탈 식민시기 크리켓과 인도 민족주의

김경학(Kim, Kyung-Hak) 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2010 남아시아연구 Vol.15 No.3

본 연구는 탈 식민시기에 인도사회에서 크리켓이 민족주의와 관계를 맺게 되고, 이러한 관계가 더욱 강화된 배경 및 과정 그리고 그 관계의 성격 변화를 규명하는 것을 주요 목적으로 삼고있다. 본 연구는 탈 식민시기 크리켓 민족주의가 강화되어 온 주요 배경을 1990년대 말부터 2000년대 초 힌두 우익정권이 들어선 점과 밀접히 관련되어 있음을 밝히고 있다. 이러한 크리켓 민족주의의 성격은 지극히 종파적인 성격을 띠고 있다. 더 나아가 본 연구는 1990년대 초부터 시작된 인도의 경제개방과 전 지구화 요소를 크리켓 민족주의 성격 변화의 규명을 위한 중요한 요인으로 삼고 있다. 인도 대중 매체 혁명이라 불리는 TV 시장의 개방과 확산은 크리켓을 상업적인 욕망과 민족주의적 열정에 접목하게 하였다. 특히 전 지구적 크리켓 제국을 열망하며 2008년에 문을 연 ‘인도프리미어리그’(IPL, Indian Premier League)는 인도 크리켓이 글로벌 스포츠 시장을 선도하게 함으로써 21세기의 인도인들은 크리켓과 관련지어 민족주의적 차원과 글로벌한 차원 사이에서 발생한 팽팽한 긴장 선상에 놓여 있는 셈이다. This study aims at exploring the historical background and processes of becoming of a cricket for the most important vehicle of the popular expression of Indian national identity and consciousness after independence from the British Raj. Furthermore, this study tries to explain the changing nature of cricket nationalism by closely examining of linkage of commercial greed to national pride after emergence of India as one of the hearts of world economy. This research argues that the rise of cricket nationalism in India, especially between the late of 1990s and early of 2000s has been closely connected to the rise of Hindu chauvinistic regime in the Indian central government. This study also shows that Indian cricket has been glamorized through cricket-oriented television networks after the so-called media revolution in India. These days, India has emerged as a preeminent nation in international cricket world by creation of Indian Premier League(IPL), as a globalized sport-marketing site in the 21st century. The spectators and audiences of cricket in the age of IPL are likely to be adjusted to the tensions created by the confrontation of nationalist dimensions with global dimensions.

와카와 하이쿠에 나타난 ‘여치’와 ‘귀뚜라미’ - 명칭의 혼동과 시상(詩想)의 혼란 -

유옥희 ( You Ok-hee ) 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소 2022 日本硏究 Vol.- No.92

季節感覚を基調とする日本の詩歌において一、二季節の間活動し続けてから消える昆虫は歌人や俳人たちの好む素材であった。しかし、名称の混同によって詩歌の創作と鑑賞において様々な問題が生じた。なかでも今のきりぎりす(螽斯、여치, 実物を‘A’と呼ぶ)とこおろぎ(蟋蟀、귀뚜라미, 実物を‘B’と呼ぶ)の混同が特に顕著であった。江戸時代末期からBの俗称である‘こおろぎ’がそれまでBの名称であるきりぎりすの代わりに、俳句によく詠まれてからである。『万葉集』の蟋蟀もこおろぎと詠むべきであるという国学者の研究が出てから、こおろぎは‘B’の標準語として辞書類に明記されるようになる。きりぎりすはAの俗称であるぎすと混同されつつAの標準語となった。しかし、今も小説家や詩人たちは和歌の伝統的詩想に従ってきりぎりすをBの名称として使っている場合が多い。 名称の混同によって夏の昆虫としての特性のあるAが‘もののあはれ’を誘うBの詩想に便乗する現象が現れた。これは田園の体験とは縁遠い文人たちが昆虫の実体が分からないまま享受したことと、詩歌を詠む時点で五音節の‘ki ri gi ri su’ と、四音節の‘ko o ro gi’とをその実体と関係なく使っていたことにも起因する。また、国学者たちの一方的な主張に従い辞書に明記されることによって、小学校の唱歌も歳時記も修正しなければならない事態を招いた。本稿の考察結果、中世まではっきりとBの名称として使ったきりぎりすをそのまま使い、こおろぎは異称として扱い、平安時代以来Aの名称として使っていたはたおり(機織)をそのまま使い、ぎすを異称として扱っていたら今のような混乱はなかっただろうと推定される。昆虫の実体に対する知識とともに詩歌も詠まれ、享受されるべきだという点において昆虫人文学的な視点が要求される。 Insects which disappear after one or two seasons of activity were preferred subject of waka poets or haiku poets in Japanese poetry literature based on the sense of the season. However, problems in the creation and appreciation of poetry frequently arose due to the confusion of the name. Especially, there was a lot of confusion between long-horned grasshopper and cricket among them, it is since the time at the end of the Edo period, ‘koorogi’ which is a popular name for cricket, has frequently appeared in haiku instead of ‘kirigirisu’ which the traditional meaning of cricket. ‘koorogi’’ was specified in the dictionary as the standard word for cricket as a result of study by the Japanese scholar which the ‘cricket’ in the Manyoshu also should be read as ‘koorogi’. ‘kirigirisu’ became the standard word of long-horned grasshopper confusing it with the so-called word, long-horned grasshopper, 'gisu'. However, there are many cases that novelists and poets still use kirigirisu as cricket according to the tradition of waka even in modern times. There was the phenomenon that long-horned grasshopper has strong summer insect characteristic was carried on the image of cricket due to the confusion of the names. The major reasons of this phenomenon were that writers, far from rural experience, only felt by sound without knowing the substance of insect, four syllables and five syllables of poetry properly used regardless of the substance depending on the rhythm, and in addition, the fact that it was specified in the dictionary according to the one-sided argument of Japanese scholars. The study on insect humanities is urgently necessary from the standpoint that the poetry should be created and appreciated along with the knowledge of the substance of insect.

