Disperser-induced bacterial disintegration of partially digested anaerobic sludge for efficient biomethane recovery

Banu, J. Rajesh,Kannah, R. Yukesh,Kavitha, S.,Gunasekaran, M.,Yeom, Ick Tae,Kumar, Gopalakrishnan Elsevier 2018 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL -LAUSANNE- Vol.347 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The present study highlights the options to enhance the methane potential of partially digested anaerobic sludge using disperser-induced bacterial disintegration. Floc dispersion with no biomass disintegration was achieved at a disperser-specific energy input of 9.5 kJ/kg TS. The outcomes of both sole bacterial disintegration (S-BD) and disperser-induced bacterial disintegration (D-BD) were assessed in terms of changes in lysate, biopolymer release and increase in biodegradability and methane generation. A higher lysate solubilization of about 22.4% was achieved in D-BD compared to S-BD (11.3%), indicating the efficiency of floc dispersion prior to bacterial disintegration. The biochemical methane result implies that D-BD shows higher methane potential of 0. 279 gCOD/gCOD. Considering the overall outcome achieved in this study, disperser-induced bacterial disintegration is proved to be an effective disintegration process for enhanced biodegradation and higher methane production.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Disintegration of digested sludge is a promising technique for bioenergy generation. </LI> <LI> Floc dispersion was achieved at lesser disperser input energy of 9.5 kJ/kg TS. </LI> <LI> A higher lysate solubilization of 22.4% was achieved in floc dispersed sample. </LI> <LI> Biopolymer release of floc dispersed sludge was higher (1379.8 and 394.2 mg/L) </LI> <LI> Result of methane reveals the effect of floc dispersion prior to disintegration. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

인간면역결핍 바이러스의 효소 integrase의 disintegration 활성

신차균 中央大學校 遺傳工學硏究所 1997 遺傳工學硏究論集 Vol.10 No.1

면역결핍바이러스의 integrase 단백질은 바이러스 DNA 유전자를 감염세포의 유전자에 공유 결합으로 끼워넣어 바이러스 유전자의 복제와 바이러스의 생성을 가능하게하는 바이러스 증식에 필요불가결한 효소이다. 본연구에서는 박테리아에서 생산한 면역결핍바이러스 integrase의 disintegration 활성의 발현 조건을 조사하였다. Oligonucleotide를 이용하여 Y-구조의 기질을 제작하고, integrase와 90 분간 반응시켰을 때, 기질의 20-30 % 정도만이 생성물로 전환되었다. 또한 조효소로 망간과 마그네슘의 적정농도를 조사해보았을 때, disintegration 활성을 위하여 망간을 꼭 필요로 하며, 적정농도는 5-10 mM이었다. 이런 결과는 disintegration활성이 endonucleolytic 활성에 비하여 조효소로 고농도의 망간을 필요로 하며, 반응을 진행시키는 활성의 정도가 상대적으로 약한 것으로 사료된다. Integration of a viral DNA into the host chromosome is a process essential for the complete life cycle of retrovirus, and is mediated by a viral protein, integrase. Using the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase isolated from the overexpressed bacteria, characteristics of the disintegration activity were studied in vitro. Only 20-30% of the disintegration substrate were converted into the product in 90 min, indicating that the disintegration activity of the HIV integrase is relatively weaker than the endonucleolytic activity of that. As a cofactor, Mn++ ion was required absolutely, while Mg++ ion was not. The optimal concentration of Mn++ ion is 5 to 10mM.

Is Disintegration Occurring in the European Union: Empirics and Viewpoints of Integration Theories

( Yun-chen Lai ) 한국EU학회 2019 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.17 No.2

The European Union (EU) has been a pioneer in regional integration and long been its most developed model. However, the recent increase in populism raises questions about the integration of the EU. Some pessimists even predict that disintegration of the EU might occur if populism becomes stronger. It is difficult to deny that the EU has faced a series of major setbacks in the last decade. However, setbacks do not equal disintegration. This thesis starts from recent disintegration phenomena in Europe and discusses the underlying reasons for those problems. Furthermore, this thesis attempts to utilize theoretical perspectives to elucidate recent trends. Mainstream integration theories will be discussed and reviewed. Transactionalism of Karl Deutsch will be used to observed whether the EU is really suffering from disintegration. Furthermore, Post-Functionalism will help to explain why certain factor, i.e., identity, matter than other indicators to explain the integration and disintegration of the EU.

