교환 관계 내 성 역학관계에 관한 연구

이은주(Eun Ju Lee),임미자(Mee Ja Im) 한국마케팅학회 2009 마케팅연구 Vol.24 No.2

본 논문에서는 대인 관계 중 가장 기본적인 단위인 2人 다이아드 내의 성 역학관계에 관해 서술하였다. 이성 혹은 동성 간의 성 역학관계는 인류 역사상 가장 오래되고 기본적인 역학 관계임에도 불구하고, 이에 대한 체계적이고 학술적인 이론화 작업은 매우 희소하다. 일반적인 교환 관계 상황에서 한 명이 주도자의 역할을(α라 명기) 다른 한 명이 파트너의 역할을(β라 명기) 하게 되며, 남성 주도자-여성 파트너{αMale, βFemale}, 남성주도자-남성 파트너{αMale, βMale}, 여성 주도자-남성 파트너{αFemale, βMale}, 여성 주도자-여성 파트너{αFemale, βFemale}의 네 가지 경우의 성 다이아드로 분류할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 대인 관계 중 가장 기본적인 단위인 2人 다이아드 내의 성 역학관계에 관해 이론 모델을 개발하고, 제시된 성 역학관계 이론 모델을 실증적으로 검증하였다. 소비자와 판매원 다이아드를 상정하는 컴퓨터 쇼핑 시뮬레이션 실험을 실시하여 판매 교환 관계 상황 내에서 네 가지 성 다이아드 유형 별로 피험자가 파트너에 대해 느끼는 사후 태도 및 작용 기제를 측정하였으며, 사후 태도에 영향을 미치는 영향 요인을 규명하고 그 유의성을 검증하여 성 역학관계 이론 모델을 지지하는 결과를 얻었다. The dynamics between the sexes are one of the most fundamental forces that drive the course of human history, but few systematic, scientific theory about gender dynamics has been developed in the extant marketing literature. In a buyer-seller dyad, one typically plays the initiating role (noted as α) and the other, the partner role(noted as β). Thus, four types of gender dyads can be identified as the following: {αMale, βFemale}, {αMale, βMale}, {αFemale, βMale}, and {αFemale, βFemale}. Previous gender studies generally took a "unilateral" approach in studying gender effects in persuasion. For example, sex stereotypes reinforce the notion that males speakers are more competent and credible than are female speakers in professional and technical arenas (Eagly and Johnson 1990). Another example is that female leadership is deemed more vulnerable than male leadership because historically women has held a relative social minority position (Carli and Eagly 1999). These aforementioned studies, however, considered only the effect of an initiator`s {α} sex while ignoring the potential effect of a partner`s {β} sex on the effectiveness of persuasion. The purpose of this research is to address this gap in the marketing literature by developing a theory of gender dynamics in dyad. This paper presented a formal theory of gender dynamics by identifying the following four factors that influence consumer attitudes toward a partner in dyad: attraction, communion, generosity, and expertise. Then we showed how each gender dyad type can form a particular configuration of four influencing factors to result in the overall attitude towards the partner. The four gender-dyadic factors were attraction, communion, generosity, and perceived expertise. We conducted two experiments which began to demonstrate the usefulness of the gender dynamics theory. The first experiment employed a 2(subject sex: male vs. female) X 2(partner sex: male vs. female) X 2(partner price tactic: high vs. low) between-subject design. Using ANOVA, we found a significant main effect of price tactic on attitude. We also found a significant interaction between subject sex and partner sex on subject attitude. We also found heterosexual dyads perceived partners to be more attractive than same-sex dyads. Female subjects scored higher marks on communion than male subjects. Male subjects showed a higher level of generosity towards a female partner than toward a male parther. Attraction, communion, and generosity had significant influences on attitude towards a partner and subjects` final product choice was significantly affected by their attitudes toward partners. The second experiment added expertise as another gender-dyadic factor. Using a 2(subject sex: male vs. female) X 2(partner sex: male vs. female) X 2(expertise: expert vs. novice), we found a yet again significant interaction between subject sex and partner sex on attitude. More importantly, the interaction between both parties` sexes influenced perceived expertise of a partner. Particularly, female subjects perceived a male partner to have greater expertise than a female partner even after partner expertise was identically manipulated for both partner sexes. Since marketing is the study of "exchange," the gender dynamics model presented in this study offers a conceptual foundation for human dyadic exchange. Indeed, marketing exchange occurs between two social actors, whose actions are largely determined by their gender identity. This study offered the first empirical evidence for the unambiguous "bilateral" effects of communicator sex including both the initiator`s and the partner`s sex. While previous theoretical model of persuasion, the Elaboration Likelihood Model, suggested that the sex of a communicator was only a "peripheral" cue, the results experiment demonstrated that the bilateral sex effects of gender dynamics are more than peripheral. Gender dynamics are not to be considered as a peripheral and nonconsequential inf