가공조건에 따른 귀뚜라미의 식품학적 품질 특성 변화

김은미,임정호,장윤제,안성환,안미영 한국식품저장유통학회 2015 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Crickets have been used as crude drug for treating fever and hypertension in East Asia. This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics such as the microbial and nutrient contents of crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) prepared with various processing conditions for use as food. These conditions included the lyophilization process (LP), hot-air process (HP, 90℃ for 7 hr), roasting process (RP, 160℃ for 40 min), and frying process (FP, 180℃ for 30 sec). The total bacterial population of the crickets was 5~7 log CFU/g, but Coliform and E. coli were not detected. The major fatty acids in all the samples were palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids was highest (63.55 g/100 g) in the LP-processed crickets. As for the amino acid content, the glutamic acid level was highest in all the samples, and the RP and FP decreased by 12.01% and 53.88%, respectively, compared to that of the LP. The mineral contents were highest in the LP-processed crickets. Hg was detected at about 1.0 ppb in all the samples, but its level was lower than the residue tolerance level in the Korean Food Code. Such conditions should be considered to better understand the quality characteristics of crickets in food processing.

랫드에서 귀뚜라미 추출물에 대한 반복투여독성 연구

황석연(Seock-Yeon Hwang),신지순(Ji Soon Sin),권운(Woon Kwon),채희열(Hee-Youl Chai),조정희(Jung-Hee Cho),이남진(Nam Jin Lee),박종배(Jong Bae Park),김익수(Iksoo Kim),류강선(Kang Sun Ryu),윤치영(Chi-Young Yun),강종구(Jong-Koo Kang),김윤배 한국실험동물학회 2004 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this study was to confirm the safety of the extract of cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups, 10 animals in each group, and orally administered with the cricket extract at doses of 0 (vehicle), 25, 50, 100 or 200 ㎎/㎏ for 2 weeks. In the results, there were no significant differences in the body weight gain between vehicle control and cricket-treated groups. Also, significant changes in daily food intake and water consumption were not observed through tout the experimental period. In addition, hematological parameters did not show any significant or dose-dependent alterations. Serum biochemical parameters including aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, cholesterol, triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase, pancreatic amylase, iron and magnesium decreased at high doses, in contrast to increases in glucose and potassium levels, although such changes were in normal ranges. In gross findings, no remarkable lesions were seen, except a light increase in only absolute weight, but not relative weight, of submaxillary glands at 25 ㎎/㎏ of cricket. In addition, no abnormal histopathological findings were observed. Taken together, it is suggested that repeated treatment with the extract of cricket may not exert considerable side effects.

산지별 식용 귀뚜라미의 이화학적 특성

김은미,김대현,임정호,장윤제,이용환,박진주,안미영 한국식품저장유통학회 2015 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.22 No.6

Insects have gained increasing attention as an alternative protein and nutrient rich food source for humans. This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and harmful components of edible crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) in the 6 districts of Yeonggwang (YG), Jeongseon (JS), Wonju (WJ), Hwaseong (HS), Geochang (GC), and Chungju (CJ). The average crude protein and crude lipid contents on a dry basis were 64.34% and 16.60%, respectively. The crude protein content of CJ was the highest (67.40%), whereas YG (59.42%) had the lowest content. On the other hand, the crude fat content of YG was the highest (20.61%), whereas CJ (14.04%) had the lowest content. The unsaturated fatty acid contents were 57.97-63.93 g/100 g of the total fatty acid content in the crickets of the 6 districts. The major fatty acids of the crickets in the 6 districts were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Among the essential amino acids, valine, leucine, and lysine were the most abundant. GC had the highest total amino acids (57.93 g/100 g), whereas YG (48.65 g/100 g) had the lowest. Major mineral contents included potassium (K, 0.92~1.01 mg/100 mg) and phosphorus (P, 0.74~0.88 mg/100 mg). The mineral composition was fairly similar among the crickets. Crickets in the 6 districts were verified to have safe levels of residual heavy metals according to the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory levels.

