First Record of Two Cold-Water Jellyfishes Aurelia limbata and Parumbrosa polylobata (Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae: Ulmaridae) in Korean Coastal Waters

Chang, Soo-Jung,Kim, Jung Nyun,Yoon, Won-Duk,Ki, Jang-Seu The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology 2016 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.32 No.4

Most scyphomedusae jellyfishes recorded in Korean waters are temperate and subtropical species. In the present study, two cold-water jellyfishes from Korean waters are first described. Scyphomedusae were collected from the coasts of Gangneung and Ulsan of the East Sea, and Boryeong, and the eastern area of the Yellow Sea from June 2006 to May 2015. Scyphomedusae collected in Ulsan and Gangneung were identified morphologically as Aurelia limbata Brandt, 1835. Their umbrella was 250-500 mm in width and 30-50 mm in height; the exumbrella was white and the subumbrella was dark brown in color. The vascular system was complex with anastomosed branches. Individuals of this species lived at about 6.6-9.9℃ and 30-50 m depth in Korean waters. Scyphomedusae collected from the center of the Yellow Sea and from Boryeong were identified as Parumbrosa polylobata Kishinouye, 1910. Their umbrella was disc-shaped, 80-200 mm in width and 20-40 mm in height. Its milky white gonads could be seen through the transparent exumbrella. The stomach cavity was round and flat with four interradial cavities connected by subgenital cavities, and the four oral arms were bifurcated and spear-head shaped. Individuals were found at about 6.4-10.0℃ and 40-90 m depth in Korean waters. The identities of both species were confirmed by molecular analysis using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences.

The Meaning of Water in Indigenous Korean Culture and Baptism in Early Korean Protestant Churches

최영현 21세기기독교사회문화아카데미 2022 신학과 사회 Vol.36 No.1

The Christian ritual of initiation, known as a baptism, is important because baptisms form the Christian character of believers. In the early stages of missions, the administration of baptisms was accepted as a cultural relationship between indigenous Koreans by the usage of water. This helped Koreans accept Protestantism as their religion, and the Protestant missionaries’ conservative theology was easily connected with the meaning of water. Traditionally, water has been deeply related with five major elements: the birth myth, wishful rain, acceptance, shamanism, and folklore. These understandings that Koreans had of water was conjoined with the significance of baptisms and their meaning. The imagery of water in relation to birth myth is that of being reborn, as a child of God, a disciple of Jesus, and/or being reborn as a Christian during the early stages of the Korean church. The projection of wishful rain rituals is that of examination and purification of oneself, connected to the rituals of repentance and conversion into Christianity during the early stages of the Korean church. In acceptance rituals, water symbolized the removal of corruption, thus related to the removal of sins by the faith in Christ. The imagery of water in shamanic rituals and folklore are that of cleansing and life, emphasizing the cleansing of impurity and receiving eternal life through the grace of Christ. A deity in Korean folklore, Chowang, was a deity that dwelled in each and every one, much like the Holy Spirit in Christianity. Such experiences and beliefs that Koreans had of water has made the Korean Christianity’s beliefs and practices rather unique. For example, dawn prayer meetings and the theological connection of God, Heaven, the cosmos, the earth, and human beings. Water as a means of new beginnings, cleansing, and symbolism of anticipation can still work for the modern Korean church and society. This type of reproduction and expansion of our experiences of Christianity opens up new perspectives of the future.