Synergistic effect of sono-photocatalytic processes on sludge disintegration

Asaad Olabi,Sayiter Yildiz 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.8

The synergistic effect of the combination of sono-photocatalytic oxidation and Fenton reagents was investigated on sewage sludge disintegration. In this context, the simultaneous effect of ultrasound (US) and UV irradiation was studied with variable parameters such as the duration of photocatalysis, catalyst amount and different UV light. The optimum amount of TiO2 and Fenton reagent determined in the sono-photocatalytic process was kept constant. Different combinations of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) showed different degree of disintegration (DD). While H2O2 added to sono-photocatalytic application with TiO2 contributed to the increase of DD, iron addition caused a decrease in DD. This decrease was more in Fe2+ use than Fe0. DD was determined as 18.35%, 20.60% and 32.58% in TiO2/UVA, TiO2/H2O2/UVA, and TiO2/H2O2/UVA/US processes, respectively. In TiO2/UVB process DD was found to be 17.60%, while it reached 30.34% in TiO2/UVB/US, 43.82% in TiO2/CFP/UVB/US and 52.81% in TiO2/MFP/UVB/ US. In the kinetic study, it was determined that all processes comply with zeroth order kinetics. The use of ultrasound in all processes increased the germination percentage, which expresses the toxicity of the sludge, up to 100%. After sono-photocatalytic disintegration, the sludge volume decreased by 19.2% to 60% according to values of volumeweighted average. It was concluded that the sono-photocatalytic process has an important effect on sludge disintegration, which is an effective method for sludge minimization. In addition, it was determined that the synergistic effect of fenton reagents added to the process was strong and the combined use of these two processes increased the DD value from 17.60% to 52.81%.

효소함유 정제에 있어서 붕해제의 효과에 미치는 부형제의 영향

김정훈(Jeong Hoon Kim),김승환(Seung Hwan Kim),차봉진(Bong Jin Cha),권종원(Jong Won Kwon) 대한약학회 1992 약학회지 Vol.36 No.6

The effect of solubility and hygroscopicity of some tablet diluents on the disintegration of enzyme tablets was investigated. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method using sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose as super disintegrants. Lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol and calcium phosphate dibasic were selected as typical diluents in this study. They were different in solubility (sucrose, sorbitol > dextrose > lactose > calcium phosphate dibasic) and hygroscopicity (sorbitol>sucrose>dextrose > caicium phosphate dibasic, lactose). The disintegrants accelerated differently the disintegration of the tablets prepared with different diluents in the decreasing order of calcium phosphate dibasic > lactose > dextrose > sucrose and sorbitol. These results indicate highly soluble and/or hygroscopic diluents decrease the efficiencies of super disintegrants in the enzyme tablets.

토끼에서 조영제를 이용한 장용성 capsule의 GI transition과 disintegration에 관한 검사

김명철,김남중,Kim, Myung-cheol,Kim, Nam-joong 대한수의학회 1995 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.35 No.2

This study was carried to investigate the usefulness of the radiopaque material as the GI transition and disintegration test of enteric coated capsules radiologically. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The GI transition times that the enteric coated capsules pass through the pylorus were that the time of the first capsule was 210 minutes and the time of the last capsules was more than 300 minutes. Therefore, the GI transition times largely differ from each animal and each enteric coated capsule. 2. The disintegration times of enteric coated capsules were similar in vitro test and in vivo test. 3. The GI transition and disintegration test of enteric coated capsules using barium sulfate, radiopaque material for the gastrointestinal track, was useful to investigate the times that the capsules passed through the pylorus and disintegrated in intestinal track.