A New Auto-Localization Scheme in Sensor Networks

Sung-Ho Kim(김성호),Cong yi Zhang(장총위) 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.14 No.9

Many sensor network applications require that each node’s sensor data stream be annotated with its physical location in some coordinate system. Equipping GPS on every sensor node is often expensive and does not work in indoor deployments. Recently, cricket-based localization system is often used for indoor localization system. It is very important to know the exact position of beacons in cricket-based localization system for identifying moving sensor node’s position. In this paper, a new method, Mobile Listener Detect Algorithm (MLD) which can automatically calculate the unknown newly installed beacons is proposed. For the verification of the feasibility of the proposed scheme, we have conducted several experiments.

DEA를 이용한 식용곤충 생산 농가의 경영효율성 분석

한동근,이균식,최종우 한국식품유통학회 2019 食品流通硏究 Vol.36 No.4

Meal-worms, protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae, adult crickets and beetle larvae were newly registered on Korean Food Standards Codex as food in 2016. Since then, the number of farmers producing edible insects began to explode, and edible insects were expected to be the most promising market in the insect industry. However, the edible insect-producing farmers has been suffered financially since edible insect sales have started to decline in 2018. So, this study will analyze management efficiency of the edible insect-producing farms using Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) to minimize the financial damage of the farms. And the purpose of this study is to suggest the directions of policy on edible insects through DEA results. Followings are the directions of policy on edible insects as a result of this study. First, the result shows that meal-worm-producing farms manage their farms most efficiently among the edible insect-producing farms. So, if consumer demand on meal-worm only increase, meal-worm market will be the most stable market. To increase the demand on meal-worm, a consumption monitoring system for meal-worms should be established, and the consumer’s preferred form of intake should be identified and supplied. Second, protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae farms were figured out to be the most inconsistent production methods or processes. In other words, this insect is the most differentiated among edible insects. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a strategy for segmented market by identifying consumer’s preference attributes(e.g, price or nutrition). Third, as adult cricket-producing farms were shown to be less efficient due to their low overall input, the government’s financial support for insect-farms should be made more active for farmers who produce adult crickets than other insects.

A New Auto-Localization Scheme in Sensor Networks

김성호,장총위,Kim, Sung-Ho,Zhang, Cong Yi Institute of Control 2008 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.14 No.9

Many sensor network applications require that each node's sensor data stream be annotated with its physical location in some coordinate system. Equipping GPS on every sensor node is often expensive and does not work in indoor deployments. Recently, cricket-based localization system is often used for indoor localization system. It is very important to know the exact position of beacons in cricket-based localization system for identifying moving sensor node's position. In this paper, a new method, Mobile Listener Detect Algorithm (MLD) which can automatically calculate the unknown newly installed beacons is proposed. For the verification of the feasibility of the proposed scheme, we have conducted several experiments.

Characterization of a Modular β-1,4-Xylanase from a Mole Cricket-symbiotic Bacterium, Streptomyces sp. Strain DY-7

Do Young Kim,Han-Young Cho,Dong-Ha Shin,Kwang-Hee Son,Ho-Yong Park 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

A xylanolytic microorganism, strain DY-7, was isolated from the gut of the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis. The result of phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rDNA sequence revealed that the isolate was a Gram-positive bacterium belonging to the genus Streptomyces. The cloned gene (1350-bp) encoding a GH family 10 β -1,4-xylanase (XylA) from Streptomyces sp. strain DY-7 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and its gene products were characterized. The hydrolysis activities of rXylA and rXylAΔCBD II against xylosidic materials were maximum at pH 5.5 and 65oC. However, deletion of CBD II in the C-terminus region of XylA significantly increased the thermal stability of the enzyme at high temperatures above 50oC. The xylanolytic activity of rXylA was slightly enhanced in the presence of 1 mM Mn2+ and 5 mM sodium azide but it was completely inactivated by 1 mM Hg2+ and 5 mM N-bromosuccinimide. rXylA was capable of efficiently decomposing various xylosidic compounds, PNP-cellobioside, and PNP-xylopyranoside, whereas other hexose-based compounds were insensitive to the enzyme. The specific activities of rXylA toward oat spelts xylan and PNP-cellobioside were 649.8 U/mg and 328.1 U/mg, respectively. Enzymatic degradation of birchwood xylan and xylooligosaccharides (xylotriose to xylohexaose) resulted in the production of xylobiose (>75%) as the main hydrolysis product together with a small amount (4%<) of xylose as the final hydrolysis product.

