미세먼지 발생 레미콘시설에서의 대기확산모델 CALPUFF와 AERMOD 비교 분석

한진희(Jin-hee Han),김영희(Younghee Kim) 한국환경보건학회 2021 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.47 No.3

Objectives: Using atmospheric dispersion representative models (AERMOD and CALPUFF), the emissions characteristics of each model were compared and analyzed in ready-mixed concrete manufacturing facilities that generate a large amount of particulate matter (PM-10, PM-2.5). Methods: The target facilities were the ready-mixed concrete manufacturing facilities (Siheung RMC, Goyang RMC, Ganggin RMC) and modeling for each facility was performed by dividing it into construction and operation times. The predicted points for each target facility were selected as 8-12ea (Siheung RMC 10, Goyang RMC 8, and Gangjin RMC 12ea) based on an area within a two-kilometer radius of each project district. The terrain input data was SRTM-3 (January-December 2019). The meteorological input data was divided into surface weather and upper layer weather data, and weather data near the same facility as the target facility was used. The predicted results were presented as a 24-hour average concentration and an annual average concentration. Results: First, overall, CALPUFF showed a tendency to predict higher concentrations than AERMOD. Second, there was almost no difference in the concentration between the two models in non-complex terrain such as in mountainous areas, but in complex terrain, CALPUFF predicted higher concentrations than AERMOD. This is believed to be because CALPUFF better reflected topographic characteristics. Third, both CALPUFF and AERMOD predicted lower concentrations during operation (85.2-99.7%) than during construction, and annual average concentrations (76.4-99.9%) lower than those at 24 hours. Fourth, in the ready-mixed concrete manufacturing facility, PM-10 concentration (about 40 µg/㎥ ) was predicted to be higher than PM-2.5 (about 24 µg/㎥ ). Conclusions: In complex terrain such as mountainous areas, CALPUFF predicted higher concentrations than AERMOD, which is thought to be because CALPUFF better reflected topographic characteristics. In the future, it is recommended that CALPUFF be used in complex terrain and AERMOD be used in other areas to save modeling time. In a ready-mixed concrete facility, PM-10, which has a relatively large particle size, is generated more than PM-2.5 due to the raw materials used and manufacturing characteristics.

토지피복 자료의 해상도 차이가 CALPUFF 농도 모의에 미치는 영향 분석

황수연 ( Suyeon Hwang ),함정수 ( Jungsoo Ham ),이영진 ( Youngjin Lee ),최진무 ( Jinmu Choi ) 대한원격탐사학회 2021 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.37 No.5

본 연구는 토지피복 자료의 공간 해상도가 미세먼지의 국지적 분포 및 확산 양상에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하는 데에 목적을 둔다. 이때 시공간적 지표상태 및 기상상태의 변화를 고려하는 CALPUFF 모델을 사용하여, 경기도 안양시의 평촌 신도시 지역에 대해, 미세먼지 모의를 진행하였다. 모델링의 입력 데이터로 20 m, 50 m, 100 m의 세 가지 해상도 토지피복도를 사용하여 비교하였다. 20 m 해상도의 토지피복 자료를 사용했을 경우 모의 영역의 풍속은 가장 크게 모의 되었으며 PM10 농도는 가장 낮게 모의 되었다. 본 연구를 통해 미세먼지의 국지적 분포 및 확산 양상에 토지피복 자료의 공간 해상도가 영향을 미칠 수 있으며 이는 CALPUFF 모의에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 향후 CALPUFF를 사용하여 미세먼지를 모의할 때, 토지피복의 형태에 따른 공간 해상도에 대한 영향을 사전에 확인하고 모의를 진행하는 것이 더 정확한 결과를 확보할 수 있음을 제시해볼 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how the level of resolution of land cover data affects on the local distribution and diffusion of fine dust. the CALPUFF model, which considers the spatio-temporal terrain conditions and changes in weather conditions, was used to estimate PM10 concentration in the Pyeongchon, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do. Three different resolutions of land cover data including 20 m, 50 m, and 100 m were compared as the input of the modeling. Using higher resolution land cover data (20 m), the wind speed of the simulated region was the largest and the PM10 concentration was the lowest. Through this study, we confirm that the resolution level of land-use/cover data can affect the local distribution and diffusion of fine dust, which can be detected by CALPUFF. Therefore, when using CALPUFF to simulate fine dust in the future, it can be suggested that checking the impact on spatial resolution according to the form of land cover in advance and proceeding with the simulation can achieve mote accurate results.