남북 물 협력의 중요성에 관한 소고 : 북한의 식수 비극을 중심으로

이경희 북한연구학회 2019 北韓硏究學會報 Vol.23 No.1

Based on strong leadership, North Korea's state-centered water management system acted as a means to consolidate central power and mobilize the people through water control. As a political tool, water is overused as a source of energy for national development in economic terms and has led to a biased structure of water use. These structural problems in social, economic, and political aspects are associated with ecological conditions that lack water and geography and have caused North Korean drinking water tragedy, and in recent years, the inequalities between the stratum have become increasingly intense and also the asymmetry of the tragedy has. North Korea has been actively seeking international cooperation to solve water problems, and the unified water cooperation between North Korea and UNICEF, unlike any other area, demonstrates the power of water. Therefore, this study suggests that active and water-focused cooperation should be designed and implemented at the Korean Peninsula level. The new ideology in which the green cooperation of water is embedded is different from the dialogue method based on the economic development and national security frame such as the past mobilized inter-Korean economic cooperation. It is necessary to create continuous cooperation between the two Koreas and to imagine the future system of the Korean Peninsula. Inter-Korean water cooperation can improve North Korean water issues at the internal level of North Korea, freeing North Korean children from the threat of life. It can be a driving force to remove the negative aspect of the conflict between North and South Korea, which had been repeated in the inter-Korean relations level, and to lead to the new inter-Korean relations. The peace regime on the Korean Peninsula accompanied by the cooperation at the international level can be expected to reestablish relations with the leading roles of the two Koreas in global security issues. 북한의 국가중심 물 관리 체계는 강력한 리더십에 의해 탄생했고, 물의 통제를 통해 권력을 공고화하고 인민을 동원하기 위한 수단으로 작동하였다. 정치적 도구로서 물은, 경제적 측면에서 국가 발전을 위한 에너지원의 원천으로 과다사용 되며 물이용의 편향적 구조를 초래했다. 이러한 사회·경제·정치의 구조적 문제는 기후 및 지리적으로 물이 부족한 생태학적 조건과 맞물리며 북한의 식수 비극을 야기했으며 최근에는 이를 감내해야 하는 계층 간 불평등이 심화되며 비극의 비대칭성이 심화되고 있다. 물 문제가 미치는 파급력은 북한 사회의 구조적 변동을 초래할 뿐 아니라 당국이 가장 중요하게 생각하는 체제의 내구력에 위협으로 작용한다는 점에서 북한을 외부와 협력하게 하는 물에 주목할 필요가 있다. 북한은 물 문제를 해결하기 위해 국제적 협력을 적극적으로 요청해 오고 있으며, 다른 영역과 달리 중단 없이 수행되고 있는 북한과 유니세프(UNICEF)의 공고한 물 협력은 물의 힘을 실증하고 있다. 따라서 한반도 수준에서도 적극적이고 물을 매개로한 협력을 구체적으로 설계하고 실행해야할 필요가 있다고 본 연구는 제언한다. 물이라는 녹색 협력이 내재하고 있는 신사고적 이데올로기는 과거 동원된 남북경협과 같은 발전·안보 프레임에 기반한 대화 방식과는 다르다는 점에서 남북의 지속적인 협력을 창출하고, 미래의 한반도 체제를 상상할 수 있는 힘이 될 수 있다. 남북 물 협력은 북한 내부적 수준에서 북한의 물 문제를 개선시켜 북한 어린이들을 생명의 위협에서 자유롭게 할 수 있다. 남북관계 수준에서 과거에 반복되었던 남북한의 갈등과 협력관계의 부정적 양상에서 벗어나 새로운 남북관계로 전환할 수 있는 원동력이 될 수 있다. 국제적 수준에서 공고한 협력에 수반한 한반도 평화 체제는 전지구적 안보 문제에 있어 남북한의 주도적인 역할로의 관계 재설정을 기대할 수 있다.

1996년 5월 한국 남해 및 서해 연안역의 해양환경과 식물플랑크톤 군집동태

이준백 제주대학교 해양연구소 1998 해양자원연구소연구보고 Vol.22 No.-

The characteristics of marine environment and phytoplankton community dynamics have been investi- gated in the southern and western coastal waters of Korea in May, 1996. Water temperature. salinity. and transparency varied in the range of 9.3~16.0%. 31.7~35.5% 0.4~9.2 m respectively. The concentration of total inorganic nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus distributed in the range of 1.86~62.42 P M and 0.08~0.86 μM. respectively. showing relatively high nitrogen in the southern waters and relatively high phosphorus in the western waters. The N/P ratio were higher in the southern waters than in the western waters. It is believed that the southern waters have been more eutrophicated by the nitrogen sources in Korean waters. A total of 44 species of phytoplankton occurred including 22 spp. of diatom. 21 spp. of dinoflagellate. and 1 sp. of silicoflagellate. The standing crops of phytoplankton were in the range of 1.5 x10^(3(~46.6x10^(3) cells l^(-1), relatively higher abundance in the southern waters than in the western waters. Dinoflagellate was much abundant in the southern waters. which is likely to be related to the eutrophication of the southern waters. Whereas the western waters showed relatively low standing crops. Particularly a benthic diatom. Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve. was most dominant in all most western stations. where this species would be resuspended by the physical movement of water rather than any chemical factors involved in the shallow water.