한발 착지 시 수직지면반력과 동적자세안정성의 성별 차이: 양측 다리 간 불균형

류재청 ( Ryew Che-cheong ),현승현 ( Hyun Seung-hyun ) 제주대학교 체육진흥센터(구 제주대학교 체육과학연구소) 2019 체육과학연구 Vol.25 No.-

Rapid impulse loaded may be transferred to the lower extremity from ground contact in a condition that landing from a jump may be decreased the dynamic postural stability in female. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender’s difference in dynamic postural stability and peak vertical force during single leg landing. A total of twelve subjects(male n=6, range: age 20~22 years, heights 166.23~177.10 cm, weights 58.61~86.51 kg, female n=6, range: age 19~21 years, heights 156.90~169.21 cm, weights 48.61~72.91 kg) participated in this study. The peak vertical force and dynamic postural stability index(medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and vertical stability index) were determined by time-function and frequency domain during drop landing. A mixed model(2 gender×2 landing legs) of repeated measures design was used to determine the effects of gender and limb dominance on dynamic postural stability and peak vertical force. The peak vertical force in female group showed significant difference statistically with more higher force than that of male group. Also, MLSI, VSI, and DPSI in male group showed significant difference statistically with more decreased than that of female group. VSI in right leg showed significant difference statistically with more decreased than that of left leg. The results indicate that females have higher dynamic postural stability scores in the vertical and medial-lateral direction as well as the composite score. This suggests that female used different dynamic postural stability and shock absorption strategies in contrast to male.

젠더특성에 따라 조직문화가 동적역량을 매개로 조직유효성에 미치는 영향

곽효근 ( Kwag Hyo Keun ),서철승 ( Seo Cheol Seung ),이상진 ( Lee Sang Jin ) 한국경영공학회 2019 한국경영공학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Many companies attempt to transform themselves into creative organizations to create high performance. Organizational culture and dynamic capabilities are essential to make a creative organization. As the participation of women in society is more prevalent than ever, enterprises should have more concern on creating an environment that maximizes the capability of women as a way of improving the business performance. The purpose of this study is to verify the mediating effect of dynamic capabilities that affects creativity for the organizational culture to influence organizational effectiveness in a rapidly changing environment, the fourth Industrial Revolution. Furthermore, this research investigates differences in organizational culture and dynamic capabilities according to gender characteristics. The result of this research is as followings. Rational culture affected to organizational effectiveness, however, Hierarchical culture affected only to creativity as a sub-factor of organizational effectiveness. Absorptive transformation capabilities as a sub-factor of dynamic capabilities mediated organizational culture and organizational effectiveness. And absorptive transformation capabilities positively affected to the organizational effectiveness in hierarchical culture as well. Rational culture positively affected to both dynamic capabilities and organizational effectiveness regardless of gender. In the rational culture, women are more involved to their job than men, and their performance is more than twice as high. Hierarchical culture influenced men's dynamic capabilities, but did not affect women's dynamic capabilities. Thus, this study represents that enterprises should build rational culture to business performance by utilizing the competence of female workers and have more concern on making environment for employees to exercise their dynamic capabilities.