현장측정실험에 의한 CALPUFF의 악취모델링 평가

구윤서,김성태,전의찬,김기현 한국냄새환경학회 2004 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.3 No.4

The odor dispersion modeling is not easy task comparing to the standard air pollutant modeling ince the odor has a characteristics of instantaneously peak sensation. In order to predict the peak concentration, the puff model is better than Gaussian models since the puff model reflects the time-dependent movement of the plume. In this study, CALPUFF(California Puff) model ,which was recently developed puff model by US EPA, was tested against the measurement of H2S emitted from the large landfill area. The result showed that the predicted concentrations were in good agreement with the measurements. This implies that CALPUFF model is more reasonable method to manage the odor problems. 악취는 순간적으로 자극하는 감각오염물질이므로 이를 대기확산 모델링으로 모사하기는 많은 주의가 요구된다. 특히 악취의 순간적인 감응특성을 반영하여 모델링을 수행하기 위해서는 가우시안 모델보다는 Puff 모델을 사용하는 것이 보다 현실적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 면오염원인 매립지에서 황화수소를 대상으로 CALPUFF 모델을 이용하여 예측하고, 매립지 주변에서 10개지점에서 관능악취도와 황화수소 농도를 측정하여 그 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 3차원 바람장을 고려한 CALPUFF 모델링 결과와 실측치와 잘 일치하는 것을 확인하였다.

악취체감도를 이용한 시화공단의 악취관리방안에 관한 연구

김종보,김태화,류형열,김상훈,정상진 한국냄새환경학회 2011 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.10 No.2

This study was conducted to induce the effective counterplan of odor management in the Sihwa industrial complex(SIC) utilizing to CALPUFF model with sensory odor. The CALPUFF model was applied to simulate a sensory odor, and was evaluated for odor applicability and the distribution status of odor in SIC was predicted. The simulated concentration showed lower than observed concentration but the prediction of odor was so excellent. The simulation result of CALPUFF model for SIC showed that annual mean odor unit was 5∼7OU/m3 (min. 3 OU/m3, max. 25 OU/m3). The annual mean odor unit in residential area was not high as 1∼3OU/m3 but was predicted to be affected by the weather status in the industrial complex. The odor emission sources of high concentration were distributed in the seashore. Therefore the management of the high concentration sources will be further demanded. 본 연구는 시화공단에서 발생되는 악취의 현황을 체감악취를 통해 평가하여 이를 관리하는 체계적인 방안을 제시함으로써 효율적이고 현실적인 악취저감이 이루어지도록 하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 개별악취물질이 아닌 실제 체감악취인 복합악취를 배출량자료로 이용하여 대기확산 모델인 CALPUFF모델의 악취에서의 적용성을 평가하고 전반적인 악취분포 현왕을 파악하였다. 모델링 결과 시뮬레이션 농도가 실제 악취보다 조금 낮은 경향을 보였으나 악취현황 예측을 위한 CALPUFF모델의 적용성은 매우 양호한 것으로 조사되었다. 모델링을 통한 시화공단의 연중 평균 악취농도는 최저 3 OU/m3에서 최고 25 OU/m3로 공단 내 평균 농도는 5∼7 OU/m3인 것으로 나타났다. 배후 주거지역에서는 연평균 농도로 볼 때 비교적 낮은 1∼3 OU/m3로 과거와 같은 극심한 악취에 노출되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 시화공단은 해안을 주변으로 고농도의 악취 배출원들이 분포하고 있어 향후 악취 감소를 위해서는 이들 고농도 배출원에 대한 관리가 강화되어야 될 것으로 보여진다.

미세먼지 확산 모델링을 이용한 대기질 예측 시스템에 대한 연구

유지현(Ji-Hyun Yoo) 한국전기전자학회 2020 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.24 No.4

