머신러닝 기법을 이용한 산림의 층위구조 분류

권수경,이용석,김대성,정형섭 대한원격탐사학회 2019 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.35 No.2

All vegetation colonies have layered structure. This layer is called ‘forest vertical structure.’ Nowadays it is considered as an important indicator to estimate forest’s vital condition, diversity and environmental effect of forest. So forest vertical structure should be surveyed. However, vertical structure is a kind of inner structure, so forest surveys are generally conducted through field surveys, a traditional forest inventory method which costs plenty of time and budget. Therefore, in this study, we propose a useful method to classify the vertical structure of forests using remote sensing aerial photographs and machine learning capable of mass data mining in order to reduce time and budget for forest vertical structure investigation. We classified it as SVM (Support Vector Machine) using RGB airborne photos and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) DSM (Digital Surface Model) DTM (Digital Terrain Model). Accuracy based on pixel count is 66.22% when compared to field survey results. It is concluded that classification accuracy of layer classification is relatively high for single-layer and multi-layer classification, but it was concluded that it is difficult in multi-layer classification. The results of this study are expected to further develop the field of machine learning research on vegetation structure by collecting various vegetation data and image data in the future. 모든 식생 군락은 각자 층위구조를 가지고 있다. 이를 ‘식생층위구조’라 부른다. 요즈음은 이 층위구조가 산림의 활력도, 다양성, 그리고 환경영향을 평가하는데 중요한 식별자로 작용하기 때문에 산림조사에 있어서 식생층위구조는 필수적으로 조사되어야한다. 그런데, 식생층위구조는 일종의 내부구조이므로 일반적으로산림조사는 현장조사를 통해 이루어지는데, 이는 전통적인 방식으로 시간과 예산이 많이 든다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 산림의 층위구조를 조사하는데 드는 시간과 예산을 줄이기 위해 넓은 지역 탐사에 효과적인 원격탐사기법 중 항공촬영 사진과 대량의 데이터 마이닝(Data Mining)이 가능한 머신러닝(Machine Learning)기법 이용한층위구조의 분류 방법을 제시한다. 칼라 항공사진, LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging) DSM(Digital Surface Model)과 DTM(Digital Terrain Model)을 이용하여 Support Vector Machine(SVM) 머신러닝 기법을 이용하여 층위분류 연구를 진행하였다. 현장조사 자료를 참조하여 SVM기법 분류 결과와 비교했을 때 픽셀수에 기반한 정확도는 66.22%로 확인 되었다. 층위 분류 정확도는 단층과 다층의 구분은 비교적 높게 나타났으나, 다층끼리의분류는 어렵다는 결론이 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 향후 다양한 식생데이터와 영상자료를 수집한다면 식생구조에 대한 머신러닝 연구분야에 더욱 발전이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