Dabrowski의 긍정적 분화와 과흥분성 이론이 영재상담에 주는 함의

강영자 ( Young Ja Gang ),이신동 ( Shin Dong Lee ) 안암교육학회 2014 한국교육학연구 Vol.20 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 영재의 성격 발달 과정과 정서적 특징을 이해하여 차별화된 영재 상담을 하기 위한 발판을 마련하는 것이다. 또한 영재 상담의 개념과 영재의 상담적 요구, 선행연구 분석을 통하여 Dabrowski의 이론이 영재 상담에 주는 함의를 발달적 상담과 치료적 상담으로 나누어 고찰해 보고 영재 상담이 나아갈 방향을 제시하는 것이다. 본 연구는 Dabrowski의 긍정적 분화와 과흥분성 이론을 통해 영재의 성격 발달 과정과 사회 정서적 특성을 알아보고 영재 상담에 적용 가능성을 살펴보았다. Dabrowski는 영재들이 경험하게 되는 그들의 성장과 발달적 변환의 과정에 필수적으로 동반되는 격심한 고통과 스트레스를 ‘긍정적 분화’라고 하고 통합된 성격에 이르는 성격발달과정을 이론화 하여 긍정적 분화 이론이라고 하였다. 또한 그는 과흥분성을 상위의 성격발달의 기초가 되는 잠재성으로 보고 영재는 다섯 가지 영역의 심체적, 감각적, 상상적, 지적 탐구, 감성적 과흥분성을 가진다고 하였다. 따라서 영재의 다양하고 특수한 문제들을 이해하고 상담을 하는데 Dabrowski의 이론은 매우 유용하다. 본 연구에서 밝혀낸 Dabrowski의 긍정적 분화와 과흥분성 이론이 영재 상담에 주는 함의는 다음과 같다. Dabrowski의 이론은 예방적 차원의 발달적 상담을 통해 영재의 역기능적인 행동들이 영재가 성장하는 과정임을 알게 해줄 수 있다. 또한 치료적 상담을 통해 영재가 처한 문제를 해결할 수 있도록 하고 위기에 처한 영재들에게 많은 도움을 줄 수 있다. 이에 영재 상담이 나아갈 방향은 영재의 차별화된 상담을 위하여 상담 모형 및 상담 프로그램이 개발되어야하며 영재 상담의 중요성을 인식하여 영재상담 교사의 육성과 영재의 정서적 문제에 대한 긍정적인 시각의 전환이 필요하다. The purpose of this study is to establish the foundation for differentiated gifted child counseling by understanding the personality development process and emotional characteristics of gifted children. This study also aims to consider an implication of Dabrowski``s theories on developmental counseling and therapeutic counseling and to signpost for gifted child counseling by analyzing the concept of gifted child counseling, counseling needs of gifted children and preceding studies. For achieving these purposes, this study looked into the personality development process and socio-emotional characteristics of gifted children, based on Dabrowski``s positive disintegration theory and overexcitability theory, and checked the possibility of applying the theories on counseling for gifted children. Dabrowski argued that the extreme pain and stress of gifted children in the process of their growth and developmental change are kinds of ``positive disintegration``, and defined the personality development process to reach integrated personality as a positive disintegration theory. He also considered overexcitability as a potential factor to be a foundation for superior personality development, and said a gifted child has five domains of overexcitability; psychomotor overexcitability, sensual overexcitability, imaginary overexcitability, imaginational-inquiry overexcitability and emotional overexcitability. Therefore, Dabrowski``s theories are very helpful in understanding various special problems of the gifted and counseling them. The implication of positive disintegration theory and overexcitability theory of Dabrowski on counseling for gifted children is as follows. Dabrowski``s two theories help in understanding that dysfunctional behaviors of gifted children means their growth process through developmental counseling with preventive purposes. They also settle problems of gifted children through therapeutic counseling and help a lot of gifted children in trouble. In conclusion, counseling model and counseling program should be developed for differentiated gifted child counseling, and on the basis of the importance of gifted child counseling, it is required to foster teachers for gifted child counseling and to try to think emotional problems of gifted children positively.

Application of Ultrasonic System for Enhanced Sewage Sludge Disintegration: A Comparative Study of Single- and Dual- Frequency

정유진,고현웅,정병길,성낙창 대한토목학회 2011 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.15 No.5

This work focused primarily upon the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment of both single frequency and dual frequency ultrasonic on the characteristics of sewage sludge disintegration. Quantifications of individual single frequency ultrasonic effects, as well as those of combined dual frequency ultrasonic were determined. This study also investigated and discussed the effects of ultrasonic power density and ultrasonic time. The reported results showed that the sludge solubilization rates increased as the ultrasonic time and ultrasonic power density increased. In terms of the degree of disintegration, the SCOD/TCOD ratio, the SCOD extraction rates, and the solubilization rates, dual-frequency ultrasonic at 28+40 kHz was more effective than single-frequency ultrasonic at 28 kHz or 40kHz. Sewage treatment plants facing problems with the treatment and disposal of sludge can benefit significantly from the application of dual frequency ultrasonic to the process of sludge pretreatment.

