TOF 기법을 이용한 PET/CT 검사에서 적정 스캔 시간에 대한 정량적 평가

문일상,이홍재,김진의,김현주,Moon, Il-Sang,Lee, Hong-Jae,Kim, Jin-Eui,Kim, Hyun-Joo 대한핵의학기술학회 2012 핵의학 기술 Vol.16 No.1

$^{18}F$-FDG 검사 시 한 bed 당 적정 스캔 시간을 정량 평가하기 위하여 Philips사 TF 64 PET/CT를 사용하였다. Phantom 실험과 환자를 대상으로 다양한 스캔 시간을 적용하며 평가를 하여 최적의 스캔 시간을 알고자 하였다. 20초 간격으로 총 5회의 서로 다른 bed 당 스캔 시간을 NEMA IEC body phantom과 환자들에게 적용하여 $^{18}F$-FDG 영상을 획득하였다. Phantom 실험의 경우 관심영역과 background의 방사능비를 8:1로 했다. 관심영역과 background 영역의 표준섭취계수(SUV)와 대조회복계수(CRC)가 계산되었다. 환자를 대상으로 한 연구에서는 평균$444{\pm}74$ MBq의 $^{18}F$-FDG가 환자에게 주사되었고 20명의 환자, 38개의 병소부위에서 표준섭취계수가 측정되었다. Background noise는 background 부분의 표준편차를 평균으로 나누어 계산되었다. Phantom 실험에서 두 그룹 (LT-60 [<60 sec]과 GT-60 [${\geq}60$ sec])을 비교한 결과 LT-60 그룹의 표준섭취계수(SUV)와 대조회복계수(CRC)가 (H1: 14.2 and 7.3, H2: 11.4 and 7.8, H3: 4.9 and 3.2), GT-60 그룹(H1: 8.9 and 2.8, H2: 8.2 and 5.0, H3: 2.0 and 1.6)에서 보다 높은 변이율을 보였다. 이는 한 bed 당 스캔시간이 60 sec 이상일 때 안정적인 표준섭취계수와 대조회복계수를 나타내는 것을 의미한다. 환자를 대상으로 한 연구에서 역시 표준섭취계수(SUV)와 대조회복계수(CRC)가 LT-60 그룹에서 높은 변이율을 보였다. PET/CT 영상에서 background noise는 bed 당 스캔시간이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 60 sec 이하 그룹에서는 높은 background noise로 인하여 높은 SUV와 CRC 변이율을 보였다. 따라서 PET/CT 영상의 질을 고려할 때 1 bed 당 스캔시간은 최소 60 sec 이상이어야 한다. Purpose: To verify the optimal scan time per bed for clinical application, we evaluated the quality of $^{18}F$-FDG images with varying scan times in a phantom and 20 patients with 38 lesions using a Philips (TOF) PET/CT scanner. Materials and Methods: The PET/CT images of a NEMA IEC body phantom and 20 patients (16 males, 4 females) were acquired for 5 different scan times of 20-100 sec per bed with intervals of 20 sec. The activity ratio of hot spheres (diameter of 17 [H1], 22 [H2] and 28 [H3] mm) to the background region in the IEC body phantom was 8-to-1. The contrast recovery coefficient (CRC) and standard uptake value (SUV) based on ROIs of hot spheres and background region were calculated. The noise in each background region was estimated as the ratio of SD of counts to the mean counts in the background region. On the patient image, the injected dose of $^{18}F$-FDG was $444{\pm}74$ MBq and the SUVs in the 38 hot lesions were measured. Results: The two scan time groups (LT-60 [<60 sec] and GT-60 [${\geq}60$ sec]) were compared. In the phantom study, the coefficient of deviations (CVs, %) of CRC and SUV in LT-60 (H1: 14.2 and 7.3, H2: 11.4 and 7.8, H3: 4.9 and 3.2) were higher than GT-60 (H1: 8.9 and 2.8, H1: 8.2 and 5.0, H3: 2.0 and 1.6). In the patient study, the mean CV of CRC and SUV in LT-60 (4.0) was higher than GT-60 (1.2). Conclusion: This study showed that noise increased as the scan time decreased. High noise for the scan time <60 sec per bed yielded high variation of SUV and CRC. Therefore, considering PET/CT image quality, the scan time per bed in the TOF PET/CT scanner should be at least ${\geq}60$ sec.