大田地域 山火跡地 天然林과 人工林의 植生構造에 關한 硏究(II) : 生長 및 群集構造 Growth and Communities Structure

李允源 中部大學校 農業開發硏究所 1993 農業開發硏究論文集 Vol.2 No.-

本 硏究는 山火跡地의 植生回復 및 效率的 管理를 爲한 基礎資料를 提供하기 爲하여, 大田地域 山火跡地를 中心으로 산불發生後 更新된 天然林과 人工林 主要 樹種의 生長 및 林分發達狀態, 環境要人의 變化와 植生과의 相互作用, 群集 構造 및 安定性, 植生遷移 등을 比較分析한 結果는 다음과 같다. : 1. 土壤이 理化學的 特性은 A層이, 그리고 斜面部位別로는 斜面下部가 가장 좋았다. 調査地別로는 산불發生後 6年이 經過한 닭재地城과 人工林 中에서는 낙엽송林이 土壤條件이 가장 좋았으며, 산불發生後 經過時間이 짧은 산홍·실전 地域과 리기다소나무林·아카시아나무林은 土壞條件이 相對的으로 下良하였다. 칼슘(Ca)은 天然林과 人工林 두 集團間에 가장 顯著한 差異를 보이는 土壤因子였으며, 산불發生後 經過時間과 相關關係가 있었다. 2. 胸高直徑과 樹高는 편백林이 가장 優秀하였고 그 다음으로 胸高直徑은 낙엽송林이, 樹高는 상수리나무林이 優秀하였다. 斜面別 生長差는 天然林이 적었고 리기다소나무林·아카시아나무林은 斜面 上·下部의 生長差가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 土壤條件과 相關關係가 있었다. 3. Cluster Analysis 分析 結果, 本 山火地域는 상수리나무-신갈나무集團, 떡갈나무-신갈나무集圍, 그리고 人工林集團으로 分類되었다. 4. PCA-COA Ordination 分析 結果, 本 山火跡地의 群集의 Ordination은 낙엽송林, 편백林, 기타 地域으로 配列되었고 樹鍾의 Ordination은 이들 地域의 構造種으로 이루어졌다. 5. Simple Discriminant Analysis 및 Linear Regerssion 分析 結果, 土壞因子 가운데 置換性 陽이온 含量이 Classitication과 Ordination에 의한 群集 및 樹鍾의 分類와 配列에 가장 른 寄與率(percent contribution)을 보인 것으로 나타났다. 6. 植生遷移는 天然林의 경우 喬木上層은 상수리나무·떡갈나무에서 신갈나무로, 喬木下層은 계속 신갈나무와 졸참나무로, 그리고 喬木層은 싸리나무에서 진달래로 遷移가 進行될 것으로 推定되었다. 7. 人工林의 喬木上層-喬木下層-喬木遷移는 낙엽송林에서는 낙엽송-찔레나무·말발도리에서 낙엽송-팽나무-진달래로, 리기다소나무林에서는 리기다소나무-상수리나무-산행도나무·싸리나무에서 리기다소나무-상수리나무·신갈나무-때죽나무로, 편백林에서는 편백-작살나무에서 편백-비목나무·생강나무로, 그리고 아카시나무林에서는 아카시나무·떡갈나무-아카시나무·졸참나무-아카시 나무·졸참나무가 그대로 維持될 것으로 推定되었다. 8. 本 山火跡地 人工林 중 리기다소나무林과 아카시나무林은 이미 참나무類가 喬木下層과 喬木層을 强하게 占하고 있어 群集의 持續이 不安定하고 土壤環境의 改善에도 매우 不利한 것으로 나타났으며, 낙엽송林과 편백林은 群集의 維持도 可能하고 生長도 좋지만 各各 植生 覺亂, 後續林 不在로 因해서 天然林의 維持보다 經濟的으로나 生態學的 不利할 것으로 判斷되었다. This study was to provide the fundamental data for vegetation recovery and efficient management of fire-burned forest area. For the purpose of this study, natural and artifical forests reproduced after fire burning were selected, including 7 sites of natural forests consisted of various fire-burned dates and 4 sites of artificial forests 4 dominant tree species, Larix leptolepis, Pinus rigida, Chamaecyparis oblusa, Robinia pseudoacacia, and were investigated about growth and stand development of major dominant species, fluctuations of environmental factors and its interactions to vegetation, the structure and stability of communities, and successional trends. Obtained results are as follows: 1. Soil chemo-physical properties showed the more higher value soil A-layer and the lower part of slopes. Of all the area, Dakjae area that 6 years has past after the fire and Lariz leptolepis forest among artificial forests had the best soil conditions. But Siljun and Sanheung area that 3-4 years have past after the fire and Pinus rigida forest and Roninia pseudoacasia forest were under the most worst soil conditions. Caiciuln (Ca) showed the most remarkable difference among soil factors between natural and artificial forests. 2. D. B.H. and tree height showed the most high value in chamaecuparis obtusa forest, in turn d.b.h in Latix leplolcpis forest, and tree height in Quercus acutissima forest. Variance of growth with respect to various slopes were little in natural forest, but were high in Pinus rigida forest and Robinia pseudoacasia forest, having a relationships with soil conditions 3. As a result of Cluster Analysis this study area were divided into three groups, Quercus acutissima-Quercus mongolical community, Quercus dentata-Quercus mongolica community, and the artificial forest conlmunity 4. As results of PCA & COA Ordination Analysis, communities of the study area were divided into Larix leplolepis forest, Chamaecyparis obtusa forest, and other forests, and species ordination into species groups consist of those communities 5. As results of Simple Discriminant Analysis and Lincar Regerssion, contents of exchageable cations showed tile most high percent contribution to clustering and ordinating of communities and species by classification and ordination among soil factors 6. The successional trends of natural forests were expected to be progressed from Quercus acutissima·Quercus dentata to Quercus mongolica in canopy layer, and to Quercus mongolica in understory layer, and from Lespedeza bicolor to Rhododendron mucronulatum in shrub layer. 7. The successional trends of each conopy-subtree-shrub layer of artifical forests were expected to be progressed as follows ; From Larix leptolepis-Larix leptolepis- Rosa multiflora·Deulzia parviflora to Larix leptolepis-Cellissinensis-Rhododendron mucronulatum in Larix leptolepis forest, from Pinus rigida-Quercus acutissima-Vaccinium Koreanum·Lespedeza bicolor to Pinus rigida-Quercus acutissima·Quercus mongomaecyparis obtusa-Lindera erythrocarpa·Lindera obtusiloba in Chamaecyparis obtusa forest, and to Robinia pseudoacasia·Quercus dentata-Robinia pseudoacasia·Quercus serrata without vegetational changes for the time being in Robinia pseudoacasia forest 8. For artificial forests, Pinus rigida forest and Robinia pseudoacasia forest showed pool soil conditions and instable community structure due to the strong domination of Quercus spp., and Larix leptolepis forest and Chamaecyparis obtusa forest vegetational disturbance and absence of succeeding forest, repectively, and therefore artificial forests are insuitable for recovery and management of the fire-burned forest area than natural forests, from economic and ecological view.