미세먼지로 인한 대기오염이 심각해지면서 미세먼지의 확산과 대기질의 예측에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 미세먼지의 원인은 매우 다양한데, 일부 미세먼지는 산불, 황사 등을 통해 자연적으로 발생하기도 하지만 대부분은 석유, 석탄과 같은 화석연료를 태우거나 자동차 매연가스에서 나오는 대기오염물질에서 유발되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 미국 EPA에서 추천하는 CALPUFF 모델을 사용하고, CALPUFF에서 필요한 기상 요소인 3차원 바람장을 생성하는 기상 전처리 프로그램으로 CALMET 모델을 통해 바람장을 생성하여 CALPUFF 확산 모델링을 수행한다. 이를 통해 복잡한 지형을 반영한 미세먼지 확산모델링과 대기질 예측 시스템의 구조를 제안한다. As air pollution caused by fine dust becomes serious, interest in the spread of fine dust and prediction of air quality is increasing. The causes of fine dust are very diverse, and some fine dust naturally occurs through forest fires and yellow dust, but most of them are known to be caused by air pollutants from burning fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal or from automobile exhaust gas. In this paper, the CALPUFF model recommended by the US EPA is used, and CALPUFF diffusion modeling is performed by generating a wind field through the CALMET model as a meteorological preprocessing program that generates a three-dimensional wind field, which is a meteorological element required by CALPUFF. Through this, we propose a fine dust diffusion modeling and air quality prediction system that reflects complex topography.

CALPUFF를 활용한 악취배출원별 기여율 분석에 관한 연구

도우곤,정우식 한국대기환경학회 2019 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.35 No.5

With the addition of various waste disposal facilities, Saenggok industrial complex and neighboring regions become the place where complaints regarding odour are continuously increasing in the Busan metropolitan area. In this study, in order to identify the cause of odour in these areas, the odor status was identified by measuring the complex odour and the contribution rate of each of the major emission sources to the surrounding area was calculated using the CALPUFF model. As a result of the measurement of the complex odour, complex odor exceeded the permissible emission standards at the outlet of the sludge treatment facility and some measurements at the boundary site were higher than the permissible emission standards too. The main wind directions at the individual case date are well reflected in CALPUFF modelling results and the correlation coefficient with the observed value is 0.75, showing relatively high consistency. So it is concluded that the base case modelling results reflect the odor situation in the study area relatively well. According to the analysis of contribution rates by emission source, the contribution rate of sludge treatment facilities was the highest of the four emission facilities with an average contribution rate of 76%, and high contribution rate was shown in most areas of the modelling area.

Meteorological Field Generation Method for CALPUFF Model

Park, Ji-Hoon,Park, Geun-Yeong The Basic Science Institute Chosun University 2018 조선자연과학논문집 Vol.11 No.1

CALPUFF is one of the recommended air pollution models by EPA with AERMOD. It has been used to simulate the ambient concentration of critical air pollutants as well as non-critical pollutants such as persistent organic matters and the organic materials causing odor. In this model, the air pollutants go through dispersion, transportation, chemical reaction, and deposition process. These mechanisms are significantly influenced by meteorological condition. This study produces the meteorological field in three different methods for the simulation of $SO_2$ using CALPUFF: 1) CALMET model by using both ground-level and aerological observation, 2) CALMET model by using MM5 results with NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed data, 3) CALMET model by using MM5 results in which FDDA is applied with NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed data as well as the meteorological data of Korea Meteorological Administration. As a result of CALPUFF model, the resolved concentration of $SO_2$ showed different behaviors in three cases. For the first case, the fluctuation of SO2 concentration was frequently observed while the fluctuation is reduced in the second and third cases. In addition, the maximum concentration of $SO_2$ in the first case was about 2~3 times higher than the second case, and about 4~6 times higher than the third case. These results can be caused by the accuracy of the resolved meteorological field. It is inferred that the meteorological field of the first case could be less accurate than other two cases. These results show that the use of correct meteorological data can improve the result of dispersion model. Moreover, the contribution of various sources such as point, line, and area sources on the ambient concentration of air pollutant can be roughly estimated from the sensitivity analysis.

기상장변화에 따른 민감도 평가와 CALPUFF에 의한 악취모델링 분석

구윤서,고경진 한국냄새환경학회 2010 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.9 No.3

This study was carried out to find the optimal methods in odor dispersion modeling. The CALMET and CALPUFF recommended by US EPA were used in the study. The accuracy of 3 dimensional meteorological field was one of the important parameters in the modeling, To understand the sensitivity of CALMET according to meteorological input data, four Cases were tested and compared with the measurements. The four Cases with various input data were followed : Case 1 was surface and upper measured data, Case 2 was MM5 data only, Case 3 was surface weather station and MM5 data, Case 4 was surface weather station, upper-air weather station and MM5 data. The comparisons of wind speeds, wind direction and temperatures by CALMET model with observations under various input data showed that Case 4 was more accurate than the other Cases. The results of CALPUFF dispersion modeling were compared with odor complains data and they showed that there were similar patterns even if some discrepancies existed. CALPUFF dispersion modeling was also compared with odor monitoring station data, and there was a good agreement in the threshold odor concentrations. In order to get more accurate result for odor modeling, we need following additional measures: First, fine tuning of odor emission data with the consideration of variations of emission fate according to operation hour of the odor emitting facilities. Second, construction of continuous monitoring system(on-line GC, odor a sensor etc.) was necessary to monitor the odor compound concentrations.