대형선망어업의 주요 목표종의 어장 변동

이종희 ( Jong Hee Lee ),이재봉 ( Jae Bong Lee ),장창익 ( Chang Ik Zhang ),강수경 ( Su Kyung Kang ),최영민 ( Young Min Choi ),이동우 ( Dong Woo Lee ) 한국어업기술학회 2012 수산해양기술연구 Vol.48 No.2

Korean large purse seine fishery catches chub mackerel, sardine, jack mackerel, Spanish mackerel, etc. which are mainly pelagic fish species. The proportion of chub mackerel was 60% over in Korean large purse seine fishery. Sea surface temperature (SST) increased 0.0253°C per year and total rising rate was 0.759°C from 1980 to 2009 in the southern sea of Korea, where is mainly fishing grounds of Korean large purse seine. It was that p<0.01 level was statistically significant. It is northward movement that the center of fishing grounds of chub mackerel by Korean large purse seine fishery moved 4.57km/yr. It was rapidly northward movement about 7.1km/yr, 8.13km/yr to move Spanish mackerel and bluefin tuna fishing grounds. However, the fishing grounds of jack mackerel were moved further south in the 2000s than the 1980s. Catch of tunas and bluefin tuna consistently increased in Korean waters. There was a significantly positive correlation between SST and catch of bluefin tuna in the fishing grounds of Korean waters.

