文學 : 日帝時代韓國和臺灣接受魯迅之比較

김양수 ( Yang Su Kim ) 한국중국학회 2004 國際中國學硏究 Vol.7 No.-

Korea and Taiwan have undergone similar historical courses since their early modern periods. Korea got colonized by Japan in 1910 and won the National Liberation in 1945 that led to the 1948 foundation of the Republic of Korea(R.O.K.). But the national peace did not last long. As the Korean War broke out in 1950, the nation got divided into South and North and has kept a state of cease-fire until now. Since the early 1960s, South Korea had gone through military dictatorship and democratic movements against it for the three decades and, at the same time, had made economic and political achievements. But those developments, however, there has been a tension between South Korea and the powers surrounding the Korean peninsula. Meanwhile, Taiwan, which turned to a Japanese colony in 1895, won the Liberation in the same year as Korea. After then, the government of the Nationalist Party(K.M.T.) that lost the civil war to the Chinese Communist Party(C.C.P.) founded the Republic of China(R.O.C.). Similar to Korea, Taiwan passed through the Emergent Rule and democratic movements for a long time and enjoyed consistent development and security. But Taiwan is still in a tension with China (People`s Republic) that recently emerged as an international power. Considering the recent trend of literary study that requires an international perspective that overcomes the limit of a single nation, it seems necessary that a study of the East Asian colonial literature of the early 20th century should link a vast space of Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria, and China into a cultural region which has an order of its own and explore on the basis of it the essential characteristics and various developments of the colonial literature. While there are some similarities between Korean literature and Taiwanese literature, it is true differences exist between them, too. Korean scholars can more objectively look into themselves through the mirror of Taiwanese literature. This paper intends to study how Lu Xun, the literary giant of the 20th century Eastern Asian literature, was received in Korea and Taiwan. It consists of four parts. Part I deals with the historical periods and specific contexts Lu Xun was first introduced in Korea and Taiwan and the early translations of his work, as well. Part II focuses on the encounters between Lu Xun and the intellectuals of Korea and Taiwan under the rule of Japanese Empire, more specifically speaking, who met Lu Xun and what for. The third part of this study compares the memorial writings of Lu Xun`s death published in both countries and, by so doing, examines how the literary giant and his images were evaluated and transferred. Part IV of this study relates to Lu Xun`s own concerns with Korea and Taiwan. He began to have interests in minority peoples like Korea and Taiwan when he studied in Japan. Although he maintained those interests throughout his career, he never explicitly revealed his supports for the liberation from colonization in his literary discourses. In addition, Lu Xun did not seem to have concrete understanding of the colonies of Korean and Taiwan. Nevertheless, Lu Xun was regarded as a writer who had deep sympathies with colonial people. It was possible due to his work that embodied the lives of the victimized. And a historical demand of the liberation mixed with his previous image as a writer of resistance helped create a new image of him.