02 초청강연 : 초청강연 10 ; 곶자왈의 미생물다양성

김종식 ( Jong Shik Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2015 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2015 No.-

We analyzed the functional genes and structure of the microbial community of Gotjawal forests, in the Jeju Island, Korea, which have grown on volcanic soils. The unique basalt morphology, diverse vegetation associated with microclimates, and ecological features shaped by volcanic activity of this region have supported the growth of the forest on lava flows. These forests also function as a roof over pristine aquifers, as well as porous rocks that purify and recharge groundwater. The Gotjawal forest represents a biosphere; it has enormous biodiversity and includes plant species of both the northern and southern hemispheres. However, many regions of the Gotjawal forest have been used for the production of charcoal and edible mushrooms and are grazed by horses, cows, and other herbivores. As a result, secondary forests have developed on disturbed sites. Overall, the Gotjawal forest represents a species-rich ecosystem, but these forests have been gradually disappearing in recent decades. Approximately 50% of these forests have been destroyed by unregulated construction and urbanization, and only 6% of the island has been left undisturbed. The forest is crucial for replenishing the only water source for the half-million inhabitants of Jeju Island and for nursing its unique flora and fauna, which include some endangered species and other species endemic to the island. The term “Gotjawal soils” specifically refers to soils derived from these forests, and these soils are characterized by high organic matter content and fertility and low rocky soil content. Here, we report the study of the structure and functions of the microbial community in Gotjawal soils using GeoChip. The goal of this study was to understand the structure and functions of the microbial communities that may play important roles in the soil of the Gotjawal forest. Twenty soil samples were collected in November 2010 from four large regions representing the entire Gotjawal forest: Hankyung-Andeok (HA) Gotjawal Terrain in the west, Aewol Gotjawal (AW) Terrain in the northwest, Jocheon-Hamduck (JH) Gotjawal Terrain in the north-east, and Gujwa-Seongsan (GS) Gotjawal Terrain in the east. Two representative areas of the JH Gotjawal terrain, Gyorae and Dongbackdongsan,were regrouped into the AW and GS Gotjawal Terrains, and the Jeoji (JJ) area of HA Gotjawal Terrain was reclustered into the AW Terrain using hierarchical clustering of GeoChip microarray data. Furthermore, we present the results of microbial community structure analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of soil chemical characteristics and functional gene arrays (FGA). In addition, the microbial diversity in soil samples was assessed using high-throughput 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The soil samples were collected from 72 points at three sampling sites, Gyorae and Sanyang in Jeju (Gotjawal soils) and the Seokgulam entrance at Mt. Halla (control soil), with six repetitions over four seasons. This is the first microbiological study of Gotjawal forest soil. A rectangular tree was produced using our pyrosequencing results to investigate the overall relationships of the sequences to those of cultured organisms to assess the bacterial diversity in the Gotjawal soil samples. The two Gotjawal soils were related, whereas the control soil was not closely related to the Gotjawal soils. The Shannon(diversity) index was quite high at 9.13 in the soil sample from Sanyang, 8.81 in the soil sample from Gyorae, and 8.96 in the control soil sample. According to a principal component analysis of our pyrosequencing results for the Sanyang Gotjawal and control soils, well-separated clusters were produced by region for all samples during the four seasons and the six repetitions. Based on an analysis of the bacterial distribution depending on the season, the distribution of soil bacteria was weakly related and the bacterial distribution was not greatly affected by the season. Finally, we would present the potentials of biosurfactant-producer by the drop-collapse method and carbon fixation and nitrogen fixation genes of Gotjawal soil DNA by cloning and pyrosequencing. This study represents the first analysis of functional genes and structure of the microbial community using GeoChip and through pyrosequencing of Gotjawal soils. Future studies will address whether the characteristics of Gotjawal soils, which are influenced by lava morphology, vegetation, and groundwater penetration, are reflected in the composition and key function of the microbial community.