『天符經』의 圖象化 -『천부경』에 의한 伏羲 八卦·河圖의 해석 -

정경희 국제뇌교육종합대학원대학교 국학연구원 2007 선도문화 Vol.3 No.-

At first, this thesis is started with the object of connecting the theory on ten number(十元) and the theory on nine number(九元) in 『Chunbu-kyung天符經』. After examining the nine dimensions of the being, Sung性〔天一, the first state of Chun天(Information or Naught無·空)〕․ Myung命〔the first state of In人(Energy, Ki氣)〕․ Jung精〔the first state of Ji地(Material)〕․ Sim心(the second state of Chun天) ․ Ki氣(the second state of In人) ․ Sin身(the second state of Ji地) ․ Kam感(the third state of Chun天) ․ Sik息(the third state of In人) ․ Chok觸(the third state of Ji地), through the theory on nine number of『Chunbu-kyung天符經』and『Samil-singo三一誥』, then I observed two theories from a viewpoint of figures. In Korean Sundo(韓國仙道) tradition, there are a large number of figures that can be connected to the theory on nine number. Especially the most accurate model of the theory on nine number is Bokhee(伏羲)'s Pal-kye(八卦) and Hado(河圖). Generally Bokhee has been called the founder of Chinese theory on figure and number(象數學). But I started to observe Bokhee as a trainee of Korean Sundo and concluded that his Pal-kye(八卦) and Hado(河圖) is the basic theory of Korean Sundo. In Chinese theory on figure and number, from a standpoint of figure, Hado and 'Bokhee-sunchun-Pal-kyedo(伏羲先天八卦圖)' that is transformation of Hado applied the principles of Pal-kye, are comprehended as a plane round shape. Besides from a standpoint of meaning, they can be comprehended as the theory on Five Elements(the five primary substance: metal·wood·water․fire․ earth)〔木·火·土·金·水 五行論〕. On the contrary, examining Pal-kye and Hado with the theory on nine number of『Chunbu-kyung天符經』, they can be interpreted as a solid top shape. (‘the top -shape Pal-kye and Hado of Korean Sundo’). In ‘the top -shape Pal-kye and Hado’, we can perceive that the theory on ten number and the theory on nine number are the same theory, as regarding the central point of five-ten as one number. Moreover ‘the top -shape Pal-kye and Hado of Korean Sundo’ could be interpreted as the theory on Five Elements〔energy(氣)·fire․water․earth․Chunbu(天符)〕〔氣·火·水·土·天符 五行論〕or the theory on Gu-gung(九宮) and Pal-kye(八卦)〔九宮八卦論〕. And these theories are contrasted to the Chinese theories, that is, the theory on Five Elements(木·火·土·金·水 五行論) and the theory on Gu-gung(九宮) and Pal-kye(八卦) based on Nak-seo(洛書). Fundamentally the divergence of views between Korean Sundo and Chinese theory on figure and number is due to the divergence of comprehension on the theory on nine number(or the theory on ten number) in 『Chunbu-kyung天符經』. ‘The top -shape Pal-kye and Hado of Korean Sundo’ reflects the theory on nine number(or the theory on ten number) in『Chunbu-kyung天符經』 thoroughly. In Korean Sundo tradition, as the transformation of ‘The top -shape Pal-kye and Hado of Korean Sundo’ we can find the right-turning whirlpool shape, the right-turning three-Taegeuk(三太極, the Great Absolute composed of three dimensions) shape etc. 본고는 애초『천부경』의 양대 數論인 십원론과 구원론을 연결해 보려는 문제의식에서 시작되었다. 우선『천부경』·『삼일신고』의 구원론을 통하여 존재의 9차원, 곧 ‘性(天一)·命(人一)·精(地一)·心(天二)·氣(人二)·身(地二)·感(天三)·息(人三)·觸(地三)’을 살펴본 후, 이와 십원론의 연결 고리를 찾기 위하여 양자를 입체적 圖象의 방식으로 바라보기 시작하였다. 한국의 문화전통 속에는 구원론(십원론)과 연결해 볼 수 있는 많은 圖象들이 남아 전하고 있지만, 특히 구원론(십원론)을 가장 구체적이고 정확하게 반영하고 있는 도상이 伏羲의 八卦·河圖라고 보았다. 일반적으로 복희는 중국 象數學의 시원을 연 인물로, 또 그의 팔괘·하도는 중국 상수학의 초기 이론으로 이야기되지만, 필자는 복희를 한국선도의 수행자, 곧 仙家로 보고 그의 팔괘·하도 또한 한국선도의 기본 이론으로 보았다. 중국의 상수학 전통에서 하도·팔괘는 대체로 평면적 ‘圓型’으로 이해되어 왔으며, 의미적으로는 ‘木·火·土·金·水 五行論’으로 해석되어 왔던 반면『천부경』의 구원론(십원론)으로 팔괘·하도를 바라보면, ‘팽이型’과 같이 입체적 도상으로 해석되는데,(‘한국선도의 팽이형 팔괘·하도’) ‘팽이형 팔괘·하도’에서 五·十 중심점을 一數로 보면『천부경』의 구원론과 십원론이 실상 동일함을 알게 된다. 또한 ‘팽이형 팔괘·하도’의 의미는 중국 상수학의 ‘목·화·토·금·수 오행론’과 달리 ‘氣·火·水·土·天符 五行論’으로 해석되었다. 한국선도의 구원론(십원론)에 내포된 바 ‘존재가 一에서 9차원으로 전변되면서 생성되는 과정 및 동일한 과정을 역으로 거슬러 오르는 회귀의 과정’이라는 관점으로 ‘팽이형 팔괘·하도’의 의미를 고찰한 것이 ‘氣·火·水·土·天符 五行論’이요 ‘九宮八卦論(九宮八數論)’으로 중국 상수학의 ‘목·화·수·금·토 오행론’이나 洛書에 기반하고 있는 ‘구궁팔괘론’과는 상이하다. 이처럼 한국선도 및 중국 상수학에서 복희 팔괘·하도의 형태나 의미에 대하여 상이한 입장 차이가 생겨나게 되는 것은『천부경』구원론(십원론)에 대한 이해 정도의 차이 때문이다. 무엇보다 ‘팽이형 팔괘·하도’가 중국 상수학에 비해『천부경』의 구원론(십원론)을 더욱 철저히 반영하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 더하여 한국선도 전통에서 ‘팽이형 팔괘·하도’의 변형태로 ‘오른쪽으로 돌아가는(右旋) 소용돌이’ 형상, 또 ‘오른쪽으로 돌아가는(右旋) 삼태극’의 형상 등이 있음도 살펴 보았다.

