Alterations in Stress Distribution and Micromotion Characteristics due to an Artificial Defect within a Composite Tibia used for Mechanical/Biomechanical Evaluation of Total Knee Arthroplasty

장영웅,권순영,김정성,유의식,이명철,임도형 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

Artificial composite tibiae have been widely used for mechanical evaluations of total knee arthoplasty (TKA) because of their low variability and wide availability. However, little information is available about whether artificial defects created during production significantly change the distribution of stress and micromotion within composite tibiae during a mechanical evaluation for TKA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of artificial defects on alterations in stress distribution and micromotion in composite tibiae during a mechanical evaluation for TKA using finite element (FE) analysis. The results showed that von Mises stresses near the artificial defect were approximately 1.6-fold higher than those on the same regions of composite tibiae without artificial defects. However, the difference in von Mises stresses decreased gradually beginning 3 mm from the center of the artificial defect. Micromotion in composite tibiae with artificial defects was similar to that of tibiae without artificial defects. These findings suggest that stress/strain on the cortical bone surface should be measured at least 3 mm from artificial defect centers but that micromotion is not affected by the artificial defects during a mechanical evaluation for TKA using composite tibiae.

Alterations in Stress Distribution and Micromotion Characteristics due to an Artificial Defect within a Composite Tibia used for Mechanical/Biomechanical Evaluation of Total Knee Arthroplasty

Jang, Young Woong,Kwon, Soon-Young,Kim, Jung Sung,Yoo, Oui Sik,Lee, Myung Chul,Lim, Dohyung Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.16 No.10

Artificial composite tibiae have been widely used for mechanical evaluations of total knee arthoplasty (TKA) because of their low variability and wide availability. However, little information is available about whether artificial defects created during production significantly change the distribution of stress and micromotion within composite tibiae during a mechanical evaluation for TKA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of artificial defects on alterations in stress distribution and micromotion in composite tibiae during a mechanical evaluation for TKA using finite element (FE) analysis. The results showed that von Mises stresses near the artificial defect were approximately 1.6-fold higher than those on the same regions of composite tibiae without artificial defects. However, the difference in von Mises stresses decreased gradually beginning 3 mm from the center of the artificial defect. Micromotion in composite tibiae with artificial defects was similar to that of tibiae without artificial defects. These findings suggest that stress/strain on the cortical bone surface should be measured at least 3 mm from artificial defect centers but that micromotion is not affected by the artificial defects during a mechanical evaluation for TKA using composite tibiae.