인력 성별다양성과 기업성과: 산업환경 역동성의 조절효과 검증

노현탁 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2014 동서연구 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구의 주요한 목적은 인력의 성별다양성과 기업성과 간의 관계를 보다 명확히 이해하기 위함이고, 이를 위해 상황론적 관점에 근거하여 언제, 어떤 메커니즘을 통해 성별다양성이 기업성과(인력생산성)에 유의미한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 실증분석을 실시하였다. 최근 몇몇 실증연구를 통해 조직수준의 성별다양성과 기업성과 간 U-형태의 비선형관계의 가능성이 밝혀진 바 있는데, 본 연구에서는 이러한 비선형관계를 조절하는 주요 상황변수, 특히 산업환경 역동성의 조절효과에 초점을 두고 이론적, 실증적 검증을 시도하였다. 일부 연구에서 최고경영진의 직무중심 다양성 또는 조직의 인종다양성과 관련하여 환경역동성의 조절효과에 대한 검증을 실시한 바 있으나, 실증연구 결과는 아직 불분명한 패턴을 보이고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존 연구에서 제시한 바 있는 환경역동성이 갖고 있는 양면적 가능성, 즉 다양성 효과에 갖는 긍정적 혹은 부정적 조절효과를 동시에 고려하여 가설을 제시하고(대립가설), 각 가설의 유효성을 실증검증을 통해 밝히는 것을 주요한 목적으로 한다. 실증분석을 위해 다양한 산업군에 속한 총 386개 국내기업 표본을 활용하였는데, 분석결과 산업환경의 역동성은 인력의 성별다양성과 기업성과 간 U-형태의 관계를 긍정적으로 조절하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 즉 성별다양성과 인력생산성 간 관계는 산업환경 역동성 수준이 높을 때 보다 명확한 U-형태를 갖는 반면, 상대적으로 역동성 수준이 떨어지는 환경에서는 전반적으로 부정적인 관계성을 띄는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과의 학문적, 실무적 시사점 및 향후 연구방향에 대해서 토의를 하였다. his study is an attempt to gain a clearer understanding of the performance implication of workforce gender diversity by considering an important environmental (industry) level contextual variable-i.e., the degree of industry dynamism. Adopting a contingency perspective, the author proposes that the performance effect of workforce gender diversity may differ across levels of industry dynamism and thus consideration of this industry level context can clarify somewhat mixed empirical results found in previous literature. Using data from 386 Korean firms across multiple industries, the author first examined the main effect of gender diversity on firm performance (a U-shaped relationship as suggested in recent research evidence) and then investigated how industry dynamism moderates this curvilinear relationship. Findings indicated that under high level of industry dynamism the U-shaped pattern became apparent; however under less dynamic, relatively stable industry environment the workforce gender diversity-performance relationship was generally negative. Theoretical, empirical, and practical implications for future research were discussed.

성별 노인 자살의 시·공간적 확산에 관한 연구

주유형(YooHyung Joo),이희연(Hee Yeon Lee) 한국인구학회 2014 한국인구학 Vol.37 No.3

지난 10년간 우리나라의 노인 자살자 수가 급격하게 증가하면서 노인 자살률은 OECD 국가들 중에서 가장 높은 수치를 기록하고 있다. 본 연구는 남성과 여성으로 구분하여 노인 자살의 공간 패턴과 공간 군집성을 살펴보고, 노인자살의 확산을 분석하는데 목적을 두었다. 2003-12년 동안 우리나라 남성 노인 자살자수는 여성 노인 자살자보다 평균 1.66배, 그리고 자살률은 평균 2.48배 더 높게 나타나고 있다. 노인 자살의 공간패턴을 보면 성별에 관계없이 모두 수도권과 대구, 부산 등 대도시에서 밀집하고 있으며, 특히 노인 자살 현상은 시간의 흐름에 따라 자살자 수가 많았던 지역에서 주변지역으로 확대되어 나가고 있다. 남성의 경우 노인 자살자 수가 군집하는 핫스팟이 주로 경기 남부로 확산되었으며, 여성의 경우 노인 자살의 핫스팟이 충청남도 해안 지역까지 좀 더 멀리 확산되고 있었다. 공간 마르코프 변이행렬 분석 결과 노인 자살은 이전 시점의 주변지역의 자살자 수와 연관성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 노인 자살의 확산효과는 시공간 다이나믹 패널모형의 검정 결과에서 통계적으로도 매우 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 여성 노인의 경우 남성 노인보다 자살의 확산효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과 노인자살은 시·공간적으로 확산되는 사회적 전염성을 보이는 현상임을 밝혀주었으며, 남성 노인과 여성 노인별로 차별화된 노인 자살 예방정책을 마련하는 것이 필요함을 시사해준다. During the last 10 years, the rate of elderly suicide in South Korea has increased drastically; it has been ranked as the highest among OECD nations. In this respect, the purposes of this study are to analyze the spatial pattern of the elderly suicide and to examine the spatial-temporal diffusion of elderly suicide by gender. We use a Markov transition matrix and a spatial-temporal dynamic model in order to examine the diffusion of elderly suicide by gender. The findings are as follows: First, the number of male elderly suicides is about 1.66 times higher than the number of female elderly suicides, and the rate of elderly suicide among males is 2.48 times higher than that of females. Secondly, the spatial distribution of the male elderly suicide was more spatially aggregated than that of the female elderly suicide, and hot spots of elderly suicide also expanded or relocated to nearby areas. Male elderly suicide had mainly dispersed over southern Kyunggi-do, while female elderly suicide had diffused farther up to the coastal area of Chungchung-do. Thirdly, the number of elderly suicides in one area can become similar to the number of elderly suicides of nearby areas, indicating that the number of elderly suicides in one area is associated to the number of elderly suicides in nearby areas in the preceding time frame. Fourth, such diffusion of elderly suicide turned out to be statistically significant regardless of gender. In the case of female elderly suicide, the diffusion effect is larger than for male elderly suicide. This study may give a important policy implication for establishing the differentiated elderly suicide prevention policy by male and female.