한-EU FTA의 농업부문에 대한 연구

이종원 한국유럽학회 2007 유럽연구 Vol.25 No.2

Korea has actively established its FTA relations with Chile, Singapore, EFTA which are relatively small and located at a long distance from Korea. These are the results of the Korean Government's New FTA policy seeking FTA establishments with foreign countries as many as possible at the same period. But after the establishment of Korea-US FTA in May, 2007, Korea is proceeding FTA negotiations with the EU and China and Japan, which will be the main FTA partners. As both of Korea and EU agreed to consider the sensitivity of the agricultural sector in the FTA negotiations, the worries about agricultural sector as a stumbling block greatly decreased. Actually the agricultural concession of tariff and immediate elimination ratio of the EU do not exceed those of Korea not much. In addition, the EU has a flexible attitude of negotiation style in responding to the conditions of partner country and this style might be greatly helpful for the early establishment of Korea-US FTA negotiations and its ratification in Korea. Under these circumstances, this paper intends to analyze the CAP of the EU and its agricultural cases of FTA, the trends of trade in agriculture and livestock and finally it deals with the agricultural impacts and countermeasures. The EU is the biggest market which is bigger than that of US, with having higher tariff rate in manufacturing sector than US. The EU also shares with Korea in a sense that it is sensitive in liberalizing agriculture. Therefore, I expect that Korea may have a reasonable and flexible attitude of negotiations with convincing that agricultural should be solved with domestic subsidies, which can bring the early effectiveness of the Korea-EU FTA. 우리나라는 동시다발적인 FTA 체결을 정부방침으로 세운 이후 칠레, 싱가포르, EFTA(유럽자유무역연합) 등 비교적 먼 거리의 작은 규모의 나라들과 자유무역협정을 발효시켰고, 2007년에 와서는 5월에 미국과의 FTA협정을 타결시킨 후 8월 현재 EU와 협상을 진행하고 있다. 이후의 주된 협상 대상 국가는 중국과 일본이 될 것이다. 한-EU FTA에서는 양측이 농산물 부문의 민감성을 상호간에 고려하기로 합의함에 따라 농산물이 협상의 걸림돌이 될 것이라는 당초 우려가 크게 불식되었다. 실제로 EU는 2003년에 발효된 EU-칠레 FTA 등에서 EU의 관세양허와 즉시 철폐율이 우리의 농업양허범위를 크게 벗어나지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라, EU는 FTA 상대에 따라 농업협상을 유연하게 운영하고 있다. 이러한 EU의 협상스타일은 한-EU FTA 협상의 조기타결과 국내 조기비준에 큰 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.본고에서는 EU의 공동농업정책 및 FTA의 농업사례들을 분석하고, 한-EU 농축산물 교역 현황을 살펴보고, 끝으로 한-EU FTA의 농업부문 영향과 이에 대한 대처방안을 다룬다. EU는 미국보다 큰 세계 최대 시장이며, 제조업의 평균관세도 미국보다 높다. 또한 우리와 같이 농업개방에 민감한 공통점도 있다. 따라서 한-미 FTA보다 한-EU FTA의 실현이 더 용이해 보인다. 그러므로 우리나라는 EU와의 협상에서는 농업문제는 국내보조로 해결할 수 있다는 유연하면서도 합리적인 협상태도를 견지하여 빠른 시일 내 한-EU FTA가 발효되기를 기대한다.

한국SGI 회원의 종교적 가치관과 생활 만족도에 관한 연구

제점숙 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2022 大東文化硏究 Vol.120 No.-

This study investigated the Korea SGI members’ religious values and life satisfaction through a comparative analysis of the result of a survey of Korea Soka Gakkai International (Korea SGI) members based on data on Protestantism, Catholicism, and Buddhism surveyed by Gallup Korea. Through this, this study would approach the religious characteristics of Korea SGI, a Japanese religion and the growth factors of the Korea SGI religion in Korean society. As a result of this survey, compared to the established religions, most of the Korea SGI members came to have the religion when they were younger than nine and in their 20s to 30s. In addition, the Korea SGI members had faith longer than those of the established religions did. As for the momentum they came to believe in the religion was mostly because they needed to or by another person’s propagation. As for the reason for believing in the religion, they wanted to be blessed or they would like to find the meaning of life. The number of participants in religious gatherings, the number of personal prayers or wish, and the number of encounters with the doctrine were much more than in the established religions. Also, they had higher religious beliefs or more experiences of healing by the religious power than in the established religions. In terms of life satisfaction, they felt great happiness and attached importance to the meaning of life as well. As for the important measure of life, the members of the established religions picked health while those of Korea SGI picked happy family life. In addition, it turned out that the Korea SGI members had open values, instead of conservative ones tied up to Confucian values compared to the established religions. Through the above results, the Korea SGI members had religious values different from Protestantism, Catholicism, and Buddhism while they kept a close relationship with the religion of Korea SGI. It is judged that the members’ religious values and life satisfaction are also considered one of the growth factors of Korea SGI in Korean society. 이글에서는 한국갤럽에서 조사한 개신교, 천주교, 불교의 데이터를 기반으로 한국SGI 회원 대상의 설문조사 결과를 비교 분석하여 한국SGI 회원의 종교적 가치관과 생활 만족도에 대해 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 일본계 종교인 한국SGI의 종교적 특징과 한국 사회 속에서의 한국SGI 종교의 성장 요인에 접근하고자 했다. 이 조사에서 살펴본 결과, 한국SGI 회원의 종교를 갖는 시기는 기성종교와 비교했을 때 9세 이하와 20대~30대가 가장 많았다. 또한 한국SGI의 회원은 기성종교 대비 신앙을 하는 기간도 긴 것으로 나타났다. 종교를 믿게 된 계기는 스스로 필요해서와 다른 사람의 권유가 많았고, 종교를 믿는 이유는 복을 받기 위해, 삶의 의미를 찾기위해라는 특징을 보였다. 종교집회 참가 횟수, 개인적인 기도 또는 기원 횟수, 교리를 접하는 횟수도 기성종교에 비해 훨씬 많았다. 또한, 종교적 신앙심 정도나 종교의 힘으로 병을 나은 경험 역시 기성종교에 비해 높은 결과를 나타냈다. 생활 만족도 면에 있어서는 행복감을 크게 느끼고 있었고 인생의 의미도 중요하게 생각했다. 삶의 중요한 척도에서는 기성종교가 건강한 것을 꼽을 때 한국SGI는 가정생활이 즐거운 것을 꼽았다. 또한, 한국SGI 회원들은 기성종교에 비해 유교적 가치관에 얽매이는 보수적인 가치관이 아닌 개방적 가치관을 지는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 이혼에 대해서는 보수적인 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 통해 한국SGI 회원은 개신교, 천주교, 불교와는 다른 종교적 가치관을 가지고 있으며 한국SGI라는 종교와 삶이 매우 밀착 관계를 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 한국SGI 회원의 종교적 가치관과 생활 만족도 특징 역시 한국 사회 속 한국SGI 성장 요인 중 하나로 볼 수 있을 것이다.