◇ 3분과 : 임업기능인 임금조사를 통한 직종별 기준임금 산정에 관한 연구

한상균 ( Sang Kyun Han ),한한섭 ( Han Sup Han ),우희성 ( Hee Sung Woo ),최병구 ( Byoung Koo Choi ),조민재 ( Min Jae Cho ),차두송 ( Du Song Cha ) 한국임학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.4

산림작업은 험준한 산악지에서 주로 작업이 이루어지고 있기 때문에 임업노동자에게 높은 위험수준을 부담하는 노동형태를 띠고 있다. 하지만 이러한 중노동에도 불구하고 건설공사 품셈을 바탕으로 하는 비현실적인 임금체계의 적용으로 인하여 효율적인 작업수행이 이루어지지 않을 뿐만 아니라 임업기능인의 노동생산성도 점차 저하되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국·사유림 임업기능인 영림단을 대상으로 현행 임금체계의 문제점과 합리적인 임금체계 수립을 위한 설문지 조사를 실시하였다. 또한 설문내용을 바탕으로 임업의 특수성을 고려한 새로운 직종별 적정 임금체계를 개발하였다. 설문조사는 총 19문항으로, 총 659명에게 우편을 통하여 실시하였고, 이 중28.5%의 회신율을 보였다. 조사된 영림단의 평균 적정임금은 지역별로 다소차이를 보였으나, 보통인부가 97,680원/일, 특별인부 127,559원/일, 벌목부는 152,403원/일로 나타났다. 이는 건설협회의 노임단가와 비교했을 때, 적정한 수준이라 판단된다. 또한 현재 분류되고 있는 3개 직종(보통인부, 특별인부, 벌목부)구분 보다는 좀 더 산림작업의 특수성을 반영할 수 있는 5개 직종(산림환경작업부, 초급산림작업인, 중급산림작업인, 고급산림작업인, 산림장비운전사)으로 구분한다면 임업기능인을 위한 현실적이고 안정된 임금체계를 제시 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Working in the forest would require a wide range of skills and experience for specific tasks which involve with a high level of risks to worker’s safety. However, there has been a concern on the current standard wage system for forest workers because it does not effectively reflect the characteristics of typical working conditions in the forest. In addition, the current standard wages for forestry workers was estimated based on the construction industry``s wage system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess a current wage system through the mail survey method and to develop a new wage system for forest worker which effectively reflects skill sets and experience required for successful completion of the work in the forest. We mailed the survey questionnaire consisting of 19 questions to 659 forest workers and received 188 responses resulting in a 28.5% response rate. The results showed that the current average optimal wages of forest worker, special worker and feller were 97,680won/day, 127,559won/day and 152,403won/day, respectively though there were variations depending on the regions. In developing the new standard wage system, this study suggest the current work types(worker, special worker and feller) could be divided into 5 work types (forest-environment workers, forest operations in beginner, forest operations in intermediate, forest operations in advanced and forest equipment operator) reflecting specialty of forest operation thereby stabilizing the new wage system for forest workers.

硏究論文(연구논문) : 완도군 당인리 전통마을숲의 구조적 특성 및 경관관리 개선방안 연구

최재웅 ( Jai Ung Choi ),김동엽 ( Dong Yeob Kim ),김미희 ( Mi Heui Kim ),안옥선 ( Ok Sun Ahn ) 한국환경복원기술학회 2013 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.16 No.4