『버마 시절』과 아시아 여성의 재현

태혜숙(Tae, Heasook) 계명대학교 여성학연구소 2014 젠더와 문화 Vol.7 No.2

이 논문에서는 영국의 식민 지배를 받았던 버마의 북부 하위지역 카우크타다를 다룬 『버마 시절』(1934)을 ‘인종과 젠더의 역학’에 따라 읽어본다. 그러한 읽기는 오웰의 반제국주의 입장에 내재된 남성중심성을 드러내는 가운데 ‘아시아 여성의 재현’이라는 문제틀을 부각한다. 이 문제틀의 유효성을 입증하기 위해 먼저 소설에 그려져 있는 버마의 자연과 문화를 살펴본다. 그 결과, 버마적인 것은 ‘야만적’인 것이자 위로를 주는 것으로 재현되고 있다. 이러한 배경하에 주요 영국 및 버마 남녀 인물들을 그들의 인식 및 행위능력에 제국주의 이념과 가부장제 이데올로기가 상호 침투하는 양상을 중심으로 살펴본 결과, 특히 인종적으로 또 성적으로 약자인 버마 토착 여성들이 가장 부정적으로 제시되고 있음이 밝혀진다. 소설에서의 이러한 부정성과 한계를 넘어 민족주의 의식을 갖고 행동하는 버마 여성을 재현하고 있는 영화 <더 레이디>(2012)를 『버마 시절』과 함께 상호보충적으로 읽어보는 것은 ‘아시아 여성의 재현’이라는 문제틀의 이론적 유효성을 입증해 준다. The purpose of this paper is to read George Orwell’s first novel Burmese Days(1934) describing the colonial northern Burmese subregion life of Kyauktada through the dynamics of race and gender. These dynamics can reveal the men-centeredness of Orwell latent in his anti-imperialism and prompt us to propose ‘the representation of Asian women’ as a significant problematic. To operate that problematics, first, the nature and culture of Kyauktada are illuminated as both savage and comforting. Next, the interpenetrating aspects of imperial and patriarchal ideologies in the main British and Burmese characters" knowledge and agencies are critically examined. Because most Burmese women are located in racially and sexually minor positions, they tend to be represented in a doubly negative manner. Thus, the supplementary reading of Burmese Days with <The Lady> released in 2012 proves the theoretical effectivity of the problematics of ‘the representation of Asian women’ since the movie shows us a remarkable Burmese woman who has acted according to her faith and courage for Burmese nationalism and democracy together with other Burmese women, university students, monks, citizens, and private soldiers.

성별 범주의 인지적 특성

권영수(Kwon, Young Su),박분주(Boo-Joo Park) 언어과학회 2018 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.86

Gender, as a secondary social category, is reflected in certain language that affects individuals’ perceptions and cognitions. English is a language with a semantic gender system, where gender is determined by reference and meaning. When gender information of person denotations is not definite, speakers tend to use gender stereotypes to infer more precise gender information. Stereotypical gender information about role names are subconsciously incorporated into perceivers’ cognitive representation. The present study investigated how three different age groups of Korean EFL learners perceive gender categories of role names. As a result, it was observed that Korean participants’ perception of gender categorization tends to be sociocultural and psychodynamic. Moreover, variation of responses between age groups was discovered.

한국에서의 성별 스테레오타입의 역동성 인식 양상

권영수(Kwon, Young Su) 언어과학회 2020 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.95

According to Social Role Theory, gender stereotypes are characterized as dynamic constructs influenced by actual and perceived social role changes of men and women. When gender inequality in the economic sphere was persistent in Korea, a lower level of women’s participation was reflected in social roles. However, as the employment rate of women has steadily increased since the mid 80s, this change of social trend contributed to the dynamic aspects of gender stereotype. This study investigated how different age groups perceive gender stereotypes. It showed that the factor of age plays a significant role in the perception of dynamic gender stereotypes. It was found that the younger age group, consisting of teenagers, showed a significant discrepancy between the actual social employment conditions and the perception level of dynamic gender stereotypes. On the other hand, the psychodynamic perception of the older age groups appeared more clearly than in the other age groups.