학술논문 : 특집논문: 한국과 중국 관계개선을 위한 지향점? ; 한,중 수교 20년과 양국의 군사관계 -평가와 전망을 중심으로-

기세찬 ( Se Chan Ki ) 한국군사학회 2011 군사논단 Vol.65 No.-

This study attempts to estimate the relations between Korea-China after the Korea-China amity and suggests the way of developments between Korea-China military relations. The relations between Korea-China has been growing throughout all the branches of politics, economics, cultures, and militaries over twenty years. But after 2008, the international situation around Korea-China became even worse due to the global financial crisis, deterioration of North Korea-U.S. relations, and impasse of South Korea-North Korea. As we have seen from the attack against the ROK corvette Cheonan and the shelling Yeonpyeong Island, the two countries failed to keep close contact to deal with those incidents and to sustain strong ties that had shaped since the beginning of the amity based on the growth of trades. Therefore, Korea-China relationship needs to develop not rhetoric but content. Although Both Korea and China have exposed differences over some problems, it is important to build two countries will be advanced to be more practical and cooperative relationship for the benefit of the two countries. To achieve this, the two countries have to have proper plans, preparations, and upgrade military relations beyond economics. We could say Korea-China military relations is a mutual exchange relationship. To develop the Korea-China relations at the practical level, we need to consider overall the relations between U.S.-China and North Korea-China that directly affect the Korea-China relations. We can`t establish the higher level relations, unless China adjusts China-North Korea alliance or the U.S. understands the development of Korea-China relations.