국내 고등학교 점심식단 자료를 이용한 우리나라 음식물의 물 발자국 평가

김뇌현(Neohun Kim),김준범(Junbeum Kim),김영빈(Youngbin Kim),이종태(Jongtae Lee) 한국환경교육학회 2013 環境 敎育 Vol.26 No.2

Pressures on water resources are increasing mainly as a result of urbanization, human and industry activity, and growing competition for water. As pressures on water resources, there is growing interest in evaluating the water resource consumption and availability. Currently, an important water resources evaluation method is water footprint. The water footprint is to calculate the total amount of indirect and direct water consumption of a good and service. These days many international studies and factors for water footprint are conducted and developed. However, the water footprint researches about Korean foods and products as well as Korean factors are not well evaluated and developed. The purpose of this study is to calculate the water footprints (direct and indirect water consumption) of Korean foods based on high school lunch menu data. Our study result shows that the indirect water consumption has about 99% while the direct water consumption has below 1% in total water consumption of foods. For further study, Korean water footprint factors should be constructed and used, and this water footprint research can be connected with food mileage and carbon footprint researches.

First Record of Two Cold-Water Jellyfishes Aurelia limbata and Parumbrosa polylobata (Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae: Ulmaridae) in Korean Coastal Waters

장수정,김정년,윤원덕,기장서 한국동물분류학회 2016 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.32 No.4

Most scyphomedusae jellyfishes recorded in Korean waters are temperate and subtropical species. In the present study, two cold-water jellyfishes from Korean waters are first described. Scyphomedusae were collected from the coasts of Gangneung and Ulsan of the East Sea, and Boryeong, and the eastern area of the Yellow Sea from June 2006 to May 2015. Scyphomedusae collected in Ulsan and Gangneung were identified morphologically as Aurelia limbata Brandt, 1835. Their umbrella was 250-500 mm in width and 30-50 mm in height; the exumbrella was white and the subumbrella was dark brown in color. The vascular system was complex with anastomosed branches. Individuals of this species lived at about 6.6-9.9°C and 30-50 m depth in Korean waters. Scyphomedusae collected from the center of the Yellow Sea and from Boryeong were identified as Parumbrosa polylobata Kishinouye, 1910. Their umbrella was disc-shaped, 80-200 mm in width and 20-40 mm in height. Its milky white gonads could be seen through the transparent exumbrella. The stomach cavity was round and flat with four interradial cavities connected by subgenital cavities, and the four oral arms were bifurcated and spear-head shaped. Individuals were found at about 6.4-10.0°C and 40-90 m depth in Korean waters. The identities of both species were confirmed by molecular analysis using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences.

First Record of Two Cold-Water Jellyfishes Aurelia limbata and Parumbrosa polylobata (Scyphozoa: Semaeostomeae: Ulmaridae) in Korean Coastal Waters

Soo-Jung Chang,Jung Nyun Kim,Won-Duk Yoon,Jang-Seu Ki 한국동물분류학회 2016 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.32 No.4

Most scyphomedusae jellyfishes recorded in Korean waters are temperate and subtropical species. In the present study, two cold-water jellyfishes from Korean waters are first described. Scyphomedusae were collected from the coasts of Gangneung and Ulsan of the East Sea, and Boryeong, and the eastern area of the Yellow Sea from June 2006 to May 2015. Scyphomedusae collected in Ulsan and Gangneung were identified morphologically as Aurelia limbata Brandt, 1835. Their umbrella was 250-500 mm in width and 30-50 mm in height; the exumbrella was white and the subumbrella was dark brown in color. The vascular system was complex with anastomosed branches. Individuals of this species lived at about 6.6-9.9°C and 30-50 m depth in Korean waters. Scyphomedusae collected from the center of the Yellow Sea and from Boryeong were identified as Parumbrosa polylobata Kishinouye, 1910. Their umbrella was disc-shaped, 80-200 mm in width and 20-40 mm in height. Its milky white gonads could be seen through the transparent exumbrella. The stomach cavity was round and flat with four interradial cavities connected by subgenital cavities, and the four oral arms were bifurcated and spear-head shaped. Individuals were found at about 6.4-10.0°C and 40-90 m depth in Korean waters. The identities of both species were confirmed by molecular analysis using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences.