러시아 연극과 윤리적 인본주의

전정옥(Jun Jung Ok) 한국노어노문학회 2017 노어노문학 Vol.29 No.4

러시아 문화사, 사회사 전반에서 ‘60년대인들’(셰스치제샤트니키, шестидесятники)이란 스탈린 사후 해빙기 문화를 읽는 핵심어 가운데 하나이다. 인간다운 삶을 저해하는 다양한 형태의 폭력에 대한 비판이라는 ‘60년대인들’의 예술적 지향점은 ‘윤리적 인본주의(Этический гуманизм)’ 라는 특별한 용어를 부여받는다. 인간에게 가해지는 ‘폭력’에 대한 사유는 결국 인본주의가 지향하는 구심점과도 같은 질문 “인간이란 무엇인가?”, “인간답다는 것은 무엇인가?”를 우선적으로 공유하며, ‘60년대인들’은 각자의 방식으로 이에 대한 답을 찾고자 하였다. 온갖 정치적 이데올로기의 편협함과의 냉철한 투쟁 같아 보였던 그들의 말과 행동에도 불구하고 결국 그들이 궁금한 것이 인간에 대한, 인간을 위한 것이었다는 것에 대한 평가로 보이는 ‘윤리적 인본주의’는 ‘60년대인들’의 해빙기 실천들을 폭넓게 바라볼 수 있는 계기를 마련한다는 점에서도 의미가 있다. 러시아 연극에 있어 ‘60년대인들’의 ‘윤리적 인본주의’는 스탈린 사후 현대연극의 지향점을 만들어주었던 연출가들의 작업으로 설명이 가능할 것이다. 그 가운데에서도 볼쇼이드라마극장을 거점으로 한 게오르기 톱스타노고프의 무대실험은 ‘60년대인들’의 윤리적 인본주의에 대한 극명한 예시라고 하겠다. 본고에서는 톱스타노고프의 대표작품에 대한 공연비평적 분석을 통해 해빙기 ‘60년대인들’의 윤리적 인본주의 양상을 파악하고, 해빙기 인텔리겐치아들의 이데올로기를 선전하는 안내자 역할을 수행하며 사회에 당면한 문제들을 직시토록 하는 수단으로서 연극무대의 역할과 기능에 대한 논의를 진행하고자 한다. 이를 위해 도스토옙스키의 무대사 및 문학사에서 중요한 자리를 차지한다고 평가되는 톱스타노고프 연출의 <백치>를 중심 연구대상으로 삼는다. 1957년 12월 31일 볼쇼이드라마극장에서 무대화된 톱스타노고프의 <백치>는 “당시연극계의 중요한 사건이었을 뿐만 아니라 소설의 연구에 있어 적지 않은 의미를 가지고 온 작품”으로 평가되며, ‘60년대인들’이 ‘윤리적 인본주의’에 대한 지향을 통해 수행하고자 했던 연극의 사회적 기능에 대한 연구로서 가치를 지닌다. The name Shestidesyatniki is the most significant keyword word from analyzing culture of politics and society from historical course of last 100 years of Russia society. Shestidesyatniki increased private ownership and executed action with two of the fundamental idea according to the time of thaw in the soviet society. Political idea of Shestidesyatniki receives a terminology as ‘ethical humanism which is an criticism of various type of violence hinders against value of human life. Shestidesyatniki try to find the solution about the humanistic orientation questions based on reason of ‘violence’ against human such as “What is human?” and “What is being human?” with their own method and share them preferentially. ‘Ethical humanism’ provides opportunity and meaningful to read widely about Shestidesyatniki’s executed action in the time of thaw in the soviet society despite of their action and statement of their narrow viewpoint of various political idea and philosophical struggle as their factual questions were assessed about human and for human-being. In Russia theater, ‘Ethical humanism can provide the explanation with work of directors who gained the intention point and the aesthetic ability from leading mentors of Russia’s theater of the beginning of last century in the golden age of theater of Russia after death of Stalin. Among the rest, the theatrical experiment of Tovstonogov based on BDT is the clear example of Shestidesyatniki’s ethical humanity. The Shestidesyatniki in theater as the example of ‘ethical humanity’ is as the closest heritage of ‘ethical humanity’ by director Tovstonogov among many directors. Because of these reasons, it is within bounds to say that Tovstonogov is in the center of modern theater of Russia even he was a Shestidesyatniki (from 60s’) result of the cultural phenomenon. This study discusses the understanding the aspect of ‘ethical humanity’ of Shestidesyatniki through analysis of main work of Tovstonogov, and the main guide role as a propagandist of the ideas of intelligentsiya in the time of thaw in the soviet society, furthermore discuss the role and the function of theaters as the method of the facing the problem at hand in the society. In order to do this, <Idiot>(1957) directed by Tovstonogov is the main study subject because it is Highly respected in theatrical history and history of literature of Dostoevsky. The stage <Idiot> performed in BDT in 1957 is judged as important phenomenon at that time of era and contributed substantial meaning to study of society. Also, the value of research is great due to the study of social function of theater through ‘ethical humanity’ movement of Shestidesyatniki.