인공지능 로봇의 특허침해에 따른 책임

김용주(Kim Yong Joo) 인하대학교 법학연구소 2018 法學硏究 Vol.21 No.2

본 논문에서는 인공지능에 의한 특허침해에 따른 책임부과문제를 검토하였다. 우선 인간이 아닌 인공지능에 의한 특허침해의 경우에도 특허법상 금지권과 손해배상청구를 통해 특허권자가 권리를 구제받을 수 있을지 살펴본다. 다른 법도 마찬가지이겠지만 특허법은 행위의 주체가 사람임을 전제로 하고 있다. 따라서 현행법상 침해행위가 이루어짐을 가정한다고 하더라도 침해구제수단으로서의 가처분이나 손해배상책임을 직접적으로 인공지능 그 자체에 지우기는 어렵다고 판단된다. 그런데 이러한 책임을 인공지능 소유자에게 묻는 것 또한 입법적으로 완벽한 해답은 될 수 없다. 다음으로 민법상 제조물 책임과 하자담보 책임 성립이 가능할지 검토하였다. 우선 민법 750조상 불법행위 책임과 관련하여 인공지능은 현행 민법 제750조에서 논하는 ‘자’의 개념 범주에 속하지 않으며, 고의 내지 과실 판단과 관련하여서도 인정하기 어려운 부분이 있음을 살펴본다. 민법상 제조물 책임과 관련하여서는 제조물책임법상 인공지능 로봇 역시 제조물의 일종으로 볼 수 있으며 인공지능의 작동에 따른 책임을 제조자가 질 수 있음을 검토하고 있다. 민법상 하자담보책임과 관련하여서는 인공지능 로봇이 특허침해에 관여하게 되는 상황이고, 인공지능 로봇 또한 거래의 대상이 되는 매매의 목적물의 일종으로 파악한다면 하자담보책임상 하자 개념 범주에 포함된다고 볼 수 있다. 추가적으로 인공지능의 특허침해에 대하여 형법상 업무상 배임죄 성립이 가능할지 검토하였다. 배임죄는 타인의 사무를 처리하는 자가 그 임무에 위배하는 행위에 대한 처벌이다. 우선 주체 면에서 인공지능이 ‘타인의 사무를 처리하는 자’에 해당하여야 하는데 인공지능의 역할을 인간의 노동력을 대체하는 존재로 이해한다면 사무를 처리할 신임관계가 있는 것으로 생각해 볼 수 있다. 또한 인공지능 프로그램이 ‘타인의 임무를 부여받았음에도 불구하고 이에 위배하는 행위’에 해당할 수 있어야 하는데 인공지능 프로그램은 인간의 노동과 유사한 결과물을 낼 수 있도록 고도화 된 프로그램인 만큼 이에 대하서는 타인의 임무를 부여받은 것과 유사하다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 현재로서는 일정한 프로그램에 따른 판단을 하는 정도에 그치므로 현재의 인공지능에 대해서는 스스로의 작동에 대한 인식과 의사가 있다고 보기에는 어려울 것이다. This paper covers the liability due to patent infringement by artificial intelligence. In the case of a patent infringement by non-human beings, it is examined whether a patentee can be relieved through patent right and claims for damages. The Patent Act supposes that the subject of an act is a person. Therefore, even if it is assumed that the infringing act is performed under the current law, it is difficult to directly hold the injunction or damage liability as the infringement remedy directly to the artificial intelligence itself. However, asking this responsibility to AI owners is also not legitimate. Next, the Civil Law is considering whether product and defects liability could be established. In relation to the liability of illegal acts of the Civil Code of Korea, artificial intelligence does not belong to the concept category of "a person" as discussed in Article 750 of the law. It is difficult to be recognized with regard to intentional or negative judgment. In relation to product liability under the Product Liability Act, artificial intelligence robots can be regarded as a kind of product, and the manufacturer could take the responsibility for the act of artificial intelligence. In regard to defects liability, artificial intelligence robots could be involved in patent infringement acts, and artificial intelligence robots could be included in the category of defects. In addition, the paper considers whether it is possible to constitute a breach crime of trust in the Criminal Law against artificial intelligence patent infringement. A felony punishment is a punishment for a person who deals with the affairs of another person in violation of the duty. First, in terms of subject, artificial intelligence should correspond to "someone who handles the affairs of others", but if you understand the role of artificial intelligence as a substitute for human labor force, you can think that there is a trust relationship to handle affairs. In addition, the artificial intelligence program should be able to correspond to "an act that is contrary to others" even though it is given the duty of others. Artificial intelligence program is an advanced program to produce similar results to human labor. It can be said that the task is similar to that granted. At present, however, it is difficult to see that there is a consciousness and doctors of self-conduct on the present artificial intelligence because it is only enough to judge according to a certain program.

Corroded pipeline failure analysis using artificial neural network scheme

Xu, Wen-Zheng,Li, Chun Bao,Choung, Joonmo,Lee, Jae-Myung Elsevier Applied Science 2017 Advances in engineering software Vol.112 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Corrosion defects occur very often on the internal and external surfaces of pipelines, which may result in a serious threat to the integrity of the pipelines. Numerous studies investigated failure behavior of corroded pipelines with single corrosion defects. However, few studies focus on interacting corrosion defects. Interacting defects are defined as defects with certain proximity that interact to reduce the overall strength of a pipeline. In the present study, the failure behavior of pipelines with interacting corrosion defects was studied using a finite element method, and then a solution was proposed to predict burst pressure using an artificial neural network. The solution was validated by experimental results in previous studies and compared with other existing assessment solutions to prove its applicability and efficiency.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The failure behavior of pipelines with interacting corrosion defects was studied using FE method. </LI> <LI> A series of models were created for the sensitive study of the various parameters. </LI> <LI> A solution was proposed to predict burst pressure using an artificial neural network (ANN). </LI> <LI> The solution was validated by comparing with experimental results and existing codes. </LI> </UL> </P>