민간기업 대북사업 증진을 위한 평화자동차 사례 연구

송광석 사단법인 한국평화연구학회 2010 평화학연구 Vol.11 No.1

Korea Peninsula unification model is the German unification that private enterprise and the government made an effort together. Therefore, the south Korea government must promote north business. For private enterprises increase mutual trust of north and south Korea. But, North Korea strongly objects for a 'denuclearization·Opening·3000' policy of the south Korea government now. One year passed since Mt. kumkang sightseeing stop by this reason. Nevertheless, worker of North Korea increased still became 40,000 people in Gaeseung industrial complex area. Interdependence degree becomes higher between north and south Korea and is hard to stop it. We were able to confirm that the economic assistance of the private enterprise was useful for north and south Korea reconciliation. The special thing is the pyeonghwa moters of the unification group is get, 500,000 dollars profited in North Korea market. The pyeonghwa moters began an advertisement for commerce mainly on a car business for the first time. It is the first time in the private enterprise doing a business in North Korea. In these days, The pyeonghwa moters made a sale car exhibit space in Pyeongyang. In addition, It is the first time in the private enterprise even a Hotel business widens a business. Satellite broadcasting is set up in Botong-river Hotel, and it is watched foreign broadcast. That this is a beginning history in North Korea. Pyeonghwa moters contribute to north and south Korea society cultural exchange. . Furthermore, contributed to North Korea and with Italian diplomatic relationship and interchange between North Korea and U.S.A with 6 party talks. At such a point, the pyeonghwa moters is evaluated by a success model of the functionalism. As for north and south relations, strain relations will continue mainly on the North Korea nuclear issue in 2010. Therefore, it is a point in time when the duty of the private enterprise is more important. The government must help private enterprises for north and south Korea detente. In addition, government must follow a separation politics of economic and policy. The North Korea government must have a manner of the opening, too. The private enterprise must do an economic assistance business with sense of values of the coexistence, too. 과거 정부에 대한 비판적 입장에서 제시한 이명박 정부의 ‘비핵·개방·3000’의 대북정책에 대한 북한 정부의 반발로 금강산관광과 개성관광의 중단, 개성공단 통행 제한 등의 어려움에 직면해 있다. 그럼에도 개성공단의 가동기업수가 117개에 이르며, 북측 근로자 수도 지속 증가하여 4만 명에 이르렀다. 개성공단을 중심하고 이미 남북한 간에는 상호의존도가 높아져 서로가 중단하기 어려운 단계에 접어들었기 때문이다. 개성공단의 경우를 통해 관광사업이나 사회·문화교류 보다는 민간기업을 중심한 경협사업이 지속성은 물론 남북한 긴장완화에 실질적 도움을 줄 수 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 이런 점에서 개성공단보다 6년 앞서 남북경협을 시작한 통일그룹의 ‘평화자동차’가 북한 내수시장을 상대로 흑자경영에 성공하여 50만 불의 영업이익을 서울 본사로 송금하였다는 점은 민간기업의 대북사업이 개성이 아닌 평양인근에서도 성공할 수 있다는 또 하나의 가능성을 보여준 긍정적인 사례다. 북한 내수시장의 한계로 경영에 어려움이 있지만 평화자동차는 자동차사업을 중심으로 상업용 광고, 연유공급소(주유소), 자동차 수리소 및 판매전시장 설치, 호텔사업 등으로 사업의 영역을 착실히 넓혀가고 있다. 또한 단순히 경협만이 아니라 남북한 사회·문화교류와 스포츠 부분에서도 접촉면을 확대하고 있다. 특별히 이태리의 피아트사의 모델을 조립생산하고 있는 평화자동차는 북한과 이태리 수교에도 영향을 미쳤으며, 6자회담을 중심하고 북한과 미국간의 창구 역할도 담당한 바 있다. 이는 기능주의 관점에서 볼 때 민간기업의 성공모델로 평가할 수 있다. 정부는 민간 기업들이 경제협력을 통해 신뢰와 상호의존성을 높여가도록 정경분리원칙과 지원책을 강구해야 할 것이다. 또한 북한정부도 경협에 보다 개방적인 태도로 임해야 할 필요가 있다. 민간기업도 단기적 이익보다는 상생의 전략을 가지고 대북사업에 나서야 할 것이다.

韓美 FTA와 日本의 對應

임천석 한국일본학회 2008 日本學報 Vol.75 No.-

Last April, Korea and U.S. agreed on establishing a FTA and have signed the agreement on last June. Due to Korea's organization's calculation and prospect, with the effectuation of the Korea-U.S. FTA, Korea's products exported to U.S. will be exempted from tax, which will bring a great advantage to Korea's exportation. However. the fact that in U.S. market, Korea's main competing countries are China, Japan, and Mexico and the fact that Japan is the main competing country in Korea's main export market(cars and electronics), need to be noted. Also, it can be predicted that Japan would consider multiple countermoves such as lowering the price of exported goods, increasing the production and utilizing NAFTA to catch up with Korea's competitive price. In this paper, economic relationship between Korea and the U.S. between Japan and the U.S. will be discussed as well as the competition between Korea and Japan in U.S. market. Also, the thesis will discuss Japan's evaluation on Korea-U.S. FTA and forecast Japan's countermoves.