신 중국 건국 60주년 특사의 의의 및 구상

음건봉(Yin Jian-Feng) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2009 東亞法學 Vol.- No.44

The year of 2009 coincided with the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China. At this important historical moment continuing with the past and opening up the future, whether it is the right time to pardonand how to execute it are significant practical issues involved in the development of national jutice and social progress. Considering the advances of a country and the development of social civilization, I believe putting pardon into effect can be an essential component of the grand celebrations as well as the parade ceremony at the time of the 60th anniversary of national founding. Sincethe specific scope of criminal offenders within amnesty, pardon not only can give full play to the inherent features of criminal policy, but also can highlight a great number of significant values of the times. So this paper will take the perspective of the form, substantive conditions, objects of the application, and the scope of implementation to put forward concrete conceptualization of execution of pardon, which is aiming at making proposals on promoting the development of national jutice.

한국경영학회 60주년을 맞아 살펴본 경영학과 경영교육의 전개와 과제

이영면(Young-Myon Lee),이순룡(Soon-Ryong Lee) 한국경영학회 2016 經營學硏究 Vol.45 No.6

To review the changing role of Korean Academic Society of Business Administration(KASBA) to cope with rapidly changing business environment in last two decades after the earlier paper was written for 40<SUP>th</SUP> anniversary of KASBA is the goal of this paper. Under Japanese colonial period until 1945, Business Economics from Germany and Japan was a cornerstone for setting Business Administration as an academic field in Korea. After the Liberation of 1945, U.S. military government influenced significantly the business in practice and in academia. In the mid-1950s, with a support for setting management education by U.S. government, many universities in Korea began to establish the departments of business administration and many practitioners and scholars visited U.S. to learn business administration. After 60 years later in 2016, 592 undergraduate departments of business administration in 4-year universities are established and many graduate programs are operating for business administration education in Korea. With these numerous education programs, however, both the research for Korean-style management and the education of scholars in Korean universities are still in its early stage. Many Korean scholars are writing papers in prestigious academic journals but the topics of many of those papers are not related to Korean business issues. In some cases, the requirement of writing papers in foreign journals for promotion at universities produced unexpected negative results such as not knowing Korean business issues or not attending academic meetings held in Korea. Now, it is time to sketch and define the Korean-style management and dispatch it to other developing countries in the world. Also, the practice-oriented management education should be emphasized in undergraduate business educations and MBA programs in Korean universities.

감마선 처리에 의한 왜성 한국 들잔디 돌연변이체 유기

배은지(Eun-Ji Bae),김충열(Chung-Yeol Kim),윤준혁(Jun-Hyuck Yoon),성창현(Chang-Hyun Sung),진언주(Eon-ju Jin) 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2020 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.9 No.1