The traditional village forests in Korea such as Dang san forests and Bibo forests form unique cultural landscape and they are national cultural assets with histories of more than several hundred years. It is important to have sustainable right to enjoy cultural heritage as well as maintaining its authenticity. Cultural assets are meaningful only when they are managed to succeed to next generations. Dang san forests and Bibo forests need to be named properly and recognized by society as a precious cultural heritage for many generations to come in order to claim the value as traditional cultural landscapes in Korea. The traditional village forest in Dangin-ri, Wando-gun was composed of a Dang san forest and five Bibo forests. Although this traditional village forest is large in size, it was not on the report of Cultural Heritage Administration(2005) investigated for ‘Village forest of island region in Jeollanam-do’. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the traditional village forest in Dangin-ri to grant correct name and to enhance its value. In this study the characteristics of a Dang san forest and five Bibo forests were investigated from 2006 to 2013 for physical features such as size, shape, location, tree species composition, and diameter at breast height (DBH), as well as cultural aspects and tradition. Currently the naming and designation of natural monuments by the cultural heritage administration (CHA) is based on the rule enacted in 1934. Many Dang san forests were named as evergreen forests. This type of names does not represent the meaning of traditional village forest. It was suggested that this traditional village forest is to be named as ‘Dang san Forest and Bibo Forests at Dangin-ri, Wando-gun’. This traditional village forest needs to reclaim authenticity and rebuild its original appearance by restoration of the disturbed areas, especially in Bibo forestⅠ.

광학 및 레이더 위성영상으로부터 인공신경망을 이용한 공주시 산림의 층위구조 분류

이용석 ( Yong-suk Lee ),백원경 ( Won-kyung Baek ),정형섭 ( Hyung-sup Jung ) 대한원격탐사학회 2019 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.35 No.3

기존의 식생정보는 대부분 5년 주기로 구축되어 최신성이 결여 되어있다. 식생의 조사는 사진측량과 사람의 현지조사로 이루어지며, 많은 시간과 비용을 소모하게 된다. 식생의 정보 중 식생층위구조에 대한 정보는 산림의 다양성과 환경을 평가하는 중요한 요소이다. 식생의 내부구조인 층위구조는 필수적 정보이지만, 일반적인 사진측량과 사람의 조사로는 한계점이 존재하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 KOMPSAT-3/3A/5 위성영상으로부터 제작된 지수맵과 Texture맵, DSM(Digital Surface Model)과 DTM(Digital Terrain Model)의 차분으로 생성한 canopy정보를 Input layer로 층위자료를 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Network; ANN)을 이용하여 분류하였다. 단층과 다층의 산림의 층위 구조를 분류하여 최종분류결과 81.59% 확인하였다. Since the forest type map in Korea has been mostly constructed every five years, the forest information from the map lacks up-to-date information. Forest research has been carried out by aerial photogrammetry and field surveys, and hence it took a lot of times and money. The vertical structure of forests is an important factor in evaluating forest diversity and environment. The vertical structure is essential information, but the observation of the vertical structure is not easy because the vertical structure indicates the internal structure of forests. In this study, the index map and texture map produced from KOMPSAT-3/3A/5 satellite images and the canopy information generated by the difference between DSM (Digital Surface Model) and DTM (Digital Terrain Model) were classified using the artificial neural network. The vertical structure of forests of single and multi-layer forests was classified to identify 81.59% of the final classification result.

산불로 인한 임도 배수시설의 콘크리트 강도 변화

최예준,황진성,황영인,전현준,권형근,이준우 한국산림과학회 2023 한국산림과학회지 Vol.112 No.4

As forest fires continue to increase in scale worldwide, the importance of forest roads in relation to forest fire prevention and suppression has become increasingly evident. To ensure effective functioning during a forest fire disaster, it is crucial to apply appropriate road planning and ensure roads' structural integrity. However, previous studies have predominantly focused on the impact of forest fires on firebreak efficacy and road placement, meaning that insufficient attention has been paid to ensuring the safety of these facilities. Therefore, this study sought to compare the strength of concrete facilities within areas damaged by forest fires over the past three years by using the rebound hammer test to identify signs of thermal degradation. The results revealed that concrete facilities damaged by forest fires exhibited significantly lower strength (15.6 MPa) when compared with undamaged facilities (18.0 MPa) (p<0.001), and this trend was consistent across all the target facilities. Consequently, it is recommended that safety assessment criteria for concrete forest road facilities be established to prevent secondary disasters following forest fire damage. Moreover, continuous monitoring and research involving indoor experiments are imperative in terms of enhancing the stability of forest road structures. It is expected that such research will lead to the development of more effective strategies for forest fire prevention and suppression.

