compact fluorescent lamp) is separated into glass, plastic, ballast, phosphor powder and vapor. Using the crushing technique, concentration of mercury vapor emission from CFL is evaluated. Through the experiments, the efficiency of the crushing and separation for the unit is estimated by measuring the volume of CFL. In this study, the concentration of mercury is analyzed by MVI(Mercury Vapor Indicator) method for vapor in CFL. From the results of mercury distribution for 3 companies, the concentration of mercury in compact fluorescent lamp is less than that in the other type lamps. And phosphor powder has greater than 99% of total mercury amount in CFL and the mercury concentration in phosphor powder is measured between 1,008ppm and 1,349ppm. The mercury concentration in phosphor powder can be changed by the type of company and period of usage. KET and TCLP are carried out for phosphor powder, glass, plastic, ballast and base cap to estimate the hazardous characteristic. From the results of KET and TCLP test for CFL, phosphor powder from CFL should be controlled separately by stabilization or other methods to reuse as a renewable material because the phosphor powder is determined as a hazardous waste. From the results of characteristics of CFL, the carbonization system of CFL should be carried out in the temperature of less than 350℃. The amount of mercury in a fluorescent lamps varies, depending on the type of lamp and manufacturer, but typically ranges between 5 milligrams and 30 milligrams. The mercury content of Compact fluorescent lamps has been reported to be between 0.72 and 115 mg/lamp with an average mercury content of about 30 mg/lamp in 1994. Although manufacturers have greatly reduced the amount of mercury used in fluorescent lamps over the past 20years, mercury is an essential component to fluorescent lamps and can`t be eliminated completely in lamps. In Korea, demonstration for recycling of U type lamps had once begun in the area of Seoul Metropolitan, 2000. In 2004, U type lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system. According to Korea Lighting Recycling Association, approximately 38 million Compact fluorescent lamps were recycled in Korea, 2011 because 3 recycling facilities for Compact fluorescent lamps are operated in Korea. Recycling rate of Compact fluorescent lamps in Korea is about 31.0% but about 70% of Compact fluorescent lamps may not manage properly. Hence, discarded lamps release approximately 2 to 3 tons of mercury per year into the environment[6]. In USA, Compact fluorescent lamps has controlled by Universal Waste Rule and merchandises containing mercury prohibited to produce. Also, MEBA(Mercury Export Ban Act) is activated in USA from 2013. According to Association of Lighting and Mercury Recycler, member companies accomplish about 85% of the lamp recycling done each year. In Germany, best available technology (BAT) system for recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps is established and about 20 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps. In 1994, approximately 70-80% of total Compact fluorescent lamps are recycled in 1994 and Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 1996. In Sweden, MRT System, which was developed by Lumalampan, separated mercury from Compact fluorescent lamps by distillation operation, 1979. Reverse route collection system is active to improve the collection of Compact fluorescent lamps. Compact fluorescent lamps was included as an item in EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) system in 2001. In Austria, about 40 companies are involved in recycling of Compact fluorescent lamps to recycle glass and ferrous metals. And wastes containing mercury are treated in landfill site by using special container [7,8]. In this study, Compact fluorescent lamps is cut by a end-cutting unit with a cam crusher and base-cap is separated from glass part. In the end-cutting unit, a vacuum system is operating to collect mercury vapor to prevent leaking from the end-cutting unit. First of all, characteristics and major composition of Compact fluorescent lamps are estimated. Through the experiments, it is measured mercury concentration in the parts of Compact fluorescent lamps such as glass tube, phosphor powder, and base cap after separation in the end-cutting unit. Also, it is evaluated mercury emission from Compact fluorescent lamps by measuring the concentration of effluent gas in the end-cutting unit with changing flow rate. Finally, Korea Extraction Method (KET) and TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) test are applied to phosphor powder to verify that phosphor powder is a hazardous waste [9].

형광램프대체용 LED FDL 개발

양병문(Byong-Moon Yang),장우진(Woojin Jang),차재상(Jae-Sang Cha) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2015 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.29 No.1

Due to the declining LED price and environment-friendly energy policies, CO2 emission reduction and energy-saving, the LED lighting industry is accelerating rapidly. In particular, the needs for LED lamp, replacing the existing fluorescent lamp without exchange luminaire or driver circuits, are also rapidly increasing. Therefore, replacement for T8 fluorescent lamp, LED T8 lamp was developed and standardized. However, except LED T8 lamps, other lamps’ regulations or standards were not enacted. Also, the stability of fluorescent lamp substitutable LED lamp is low due to the difference in electrical characteristics and mismatch between the existing fluorescent lamp ballast and LED lamp. Therefore, many are struggling while developing fluorescent lamp substitutable LED lamp. In this paper describes the properties of existing fluorescent lamp ballasts and the considerations while developing fluorescent lamp substitutable LED lamp : demonstrating its validity by experiments the developed fluorescent lamp substitutable LED lamp prototype.

Recovery and Dynamic Flow Analysis of Mercury from Waste Fluorescent Lamps in Korea

( Hyunhee Kim ),( Yong-chul Jang ),( Jinhee Jeong ),( Yuree Kwon ),( Yeji Jang ),( Gain Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

End-of-life fluorescent lamps containing with a toxic metal of mercury are collected from municipal waste streams. There are still huge amounts of the lamps in use from households, commercial areas, and industrial sectors, although demands for the lamps have been gradually decreasing with recent replacement with light emitting diode (LED) lamps. According to the "The Second Energy Fundamental Plan in Korea" published by the Korea Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy in 2014, existing public fluorescent lamps will be entirely replaced with 100% LED lighting after 2020. Thus, enormous amounts of end-of-life fluorescent lamps will end up with disposal. It is important to properly manage and recycle the lamps due to the presence of mercury. In this study, dynamic flow analysis was conducted to estimate the flow of materials that are recycled or discarded through the use phase over time by considering the life span of the lamp product. Mass flow of mercury in the lamps was also examined by quantifying flow and stocks of the substance in a well-defined system based on mass balance approach. Dynamic flow analysis is used to quantify past material flows, establish the material flow patterns and apply the lifetime of the lamps, and the replacement rate in order to track the temporal changes in the material flows. Based on the results, the amount of end-of-life fluorescent lamps generated was estimated to be about 100 million in 2008, and is expected to gradually increase to 140 million in 2014 and then decrease to about 100 million in 2019. Mercury from the lamps has steadily declined from 2.19 ton-Hg in 2008. In 2030, the expected emission of fluorescent lamps was estimated at about 10 million, and mercury was estimated at only 22 kg- Hg. The flow of mercury in fluorescent lamps was expected to continually decrease by 2030 due to the increased LED replacement. It implies that the amount of mercury emissions to the environment is expected to sharply decline in the future.