본 연구는 감마선 조사를 이용하여 왜성 형질의 한국잔디 돌연변이체를 선발하고, 그 형태적 특성을 관찰하기 위해 수행되었다. 2010년 잔디재배지에서 수집된 잔디유전자원 중 화서발생량이 많은 CJ4017을 선발하였고, 2015년 선발된 개체를 자가수정을 한 후 수확된 종자를 후숙한 뒤 냉장보관하였다. 2016년 완숙종자에 감마선 선량 범위 0, 25, 50, 100Gy로 24시간 동안 조사하였고, 감마선이 조사된 종자는 ISTA 변온환경 35℃, 8시간 광조건, 20℃, 16시간 암조건으로 배양하였다. 식물체가 출현한 유묘들은 육묘포트에 1차 이식을 하였고, 이후 생육이 진전된 유묘들은 포트에 2차 이식하여 온실에서 생육을 시켰다. 2016년 10월부터 2019년 5월까지 초장, 엽장, 최하위 잎 높이 등 형태적 특성 조사를 조사하였다. 감마선 비조사구에 비해 감마선 조사구가 초장과 최하위 잎 높이가 각각 약 1.2배와 1.8배가 짧아지는 유의한 차이를 보였지만 선량 범위 간에는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 가시적 특성평가를 통해 왜성 형태의 돌연변이 22개체를 선발하였고, 왜성 형질이 고정되는지 알아보기 위해 3년간 형태적 특성을 조사 결과 감마선 50 Gy에서 조사한 MZ016은 초장이 짧은 왜성 특성을 확인하였고, 선발 특성이 그대로 유지되어 ‘세단’으로 명명하고 품종보출원을 하였다. ’세단’ 품종의 초장은 5.9 cm로 대조품종 20.3 cm 보다 약 3.4배 짧은 특성으로 왜성 형질의 한국잔디 신품종으로서 예초 등의 관리비용을 줄여 저관리형 잔디로 활용이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study was carried out to induce and select zoysiagrass mutants having dwarf traits by using gamma-irradiation. In 2010, CJ4017, which has a large amount of inflorescence, was selected among the Korea lawngrass genetic resources collected from cultivation field. After self-fertilization of the selected individuals in 2015, the harvested seeds were treated with gamma-ray in dose ranges of 0, 25, 50, and 100 Gy for 24 h in 2016 The seeds were germinated in conditions of 8 hours light at 35℃, and 16 hours dark at 20℃ according to standard seed testing method. Seedlings were transplanted into pots, and then grown until growth measurement in a greenhouse. From October 2016 to May 2019, morphological characteristics such as plant height, length of leaf blade, height to lowest leaf were investigated. The plant height and height to lowest leaf of randomly sampled 70 individuals that were gamma-irradiated were shorter by about 1.2 and 1.8 times than those without irradiated gamma-irradiation, respectively. There was no significant difference between doses of gamma-irradiation for those 70 individuals in each dose. Twenty-two dwarf-type mutants were selected, and three-year morphological characteristics were examined to determine if dwarf traits were maintained. An MZ016, which was irradiated with gamma-ray at 50 Gy, was identified with dwarf characteristics plant height. The plant height of the " MZ016(Sedan)" mutant was 5.9 cm, which was about 3.4 times shorter than the 20.3 cm of the control plant, and it is expected to be used as a low-maintenance by reducing cost of mowing.

1964년 동경올림픽대회 남북한 참가 결정과정에 관한 역사적 연구

이현우(Lee, Hyun-Woo),김재우(Kim, Jae-Woo) 한국체육과학회 2014 한국체육과학회지 Vol.23 No.1

After the break down of a unified team between South & North Korea, South Korea declined the IOC proposal for the composition of a unified team and as a result of which the participation of South & North Korea in the Tokyo Olympics was to be determined in the 60th Baden-Bade IOC General Meeting. The eventual goal of South Korea was both to prevent North Korea’s participation of the Olympic Games in advance and at the same time to avoid the composition of unified team, while setting the single participation of North Korea never to be allowed as its basic policy. However, after the meeting with IOC President Brundage, the basic policy of the South Korea changed into individual participation of the South & North Korea respectively. As a result, the delegates of South Korea could verify that the individual participation of South & North Korea was the opinion of most of the IOC committee members, since then negotiations were carried out against IOC members by South Korea in using Korea’-designation of participating country, Taegukgi-designation of national flag, Aekukga-designation of national anthem.