고해상도 기상자료를 이용한 악취첨두농도 계산에 관한 연구

문지환,정회원,김부원,윤일용,김현수,구윤서,김홍석 한국냄새환경학회 2012 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.11 No.4

There are many pollutants emitted into the air. Some of these pollutants have a malodor. Unlike other pollutants, people are able to detect and feel discomfort when this type of pollutant becomes high peak concentration instantaneously. In this sense, the peak concentration has an important meaning in the odor management and modeling. In previous odor modeling, the peak concentration was calculated by correcting the one-hour average concentration using the correlation equation. This study was carried out to find appropriate method to predict the peak concentration using meteorological input data of high time resolution in the odor modeling. It show that the peak concentration could be directly calculated from the dispersion modeling without using the correction equation when fine time scales such as 1 min or less time intervals are used as the meteorological input. 대기 중에는 많은 오염물질들이 배출되고 그 중에서는 악취를 유발하는 물질들이 있다. 악취는 순간적으로 고농도로 변하기 때문에 사람들이 인지하는 시간이 짧고 불쾌감을 느낀다. 일반적으로, CALPUFF 모델링시 기준성오염물질을 계산할 때에는 1시간 평균 농도를 사용하고 있지만 악취도를 평가하기 위해서는 순간적인 첨두농도를 예측할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 CALPUFF모델을 이용하여 악취농도를 예측시에 첨두농도를 계산하는 방법에 대해서 검토하였다. 연구결과에 의하면, 첨두농도를 계산하기 위해서는 1분 이내 단위의 고해상도 기상관측자료를 이용하여 기상 및 악취모델링을 수행하면, 기존의 1시간 평균치로부터 첨두농도를 간접적으로 구하는 보정방정식을 사용하지 않고, 직접 첨두농도를 계산할 수 있는 장점이 있다.

선박 배기가스의 대기확산 패턴에 관한 연구 – 부산항을 중심으로

이민우,이향숙 한국항만경제학회 2018 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.34 No.1

Busan Port handles more than 75% of the domestic freight volume and is ranked at 6th for global shipping in the world. This paper aims to estimate ship emission in North Port that is the center of Busan Port and located near the residential area. The emission for each type of ship is calculated applying a emission model proposed by U.S. EPA and the atmospheric diffusion pattern of the exhaust gas according to the season, the weather condition and the time was identified using CALPUFF Model. As a result, the major pollutants of  ,  and  were 30,853 tons, 36,281 tons and 6,856 tons, respectively, and the highest rate was 42% in oil tankers. On clear days, air pollution was stagnant around the harbor, spread widely on windy days, and tended to be thinner on rainy days. The research contributes to recognizing the seriousness of air pollution and can be used as basic data for policy making in the future. 부산항은 국내 물동량의 75% 이상을 처리하는 제1의 항만이며, 세계 글로벌 항만 중 6위를차지하고 있다. 본 연구는 부산항의 중추역할을 하면서 시내와 가까이 위치한 북항에 접안하는 선박들로부터 발생되는 배기가스를 추정하고, 항만 주변으로 어떻게 확산되는지 분석하고자한다. 이를 위해 미국 환경보건국에서 제안한 배기가스산출모형을 적용하여 선박유형별 배출량을 산정하고, 대기확산모형인 CALPUFF Model를 통해 계절, 기상상태, 시간변화에 따른 배기가스의 대기확산 패턴을 분석한 후, 시사점을 도출하였다. 분석결과, 주요 오염원인 질소산화물, 이산화황, 미세먼지의 배출량은 각각 30,853톤, 36,281톤, 6,856톤이며, 유조선에서 42% 로 가장 많이 발생하였다. 또한 맑은 날엔 대기오염이 항만주위에 정체되고, 바람 부는 날엔넓게 확산되며, 비오는 날엔 가장 옅어지는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 대기오염의 심각성을 인식하게 하며, 향후 공공보건을 위한 정책 수립시 기초자료로 활용이 가능하다.