2000년 여름 남해안에 나타난 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 우점 적조의 발생 특성

정창수,이창규,조용철,이삼근,김학균,정익교,임월애,Jung, Chang-Su,Lee, Chang-Kyu,Cho, Yong-Chul,Lee, Sam-Geun,Kim, Hak-Gyoon,Chung, Ik-Kyo,Lim, Wol-Ae 한국해양학회 2002 바다 Vol.7 No.2

2000년 한반도 남해안에서 발생한 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조 초기발생, 진행과 소멸현상을 현장과 NOAA 위성 표층수온 자료를 이용하여 검토하였다. 일반적으로 C. polykrikoides 적조는 1995년에서 1999년에는 적조 띠가 고흥 나로도해역에서 최초 발생되었으나, 2000년에는 여수해만 해역에서 최초로 발생되었다. 이는 한반도 남해해역에서 여러 해수가 영향을 미쳤기 때문으로 생각된다 : 1) 대마난류와 남해연안류, 2) 진도냉수대와 남서해 연안수 및 3) 남동연안의 저온수와 외양난류수, 이 기간동안 실시한 현장조사에서는 C. polykrikoides의 유영세포가 이들의 경계역에 집적되는 경향을 나타내었는데, 특히 8월말에 대마난류와 남해연안류 사이의 남해 해양전선이 여수해만에서 형성되어 2000년 C. polykrikoides 적조가 바로 이 지점에서 시작하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다.(8월 22일). 이 C. polykrikoides 우점 적조는 Alexandrum tamarense, Gymnodinium mikimotoi, Skletonema coastatum, 그리고 Chaetoceros spp.와 혼합하여 발생하였다. 적조발생 기간 중에 한반도에는 'Prapiroon'과 'Saomai' 2개의 태풍이 C. polykrikoides 적조세력에 영향을 미쳤다. 태풍 'Prapiroon'이 통과한 후 C. polykrikoides 유영세포의 수는 최대를 보였고, 태풍 'Saimai' 통과 후 적조는 소멸하였다(9월 20일). 10월 5일에는 진해만과 한산-거제만에서 C. polykrikoides 적조가 발생하였는데, 이때의 위성사진은 22$^{\circ}C$의 수온전선이 한산-거제만을 거쳐 진해만까지 깊숙이 관입되어 있었으며, 적조발생해역 및 현장수온도 일치하고 있었다. 또한 이 지역에서 가을과 겨울철에 우점 출현하는 Akashiwo sanguinea(=Gym, sanguineum)와 C. polykrikoides이 함께 적조를 형성하였다. We investigated the outbreak, maintenance, and decline of the red tide dominated by C. polykrikoides in the coastal waters off Southern Korea from August to October, 2000, by combining field data and NOAA satellite images. In general, the C. polykrikoides blooms, which have occured annually in Korean coastal waters from 1995 to 1999, initiate between late August and early September around Narodo Island and expand to the whole area of the southern coast. However, initiation and short-term change of the bloom of 2000 were quite different from the pattern observed previously. In mid-August, thermal fronts in sea surface temperature(SST) were formed: 1) between the Tsushima Warm Current Water (TWCW) and the Southern Korean Coastal Waters (SKCW), 2) between the jindo cold water mass and the southwestern coastal waters, and 3) between the upwelled cold waters in the southeast coast and the offshore warm waters. Free-living cells of C. polykrikoides were concentrated in these frontal regions. In late August, the thermal front TWCW-SKCW approached the mouth of Yeosuhae Bay where Seomjin River water and anthropogenic pollutants from the Industrial Complex of Gwangyang Bay are discharged. In the blooms of 2000 initiated in Yeosuhae Bay in late August, the dominant species, C. polykrikoides, co-occured with Alexandrum tamarense, Gymnodinium mikimotoi, Skeletonema coastatum, and Chaetoceros spp. Two typhoons, 'Prapiroon' and 'Saomai' during and the C. polykrikoides bloom probably affected the abundance of this species. After the former typhoon passed the Korean Peninsula, cell growth of C. polykrikoides was maximal, but after the latter typhoon, the C. polykrikoides bloom disappeared (20 September). On 5 October, the blooms dominated by C. polykrikoides broke out within the coastal waters of Jinhae Bay and Hansan-Keoje Bay. NOAA satellite images showed that the isothermal line of 22$^{\circ}C$ extended into Jinhae Bay. In this bloom, C. polykrikoides also occurred simultaneously with Akashiwo sanguinea(=Gym-nodinium sangunium), a common red tide-forming dinoflagellate species in fall and winter in these coastal bays.