C<SUB>60</SUB>(buckminsterfullurene) 홀주입층을 적용한 유기박막트랜지스터의 성능향상

이문석(Moonsuk Yi) 대한전자공학회 2008 電子工學會論文誌-SD (Semiconductor and devices) Vol.45 No.5

본 연구에서는 유기반도체인 펜타센과 소스-드레인 금속전극사이에 C60을 홀주입층으로 적용한 유기박막트랜지스터를 제작하여 C60을 삽입하지 않은 소자와의 전기적특성을 비교하였다. C60/Au 이중전극을 사용한 소자의 경우 Au단일전극을 사용한 소자와 비교하였을 때 전하이동도는 0.298 ㎠/V·s에서 0.452 ㎠/V·s , 문턱전압의 경우 -13.3V에서 -10.8V로 향상되었으며, contact resistance를 추출하여 비교하였을 경우 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 성능의 향상은 C60을 Au와 pentacene 사이에 삽입하였을 경우 Au-pentacene 간의 원하지 않는 화학적 반응을 막아줌으로써 홀 주입장벽를 감소시켜 홀 주입이 향상되었기 때문이다. 또한 Al을 전극으로 적용한 OTFT도 제작하였다. 기존에 Al은 OTFT에 단일전극으로 사용하였을 경우 둘간의 높은 홀 주입장벽으로 인해 채널이 거의 형성되지 않았으나, C60/Al 이중전극을 사용한 소자의 경우 전하이동도와 전류점멸비은 0.165 ㎠/V·s, 1.4×10⁴ 으로써 Al를 단일전극으로 사용하는 소자의 전기적 특성에 비해 크게 향상되어진 소자를 제작할 수 있었다. 이는 C60과Al이 접합시에 interface dipole의 형성으로 Al의 vacuum energy level이 변화로 인한 Al의 work function이 증가되어 pentacene과 Al간의 hole injection barrier가 감소되었기 때문이다. In this study, we fabricated Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs) with C60 hole injection layer between organic semiconductor (pentacene) and metal electrode, and we compared the electrical characteristics of OTFTs with/without C60. When the C60 hole injection layer was introduced, the mobility and the threshold voltage were improved from 0.298 ㎠/V·s and -13.3V to 0.452 ㎠/V·s and -10.8V, and the contact resistance was also reduced. When the C60 is inserted, the hole injection was enhanced because the C60 prevent the unwanted chemical reaction between pentacene and Au. Furthermore, we fabricated the OTFTs using Al as their electrodes. When the OTFTs were made by only aluminum electrode, the channel were not mostly made because of the high hole injection barrier between pentacene and aluminum, but when the C60 layer with an optimal thickness was applied between aluminum and pentacene, the device performances were obviously enhanced because of the vacuum energy level shift of Al and the consequent decrease of the hole injection barrier which was induced by the interface dipole formation between C60 and Al. The mobility and ION/IOFF current ratio of OTFT with C60/Al electrode were 0.165 ㎠/V·s and 1.4×10⁴ which were comparable with the normal Au electrode OTFT.

Co<SUP>60</SUP> Gamma-Ray Effects on the DAC-7512E 12-Bit Serial Digital to Analog Converter for Space Power Applications

Goo-Hwan Shin 대한전기학회 2014 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.9 No.6

The DAC-7512E is a 12-bit digital to analog converter that is low power and a single package with internal buffers. The DAC-7512E takes up minimal PCB area for applications of space power electronics design. The spacecraft mass is a crucial point considering spacecraft launch into space. Therefore, we have performed a TID test for the DAC-7512E 12-bit serial input digital to analog converter to reduce the spacecraft mass by using a low-level Gamma-ray irradiator with Co<SUP>60</SUP> gamma-ray sources. The irradiation with Co<SUP>60</SUP> gamma-rays was carried out at doses from 0 krad to 100 krad to check the error status of the device in terms of current, voltage and bit error status during conversion. The DAC-7512E 12-bit serial digital to analog converter should work properly from 0 krad to 30 krad without any error.

C60를 이용한 TiO₂(110) 위 물 분해의 단분자 연구

손소담,강정수,김요한,한희준,정성철,박기복,신형준 한국진공학회 2019 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2019 No.2

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