Korea-Japan Relations during the Second Republic of Korea: A Counterfactual Analysis of the Aborted Korea-Japan Normalization

윤태룡 사단법인 한국평화연구학회 2009 평화학연구 Vol.10 No.2

This paper purports to provide a counterfactual analysis of a non-event during the Second Republic of Korea, that is, the aborted Korea-Japan Normalization. The author argues that without General Park Chung Hee’s military coup on May 16, 1961, the rapprochement between the two former enemies would have been possible during the Second Republic of Korea. The ongoing process of negotiations for diplomatic normalization between South Korea and Japan would have been accelerated and have reached the ultimate goal but for the military’s unconstitutional toppling down of the first democratic regime in South Korea. Many experts argue that President Park’s strong leadership or the U.S. pressure is the main reason for the achievement of Korea-Japan Normalization. However, based on counterfactual analysis, this paper concludes that Korea-Japan Normalization would have been achieved much earlier than the year of 1965 when the two states actually reached an agreement only after spending four years of tough bargaining after the coup in South Korea. This paper purports to provide a counterfactual analysis of a non-event during the Second Republic of Korea, that is, the aborted Korea-Japan Normalization. The author argues that without General Park Chung Hee’s military coup on May 16, 1961, the rapprochement between the two former enemies would have been possible during the Second Republic of Korea. The ongoing process of negotiations for diplomatic normalization between South Korea and Japan would have been accelerated and have reached the ultimate goal but for the military’s unconstitutional toppling down of the first democratic regime in South Korea. Many experts argue that President Park’s strong leadership or the U.S. pressure is the main reason for the achievement of Korea-Japan Normalization. However, based on counterfactual analysis, this paper concludes that Korea-Japan Normalization would have been achieved much earlier than the year of 1965 when the two states actually reached an agreement only after spending four years of tough bargaining after the coup in South Korea.

韓國 精神 障碍의 疫學的 調査 硏究(ⅩⅧ) : Cross National Epidemiology of Social Phobia 社會恐怖症과 國家別 比較

李定均,李奎恒 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.3

한국에서 DIS-Ⅲ 한국어판을 사용하여 얻은 사회공포증과 미국, 캐나다, 및 푸엘토리코에서 DIS-Ⅲ를 사용하여 얻은 결과를 비교 연구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 대상 연구 인원은 한국 5100명, 미국 18571명, 캐나다 3285명 및 푸엘토리코 1513명이었다. 2) 반응률은 푸엘토리코 91%로서 가장 많고 다음이 한국 83%, 미국 76%, 태나다 72%의 순이다. 3) 남녀별은 여자가 미국과 캐나다 59%, 푸엘토리코 57%이고 한국은 52%이다. 4) 사회공포증의 평생유병률은 미국이 가장 많아 2.6%, 캐나다 1.7%, 푸엘토리코 1.0%이며 한국 이 가장 적어서 0.5%이다. 남자에서는 미국이 2.1%, 캐나다 1.3%, 푸엘토리코 0.8% 및 한국 0.1%의 순이며 여자에서는 미국 3.1% 캐나다 2.1% 푸엘토리코 1.1% 한국은 1.0%이다. 5) 평균 발병 연령은 캐나다가 14.6세로 가장 빠르고 다음이 미국 15.8세 푸엘토리코 19.8세, 한국은 가장 늦어서 24.3세이다. 남자에서는 미국이 가장 빨라 15.9세, 캐나다 16.9세, 푸엘토리코 20.6세이고 한국이 가장 늦어 23.2세이다. 여자에서는 캐나다 13.3세로 가장 빠르로 미국 15.8세, 푸엘토리코 19.4세이고 한국이 가장 늦어 24.8세이다. 다른 정신장애 발병보다 먼저 발병하는 것은 푸엘토리코 81%로 가장 많고 미국이 72%, 한국 53%이고 캐나다 50%로 가장 적다. 6) 사회공포증의 다른 정신장애와의 평생 병발 이환률은 미국 2.5%, 캐나다 1.4%, 푸엘토리코 1.0% 한국 0.7%이며 단독 발병은 캐나다 1.1%, 미국 1.0%, 푸엘토리코0.3%, 한국 0.1%이다. 7) 다른 정신장애에서 자살 기도와 사회공포증의 관계는 미국에서 사회공포증이 있는 경우 17%, 없는 경우 7%, 캐나다에서는 있는 경우 20%이고 없을 때는 9%, 푸엘토리코에서는 있는경우 30%이고 없는 때는 16%이다. 한국에서는 있는 경우 31%이며 없을 때는 6%이다. 8) 증상의 차이는 국가에 따라 다르다. 타인 앞에서 음식을 먹을 때의 두려움은 미국, 캐나다, 한국, 푸엘토리코의 순으로 많다. 타인 앞에서 말하는 두령움은 푸엘토리코에서 가장 많고 미국, 캐나다, 한국의 순이다. 모르는 사람에게 말하는 두려움은 한국이 가장 많고 캐나다, 미구, 푸엘토리코의 순이다. The nationwide epidemiological study of mental disorders including social phobia in Korea using DIS-Ⅲ Korean Version was conducted in the Capital City of Korea(Seoul and 20 rural areas and compaired to the other 3 countries. The results were as follows : 1) Total number of study of Korea was 5.100, USA 18571, Canada 3258 and Puerto Rico 1513. 2) The highest response rate was Puerto Rico and Korea, USA and Canada in order. 3) Female ratio was highest in the USA and Canada, next is Puerto Rico and Korea. 4) The lifetime prevalance of social phobia of the USA was 2.6%, Canada 1.7%, Puerto Rico 1.0% and Korea 0.5%. The Highest ratio was the USA and Canada, Puerto Rico and Korea in male and in female in order. 5) Mean age of onset, Canada was earliest(14.6yrs. old) and USA(15.8), Puerto Rico(19.8) and Korea(24.3). In male the earliest was USA and Canada, Puerto Rico and Korea. Onset of social phobia before onset of other psychiatric disorder, the highest was Puerto Rico and USA, Korea and Canada. 6) Comorbidity was the highest in the USA and Canada, Puerto Rico and Korea. 7) The effect of social phobia of the risk of suicide attempts in persons with any other psychiatric disorder, in case of comorbid with social phobia was much more frequent than not comorbid with social phobia. 8) Eating fear in front of people was the highest in the USA and Canada, Korea and Puerto Rico in order. Fear of speaking in front of group was the highest in Puerto Rico and USA, Canada and Korea. Fear of speaking to strangers was the highest in Korea and Canada, USA and Puerto Rico.