제주 곶자왈 시험림 산림유형별 임분구조와 관리방향

김형호,박은정,정광식,서연옥,임은영,박준형 경상국립대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2020 농업생명과학연구 Vol.54 No.5

제주도 곶자왈 시험림을 대상으로 산림유형을 분류하고 식생구조 특성을 평가하였다. 현지조사를 통해 수집된 수종별 흉고단면적을 이용한계층적 군집분석을 실시하여 5가지 산림유형으로 분류하였다. 제주도 곶자왈 시험림의 산림유형은 중요치를 고려하여 종가시나무 순림, 종가시나무우점림, 편백 우점림, 활엽수혼효림, 침활혼효림으로 각각 명명하였다. 종가시나무 우점림과 편백 우점림은 숲 틈의 인위적 조성이 필요할 것으로보이며, 종가시나무 순림, 활엽수혼효림은 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 교란 위협으로부터 보호가 우선되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 침활혼효림은소나무 재선충병 피해지이므로, 고사목 발생으로 인한 식생 교란에 대비해야 할 것으로 보인다. 본 연구는 곶자왈 지역의 산림자원 보전전략 수립에기여할 것으로 기대된다. Jeju Island. Five forest types were classified through hierarchical cluster analysis using the basal area for each tree species collected through field surveys. The forest types in the Gotjawal Experimental Forest in Jeju Island were divided into five types such as Quercus glauca forest, Quercus glauca dominant forest, Chamaecyparis obtusa dominant forest, Broadleaf mixed forest, and Conifer-broadleaf mixed forest considering their importance value. This study suggests that the artificial creation of crown gaps is required for the Quercus glauca dominant forests and the Chamaecyparis obtusa dominant forests. Moreover, it needs believe that the Quercus glauca forests and the Broadleaf mixed forests have to be protected from the threat of disturbance through continuous or long-term monitoring. As the Conifer-broadleaf mixed forests are located in areas where damage from pine wilt disease has occurred, it should prepare to prevent forest disturbance from occurrence of deed trees. This study is expected to contribute to establish a conservation approach for the forest resources in the Gotjawal region.

국유림의 경제적⋅공익적 기능을 고려한 적정 목재생산량 추정

정유진,김영환,장윤성,곽두안,박기현,김다영,정형식,한희 한국산림과학회 2023 한국산림과학회지 Vol.112 No.4

National forests have an advantage over private forests in terms of higher investment in capital, technology, and labor, allowing for more intensive management. As such, national forests are expected to serve not only as a strategic reserve of forest resources to address the long-term demand for timber but also to stably perform various essential forest functions demanded by society. However, most forest stands in the current national forests belong to the fourth age class or above, indicating an imminent timber harvesting period amid an imbalanced age class structure. Therefore, if timber harvesting is not conducted based on systematic management planning, it will become difficult to ensure the continuity of the national forests' diverse functions. This study was conducted to determine the optimal volume of timber production in the national forests to improve the age-class structure while sustainably maintaining their economic and public functions. To achieve this, the study first identified areas within the national forests suitable for timber production. Subsequently, a forest management planning model was developed using multi-objective linear programming, taking into account both the national forests' economic role and their public benefits. The findings suggest that approximately 488,000 hectares within the national forests are suitable for timber production. By focusing on management of these areas, it is possible to not only improve the age-class distribution but also to sustainably uphold the forests' public benefits. Furthermore, the potential volume of timber production from the national forests for the next 100 years would be around 2 million m3 per year, constituting about 44% of the annual domestic timber supply.

Species Composition and Stand Structure of Natural Forest, Timber-harvested Forest and Degraded Forest in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar

Oo, Thaung Naing,Lee, Don Koo Korean Society of Forest Science 2007 한국산림과학회지 Vol.96 No.5

Tree species diversity is an important aspect of forest ecosystem stability. Tree species inventories at defined sites and in minimum diameter classes give a reliable indicator of the diversity level as well as the structural stability level of a study site. This study was conducted to investigate the species composition and the stand structure of the natural forest, timber-harvested forest (logged-over forest) and degraded forest of the Oak-twin Township in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar. Natural forest showed the highest family and species richness in all the investigated forests. At the family level, Verbenaceae occupied the highest importance value index (IVI) in all the forest stands while teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) occupied the highest IVI at the species level. However, the small diameter classes of T. grandis and other commercial species were less than those of big diameter classes in all the investigated forests. This abnormal pattern of diameter distribution could be a problem for the sustainable production of commercial timber species in the near future.