『源氏物語』에 나타난 동물의 상징과 인간관계

김종덕(Kim, Jongduck) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2016 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.61

본고는 『源氏物語』에서 등장인물의 상징이 되는 동물과 인간관계를 분석한 연구이다. 상대의 신화 전설에 나타난 동물은 그 지방에 군림하는 악령이나 신의 전령 등으로 묘사되기도 한다. 그리고 헤이안 시대의 시가 문학에 등장하는 각종 동물들은 단순히 사계절의 자연경물인 경우가 많다. 그런데 『源氏物語』와 같은 모노가타리 문학에서는 동물이 등장인물의 상징이 되거나 인간관계에 있어 중요한 역할을 한다. 본고에서는 『源氏物語』에서 동물이 등장인물의 인명에 쓰이거나 상징이 되는 경우를 살펴보았다. 매미의 허물은 우쓰세미 空蝉가 겐지를 피하기 위해 겉옷을 벗고 놓고 간 것에 연유한다. 그리고 구모이노카리 雲居雁는 구름 속의 기러기가 자신을 상징한다고 읊었다. 다마카즈라 玉鬘는 반딧불이에 의해 조명되는 인물이고, 온나산노미야 女三宮는 방울벌레와 고양이를 상징하는 이미지가 담겨 있다. 이와 같이 『源氏物語』에서는 동물에 비유하여 등장인물의 인명이 만들어지거나 상징이 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 동물의 특징이나 등장인물과의 관계에 의해 인간관계가 형성되며 모노가타리를 전개하는 주제로 발전한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. This study examined that animals which were used as a symbol of characters and human relationships in The Tale of Genji. Animals that appeared in the ancient myths and legends were depicted as evil spirits or messengers of god. Animals in Heian Monogatari represented features of characters and played significant roles of human relationships, whereas those in Heian poetry hardly conveyed any implication. In The Tale of Genji, an animal"s name was often used appellation of the character and symbolizing its feature. Utsusemi which implies a shell of the cicada had left leaving her outer garment behind when she avoided Genji. As the meaning of Kumoinokari"s name suggested, she was named to be alluded to a flying wild goose in the clouds. One of the impressive scenes in the novel is that alluring appearance of Tamakazura was revealed by fireflies. The image of Onnasannomiya was symbolized by a cat and a bell cricket. Thus animals appeared in The Tale of Genji symbolized characters" mental process or relationships and functioned as motifs of the Monogatari. 본고는 『源氏物語』에서 등장인물의 상징이 되는 동물과 인간관계를 분석한 연구이다. 상대의 신화 전설에 나타난 동물은 그 지방에 군림하는 악령이나 신의 전령 등으로 묘사되기도 한다. 그리고 헤이안 시대의 시가 문학에 등장하는 각종 동물들은 단순히 사계절의 자연경물인 경우가 많다. 그런데 『源氏物語』와 같은 모노가타리 문학에서는 동물이 등장인물의 상징이 되거나 인간관계에 있어 중요한 역할을 한다. 본고에서는 『源氏物語』에서 동물이 등장인물의 인명에 쓰이거나 상징이 되는 경우를 살펴보았다. 매미의 허물은 우쓰세미 空蝉가 겐지를 피하기 위해 겉옷을 벗고 놓고 간 것에 연유한다. 그리고 구모이노카리 雲居雁는 구름 속의 기러기가 자신을 상징한다고 읊었다. 다마카즈라 玉鬘는 반딧불이에 의해 조명되는 인물이고, 온나산노미야 女三宮는 방울벌레와 고양이를 상징하는 이미지가 담겨 있다. 이와 같이 『源氏物語』에서는 동물에 비유하여 등장인물의 인명이 만들어지거나 상징이 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 동물의 특징이나 등장인물과의 관계에 의해 인간관계가 형성되며 모노가타리를 전개하는 주제로 발전한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. This study examined that animals which were used as a symbol of characters and human relationships in The Tale of Genji. Animals that appeared in the ancient myths and legends were depicted as evil spirits or messengers of god. Animals in Heian Monogatari represented features of characters and played significant roles of human relationships, whereas those in Heian poetry hardly conveyed any implication. In The Tale of Genji, an animal"s name was often used appellation of the character and symbolizing its feature. Utsusemi which implies a shell of the cicada had left leaving her outer garment behind when she avoided Genji. As the meaning of Kumoinokari"s name suggested, she was named to be alluded to a flying wild goose in the clouds. One of the impressive scenes in the novel is that alluring appearance of Tamakazura was revealed by fireflies. The image of Onnasannomiya was symbolized by a cat and a bell cricket. Thus animals appeared in The Tale of Genji symbolized characters" mental process or relationships and functioned as motifs of the Monogatari.