Effect of defect location on the swimming speed of a microscopic artificial swimmer: A numerical study

Suresh Alapati,제우성,서용권 대한기계학회 2015 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.29 No.5

The main objective of this work is to explore the effect of defect location on the swimming speed of a microscopic artificial swimmer. The swimmer consists of an artificial filament composed of super-paramagnetic beads connected by elastic linkers and is modeled with aworm-like-chain configuration. To simulate the swimming motion of the filament, a load particle is attached at one end of the filament. The Rotne-Prager approximation is used to evaluate the hydrodynamic interactions between the filament and the fluid. To validate thenumerical code, we first simulated the swimming motion of the filament without defect (‘without defect’ means the bending stiffness ofthe filament is uniform along its length). Next, we simulated the swimming motion of defective filament by setting zero for the bendingstiffness value at a particular bead location. We observed that when the location of defect is on the load side of the filament, the swimmingvelocity is less than that of the defect-less filament, and vice versa. The effect of defect is more significant when it is located on theload side of the filament (The difference between the swimming velocity of defective and defect-less filament amounts to 38%) thanwhen it is on the free end side (The difference is only 7% ). We also observed that at a certain sperm number the swimming direction isreversed when the defect is located very close to the load particle.

Web Inspection Algorithm for Low Contrast Paper Defects Based on Artificial Bee Colony Optimization

Yun-hui Qu,Wei Tang,Bo Feng 한국펄프·종이공학회 2020 펄프.종이기술 Vol.52 No.2

Traditional paper defect detection algorithms have the problems of low detection rate and poor anti-interference ability for low contrast paper defects such as cracks and folds. Considering these problems, an algorithm of low contrast paper defects based on artificial bee colony optimization was presented. Firstly, the Gabor filter was used to eliminate the texture elements and enhance the contrast. Then, the optimal segmentation threshold of 2-D OSTU was obtained by taking the trace of the dispersion matrix of the filtered paper disease image as the objective function of the artificial swarm optimization. Finally, according to the best segmentation threshold, the paper image was detected by 2-D OSTU method. The simulation results indicated that this algorithm has the advantages of high detection rate, accurate positioning and good anti-disturbance performance for low contrast paper defects.

ACPEL용 ZnS:Cu 청색 형광체의 인위적 결함 형성에 따른 결정 상 변화 및 EL 특성

이명진,전애경,이지영,윤기현 한국세라믹학회 2004 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.41 No.5

교류 구동 분산형 EL(ACPEL)에 사용되는 ZnS:Cu 청색 형광체를 고상 반응법으로 제조하였다. 1차 소성 후 인위적 결함을 형광체 표면에 도입함으로서 2차 소성 중에 의해 일어나는 ZnS의 상전이 및 EL 발광 휘도에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 즉 1차 소성된 형광체를 ball-mill 공정에서 인위적으로 표면에 defect를 형성시켜 ZnS의 저온상인 cubic으로의 전이가 용이하게 하여 EL구동하에서 발광 휘도를 증가시켰다. Ball-mill의 공정 변수로는 milling 시간과 rpm 등을 고려하여 각 조건에 따른 효과를 고찰하였으며, 발광 spectrum을 측정한 결과, 최적 조건에서 인위적인 결함을 형성하지 않은 형광체 보다 발광 휘도가 약 30% 이상 증가하였다. 또한 각기 다른 ball-mill 조건으로 합성된 형광체의 결정상을 분석하고 비교하였으며 상전이 특성에 따른 발광 휘도 변화를 고찰하였다. A blue phosphor(ZnS:Cu) is manufactured by solid state reaction for ACPEL(AC powder EL). The effect of artificial defect on phosphor surface on the ZnO phase conversion and resulting luminescence have been studied. It was found that ZnS:Cu could converse to cubic phase more easily due to the formation of artificial defect on 1st fired phosphor by ball-milling process, resulting in improvement of luminescence of phosphor phosphors under the driven EL condition. We found out an optimized ball-mill condition through considering effect of each ball-mill conditions such as milling time and milling rpm on defect. Also we determined relationship between emission luminescence and phase of phosphor based on analyses of crystal structures of phosphors. A significant improvement above 30% was observed in electroluminescence by the artificial defect on ZnS:Cu phosphors compared to non-treated phosphors.