Why? Why Not? 조직 내 멘토 성(性)선택의 젠더역학

원숙연(Won, Sook-Yeon) 한국여성연구소 2012 페미니즘 연구 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구는 조직에서 멘토링 관계를 형성하는데 있어서 멘토와 멘티의 성별조합을 둘러싼 역학에 관심을 갖는다. 특히 멘토를 선택하는데 있어서, 멘토의 성(sex)에 대한 특별한 선호(選好:why) 또는 비호(非好: why not)가 존재하는지, 만일 그렇다면 멘토의 성에 대한 선호 또는 비호는 어떤 방식으로 구성되며, 그러한 선택의 역학에 작용하는 맥락은 무엇인지 밝히고자 한다. 구체적으로 다음의 물음에 답을 찾는다. 멘토링 관계를 형성하는 과정에서 멘티는 멘토의 성(sex)을 고려할까? 남성멘토 또는 여성멘토에 대한 특별한 선호 또는 비호가 있는가? 그러한 선택의 과정에 작용하는 요소는 무엇이며 그것이 여성성과 남성성에 대한 젠더화된 고정관념이나 사회구조적 맥락과 어떻게 연결되어 있는가? 이를 위해 본 연구는 남녀공무원을 대상으로 자기 기입식의 개방형(open ended)질문을 통한 설문조사를 실시하고, 이를 근거이론에 기초하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 남녀 모두 동성(同性)멘토에 대한 선호가 높게 나타나는 것은 공통적인 현상이다. 그러나 실제로 여성은 남성멘토에 대한 선호가 상당히 높은데 반해, 남성은 여성멘토에 대한 선호가 거의 없어, 양자 간의 현격한 차이가 나타난다. 또한, 여성이 갖는 여성멘토에 대한 부정적인 인식이 적지 않고 이는 남성멘토에 대한 선호를 정당화하는 근거로 작용하였다. 마지막으로 여성의 경우, 여성멘토에게는 정서적이고 심리적인 지원을 기대하고, 경력개발은 남성멘토에게 기대하는 ‘멘토역할의 분리’가 나타나는데 반해, 남성은 남성멘토에게 경력개발과 심리적 지원 모두를 기대하는 ‘멘토역할 통합’이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과가 갖는 의미와 관련 맥락에 대한 심층적인 논의를 진행하였다. This study is to explore gendered dynamics surrounding mentoing relationship, paying a special attention to subordinates’ preference for their mentors’ sex. In particular, the reasons why or why not choosing specific sex of mentors are addressed and their implications for gender structure and practices are discussed in depth. In doing so, this study raises the following questions. Whether subordinates as potential mentees consider their mentors’ sex in building a mentoring relationship? Are there any specific preference for mentors’ sex and differences in substantiates’ sex in their preference for mentors’ sex? If so, what are the underlying structure and practices make the sex preferences and their differences by subordinates sex? To what extent are they associated with gender stereotypes and social structure as the macro context? In order to do so, data are collected by survey with public servants in the Korean government. The participants are asked to answer to open ended questions regarding their specific preference or reasons for choosing mentors’ sex. Data collected are analyzed by applying ground theory as the main methodology. Findings are the follow. First of all, same sex preference in building a mentoring is common, regardless of subordinates’ sex However, the extent of the preference is much stronger for male than female subordinates, Interestingly enough, female have relatively strong preference for male mentors, while male with preference for female mentors is much lesser. The gap in different sex preference is salient between male and female subordinates, confirming instrumental effectiveness of male mentors in public organizations. Also, it is hardly denied that there is strong influence of gender stereotypes and negative perception of female mentors in terms of their career development supports. In a similar vein, the is a gendered dichotomy of mentoring function between male mentors and their female counterparts. In concrete, female mentors are mainly expected providing emotional or psychological supports, whereas male mentors are expected providing career development as well as emotional or psychological supports. Their gendered implications for gender relations and equality in organizations are discussed in depth.

Duality of educational policy as global and local: the case of the gender equity agenda in national principles and state actions

함승환,Lynn W. Paine,차윤경 서울대학교 교육연구소 2011 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.12 No.1

This study provides cross-national empirical evidence that substantiates the dialectic relationship between global and local contexts with regard to educational gender equity both as a national principle and as a priority for state action. Cross-national data on educational gender equity policies across 160 countries were gathered from comprehensive datasets compiled by the International Bureau of Education of UNESCO. A series of descriptive and multivariate analyses of the data suggest that a nation-state's adoption of a formal educational principle regarding gender equity issues is largely influenced by global epistemic models of education, whereas state actions for educational gender equity are contingent upon a range of concrete socioeconomic conditions. Educational gender equity policy appears to be an illustrative case that exemplifies the structural duality of educational policy through which nation-states successfully incorporate and display elements that conform to world models of education and yet preserve considerable autonomy of state action.