<기아계층의 저주>와 <사랑의 바보짓>에 나타난 미국 가족과 남성

유호전 문학과영상학회 2017 문학과영상 Vol.18 No.3

This paper examines American family and men in two movies, Curse of the Starving Class and Fool for Love, which were made on the basis of Sam Shepard's family plays. Partly reflecting the writer’s autobiographic life story, Sam Shepard shows the troubles and sufferings of young men’s journey toward adulthood. In Curse of the Starving Class, Wesley, a young son of the family, feeling resentment and compassion for his parents who are antagonistic to each other, serves as the conservator of the farm and makes efforts to prevent from family disintegration. But Wesley’s parents, Weston and Ella, both scheme behind each other’s back to sell the property. The theme of starvation pervades the movie through family’s repeated obsession over the refrigerator. Opening and closing its door repeatedly, the family reveal the psychological poverty and emotional distress. What is noteworthy and symbolic is a kind of storytelling between Wesley and Ella about a cat and an eagle fighting against each other. Like the story, their relationship is torn by sharing no experience as a family. Fool for Love presents the issues of love and struggle between estranged lovers, Eddie and May. Eddie came to May's stark motel room in the desert to persuade her to go to the countryside with him. She still loves him but also hates him because of his relationship with another woman. By the end of the movie, it is revealed that their love between May and Eddie is an incestuous relationship between half-siblings, which causes family disintegration and the suicide of Eddie's mother. In Fool for Love, there is a special character called old man who appears as the absent father in the stories of his offsprings like a ghostlike presence. His love between two women causes his wife's agonizing death. Illusion or illusion of love which the old man is obsessed with, is juxtaposed with the plot of his son and daughter's love, and makes this movie more impressive. Implying that love can't be lost at any price, Shepard succeeds in building a sur-realistic or psycho-realistic movie, with the help of the violence and illusion in Fool for Love, But the male characters’ attitudes toward love and their lives on the basis of illusion, surely bring about not only the sufferings of identity crisis but also the disintegration of the family.

브렉시트 결정의 유럽의 통합과 분열에 대한 영향 연구

방청록 한국유럽학회 2017 유럽연구 Vol.35 No.1

The UK finally decided to withdraw from the European Union following the result of the referendum on the UK's membership of the EU, held on 23 June 2016. This study intends to deepen understanding of European (dis)integration by examining key factors, including domestic political changes, influencing Britain's decision to leave the EU. It also intends to analyze the potential outcomes and strategic options of the UK’s planned negotiations with the EU for a withdrawal agreement and the UK's future relationship with the EU. The UK government now has the important task to find a balance between full access to European single market and controls on immigration in the future. At the same time, the EU faces the challenge of preventing further disintegration as the ongoing crisis caused by Brexit can spread to other member states. As the UK will become the first-ever country to leave the EU, there is an increasing possibility that brexit will lead to European disintegration. 영국은 지난 2016년 6월 23일 실시된 브렉시트 국민투표 결과에 따라 EU를 탈퇴하기로 결정했다. 본 연구는 영국의 EU 탈퇴 결정에 영향을 미친 주요 변인과 영국의 EU 탈퇴 협상 검토과제와 쟁점을 고찰함으로써 유럽의 통합과 분열 현상에 대해 심층적으로 이해하고자 하였다. 영국은 향후 EU와 탈퇴 협상을 진행하며 EU 탈퇴의 세부 조건과 새롭게 설정될 EU와의 관계를 정해야 하는 상황에 있다. 동시에 영국은 탈퇴협상의 가장 중요한 쟁점인 EU 단일시장 접근권과 이민자 통제권의 문제를 어떻게 절충하고 협상할 것인지를 결정해야 하는 국내적 과제를 가지고 있다. 이와 같은 영국의 EU 탈퇴 결정은 통합된 유럽의 분열(disintegration)이 진행되는 중요한 사례로 고려된다. 향후 브렉시트가 실현되는 경우 유럽통합의 과정에서 최초로 EU 회원국이 탈퇴하는 사례가 되며 통합의 위기를 가속화시키는 계기로 작용할 수 있기 때문이다.