인공지능(소프트웨어)의 결함으로 인한 책임 -독일 제조물 책임법의 해석론적 논의를 중심으로-

성대규 충남대학교 법학연구소 2023 法學硏究 Vol.34 No.4

Germany's current product liability law does not specify 'software' in the definition of product. Therefore, the application of the Product Liability Act to software defect cases depends on the interpretation of theories and precedents. 1. Although the software is not mentioned in Article 2’s definition of the product, it can be treated as a product on the basis of interpretation, and thus the Product Liability Act can be applied. However, if the supplier’s fault for the software’s flaws is obvious, the responsibility belongs to the supplier. 2. In order for the product liability law to be applied, a defect (Fehler) must exist in the software. Defects can be divided into design defects and manufacturing defects, and the manufacturer's duty to explain and its contents are also important factors to consider in determining software defects. If software defects are recognized based on interpretation, the Product Liability Act may be applied. 3. Under the Product Liability Act, the subject of responsibility is the manufacturer. However, if the responsibility is clear depending on the circumstances, the responsibility may be attributed to a third party who develops or sells the software, not the manufacturer of the finished product, or the manufacturer’s responsibility may be restricted or exempted. The responsibility for proving the grounds for indemnification (Article 1 (2) 1 to 5) belongs to the manufacturer. The victim is a person whose rights have been violated due to software defects.

인공진피(Terudermis)를 사용한 심부피부 및 연부조직결손에 대한 치료

신준호,야나가(다나베) 히로코,다이 요시아키,기요카와 켄스케,이노우에 요지로,이정형,백봉수 大韓成形外科學會 1997 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.24 No.5

Various reconstructive procedures have been applied for the skin and soft tissue defect. However, the sacrifice of the donor site in flap surgery and skin grafting and involving problems of deformity or adhesion with underlying tissue in skin have facilitated the development of skin substitute. The history of artificial skin starred in 1980's with the invention of the "Stage I" membrane by Yannas, and Burke. Since then, it has been improved and applied to the clinical cases of extensive burn injury and full thickness skin defect the resection of the nevus. Recently, an artificial dermis(Terudermis), which is composed of fibrillar athelocollagens and heat-denaturated athelocollagens was developed by Terumo Co. Terudermis has the advantage of allowing early incorporation of cellular and vascular components into its collagen sponge due to dehydrothermal cross linking which is very weak. It is very suitable biological material especially in the reconstruction of the deep skin defects without dermis. From Jun 1996 to April 1997, we have grafted this artificial dermis on bony exposures after the trauma in 2 cases, and the deep skin and the soft tissue defects after the release of burn scar contracture in 1 case. Patients follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 10 months. A week after Terudermis grafting neovasculization took place and the granulation tissues appeared in 2-3 weeks. Then the split-thickness skin graft was applied secondarily resulting in the reproduction of enough volume of skin. For this matter, Terudermis is very useful for deep skin defects especially where primary local flap or free flap can not be used.

微小缺陷을 갖는 炭素鋼材의 疲勞破壞擧動

宋森弘(S. H. Song),吳煥燮(H. S. Oh) 한국해양공학회 1989 韓國海洋工學會誌 Vol.3 No.2

The behavior of fatigue fracture was studied by using low carbon steel bar with microhole(artificial small defect) under the condition of rotary bending stress which is made artificially at smooth surface and round notch root.<br/> The results obtained can be summerized ; The behavior of non-propagating cracks which are produced at both tips of small defect occurred to dissymmetry, and it is found to be double size of small defect. For the range of l>lc, threshold stress intensity is constant. However, for the range of l<lc, it approaches to fatigue limit which artificial small defect is not contained. For the small defect within round notch root, its effect on fatigue limit is lower than the case of smooth surface, and it is no more effective than the round notch is.