한일기본조약과 북한 문제: 유일합법성 조항과 그 현재적 함의

이원덕 한국정치외교사학회 2010 한국정치외교사논총 Vol.31 No.2

If the claims issue between North Korea and Japan remains unresolved when the Korean peninsula reunifies, North Korea’s property and claim rights toward Japan will obviously be inherited to the reunified Korea. Although Korea opposed to the North Korea-Japan amity when the Basic Treaty was signed in 1965 and denied North Korea’s claim rights toward Japan, such position politically stemmed from particular situations. However, ever since the 7.7 declaration, Korea has changed its policy to recognize North Korea as a lawful government through a series of arrangements. In addition, Korea has considered North Korea’s claim rights toward Japan as a legal and justifiable demand. It is regarded that the reunified Korea’s claim rights toward Japan is justifiable and reasonable according to the international law as well. If absorptive unification by Korea happens, the legal rights and obligations that North Korea has possessed will certainly be inherited to the reunified Korean government. 북일 국교정상화가 달성되기 이전에 한반도에서 통일이 이뤄진다면 통일 한국정부는 북한의 대일 재산 청구권 권리를 승계 받게 될 것이다. 그 주장의 근거는 다음의 네 가지 요소에 의해 성립된다. 첫째, 1965년 한일기본조약에서 일본은 한국의 유일합법 조항을 승인하였음에도 불구하고 한반도의 북쪽에 현실적으로 존재하는 북한 정권의 실체를 인정하는 입장을 취했다. 둘째, 1990년대 이후에 이루어진 북일 수교교섭 과정에서도 일본은 북한의 대일청구권 요구를 당연한 권리로 인정하는 자세를 견지해 왔다. 셋째, 한국은 비록 1965년 한일협정 체결 당시 한국이 한반도의 유일합법정부이며 한국의 대일 청구권 자금이 한반도 전역을 대표하여 제공받은 것이라는 입장을 취했지만 이러한 입장은 1988년 7.7선언 이후 180도 전환되었다. 넷째, 통일 한국의 대일 청구권 주장은 국제법적으로도 보더라도 법적 권리의 승계라는 점에서 정당하고 타당한 것으로 간주된다.

국제통상법의 최근 쟁점 ; 한국의 GATT/WTO체제 경험과 국제경제법학의 발전

배연재 ( Yeon Jae Bae ),박노형 ( No Hvoung Park ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2014 고려법학 Vol.0 No.73

한국은 세계 10위권 내의 통상국가이다. 한국이 통상국가로 발전할 수 있었던 주된 이유는 국제경제법의 관점에서 무엇보다도 한국의 GATT가입이라고 볼 수 있다. 한국이 1967년 GATT에 가입한 이후 무역 특히 수출을 기반으로 경제성장을 이룩할 수 있었기 때문이다. 한국이 GATT에 가입할 당시부터 20년 가까운 기간에 걸쳐 한국은 개발도상국으로서GATT에 규정된 의무를 사실상 이행하지 않아도 되었고, 다른 국가들이 이러한 한국의 상황에 큰 신경을 쓰지도 않았다. 그러나 한국이 1980년대에 들어서면서 무역규모가 급속하게 성장하고 무역수지의 흑자를 기록하면서, 한국은 GATT의무를 준수하도록, 특히 국제수지를 이유로 하는 수입제한조치를 취할 수 있는 GATT 제XVIII조 B절로부터 졸업하도록 강하게 압박을 받는다. 결국 1989년 한국은 GATT 제XVIII조 B절을 졸업하게 되어 GATT의무를 정상적으로 이행하게 되었다. 이로써 한국은GATT의 정상적인 체약국이 되었고, 이후 우루과이라운드 협상을 거쳐1995년부터 WTO체제의 원회원국으로 참여하고 있다. 이렇게 국제무역체제가 GATT체제에서 WTO체제로 성장하는 과정에서 한국에서는 국제경제법이 학문으로서 일반적으로 교육되고 연구되었다. 한국의 무역규모의 발전과 대외의존도의 심화에도 불구하고 한국의GATT 가입 이후 30년 가까운 기간 동안 국제경제법은 학문으로서 크게 발전하지 못하였다. 이 기간의 대부분은 한국이 개발도상국으로서 특히GATT 제XVIII조 B절에 따라 수량제한조치를 취할 수 있는 등 GATT의무를 준수할 필요가 없었던 만큼 국내적으로 GATT의 정치한 국제규범을 연구할 필요성이 적었다. 그러나 우루과이라운드에서 쌀시장 개방을 수용할 수밖에 없게 된 한국은 협상과 함께 국제경제법 전문성의 필요를 실감하게 되었고, 이후 국제경제법의 교육과 연구의 중요성이 인정되었다. 그러나 법학전문대학원이 출범한 이후 변호사시험 합격에 대한 학생들과 학교의 부담으로 적어도 현시점에 있어서 한국에서 법학과목으로서 국제경제법의 발전은 어려운 처지에 놓여 있다. 그럼에도 통상국가인 한국이 지속적으로 경제성장과 발전을 이룩하기 위해서는 국제경제관계를 규율하는 국제규범인 국제경제법의 올바른 이해가 필요하기 때문에 한국에서 국제경제법과 국제경제법학이 동시에 발전하기를 기대한다. Korea has been among the top 10 trading countries since 2009.The main reason for its economic development can be traced back to Korea’s accession to the GATT from the perspective of international economic law. Korea was able to achieve rapid economic growth based on trade, especially exports, since its accession in 1967. Over a span of about 20 years since 1967, Korea was not expected to perform its full obligations under the GATT as a developing country, and this was not much of a concern to other contracting parties. However, as Korea’s trade volumes rose rapidly during the 1980s and recorded trade surplus, Korea was pressed not to use trade restrictions for balance-of payment purposes under GATT Article XVIII:B, and to conform with full GATT obligations. Korea eventually agreed to disinvoke Article XVIII:B in 1989. Since then, Korea has been one of active participants of the GATT, and the WTO from its beginning in 1995. As the multilateral trade system transformed from the GATT to the WTO, international economic law was educated and studied as a branch of law in Korea. In spite of Korea’s trade growth and the deepening of foreign dependency, international economic law did not receive much attention for almost 30 years since GATT accession. As Korea was not obliged to fully follow the GATT obligations, in particular GATT Article XVIII:B, as a developing country, there was not much of a need domestically to study an elaborate set of international norms. However, after the Uruguay Round and Korea’s inevitable position to open up the rice market, the necessity of expertise in international economic law together with negotiations has gained wider recognition. The importance of education and research in international economic law has been accepted generally. With the new establishment of law schools, however, students and faculty members are pressured by the fact that their schools have to produce high pass rate on the bar examination, and international economic law as an optional subject is neglected at least at this point in time. Nevertheless, in order for Korea to continually grow and develop as one of leading trading countries, understanding of international economic law, a body of international norms regulating international economic relations, is unavoidable. A simultaneous development of Korea’s international trade and international economic law is necessary.