컨테이너에서 재배된 백목련과 자귀나무의 이식전후 생장률 평가

김태진,김학범 한국조경학회 2001 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.29 No.5

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth rate of landscape trees produced in containers for three year, and the growth rate of the establishment period during sixth month~twelve months after transplanting. Two types of container such as plastic pot(pot) and fabric growing bag(bag) were adopted to restrict tree roots. Each type of container was divided into seven sub-types. One traditional production method was included as comparison. Two landscape woody plant species (Magnolia denudata, Albizzia julibrissin) were planted in the seven sub-types of container. After one or two growing season in the container, the trees of each container type were transplanted. Half of the trees were transplanted in the mild spring season, and the other half were transplanted in the improper summer season. The data was collected on the diameter of root cellar and the tree height in each year. The research results are as follows; 1. Container production method was lower than the traditional production methods by 1.3 times ~ 2 times in the growth rates. 2. The Geocell bag and Root control bag revealed higher growth rates than pp-woven bag. And pot- in-pot(double pot)system revealed higher growth rates than the ether container pot system in A denudata. There were no differences in the growth rates between container production system in Albizzia julibrissin. 3, The growth rates of improper transplanting trees was high in the \"pot\" type - \"bag\" type - \"control\" in descending order. Especially, the growth rates of \"pot\" type revealed higher than \"control\" by 4 times. 4. From the results of ANOVA and Ad hoc test, the variable of growth factors of each container types in improper transplanting experiment was not significant for a range of 5% or 1% level. And the growth rates of traditional production method was lower than the container production method. 5. There was no differences in growth rate between the containerized and the traditional production system in the case of proper transplanting experiment. The growth rates of diameter of root collar was higher in the \"control\". The growth rates of tree height was higher in the \"bag\" type. Finally, based upon the results of this study, subsequent research on the development of container materials and maintaining methods that focused on the growth rates would be required.aintaining methods that focused on the growth rates would be required.

FEM and Experimental Study on Mechanical Property of Integrated Container Building

Yang Zuo,Xiaoxiong Zha 한국강구조학회 2018 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.18 No.2

Recently, a growing number of the containers have been used in the building structures, therefore, the full size container stiff ness have been studied under the longitudinal load, including the 20 ft container, 40 ft container and the 20 ft combined container. Firstly, the full size container experiment has been studied, and then, the load–displacement curve and loadstress curve have been got. Secondly, based on the nonlinear fi nite element software of Abaqus, the container model has been established and analyzed. By comparing with the load–displacement curves and load-stress values of experiment, the fi nite element model has been verifi ed. Finally, based on the verifi ed fi nite element model, the parametric analysis of the corrugated sheeting size, corrugated sheeting cross section, elasticity modulus of top side beam, and every sheeting action for container stiff ness has been given, and the design advice of single and combined container has been given. The research results have made feasible in design and construction of container buildings and provided some references to corresponding specifi cation preparation.

재질에 따른 반찬 식기 선호도에 관한 연구

김선미(Kim, Seon-Mir) 한국식공간학회 2015 식공간연구 Vol.10 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 백화점 식품매장에서 영업을 하는 반찬전문점의 식기 재질에 따른 선호도 조사를 통해서 각 식기의 재질의 특성 및 식기 재질이 반찬을 진열 판매하는데 있어서 적합한 지 또한 식기 재질에 따라서 반찬의 가치 평가에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 탐구하였다. 이러한 연구를 통하여 반찬 및 시판 HMR 음식에 대한 가치 평가 및 매출에 식기의 재질이 과연 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 알아봄으로써 백화점 및 기타 HMR 판매에 있어 식기의 역할과 알맞은 식기 재질의 활용에 대해서 제안하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 동일 가겨대의 서울 4대 백화점(갤러리아 백화점, 롯데백화점, 신세계백화점, 현대백화점)의 반찬 판매 전문점의 대형 진열 판매용 식기를 사진으로 담아온 후, 그것을 외식 관련 직업에 3년 이상 종사한 경력을 가진 전문가 집단 10인에게 제시하였고, 각각의 식기 재질에 대한 기본 지식을 바탕으로 식기에 대한 선호도, 선호 이유, 그리고 특히 반찬과 어울리는 식기에 대한 선택, 식기가 반찬의 가치평가에 미치는 영향 관계에 대한 심층 토론을 거쳤다. 연구결과는 다음과 같이 나타났다. (1) 식기 재질에 따라 반찬의 고급스러움, 위생성, 안전성을 확보하며 구매를 자극한다. (2) 식기 재질에 따라서 반찬에 대한 안전성에 대한 신뢰도가 높아지고 반찬의 가치도 올라간다. The purpose of this study is to administer a study on the preference for the side dish at the side dish specialized stores situated at the department stores’ food section depending on the types of container materials used in order to assess whether characteristics of each container’s material and container materials are adequate for displaying and selling side dish. Moreover, this study examines how consumers’ perceived value of side dish is affected depending on the types of container materials used. By examining the effect of the container materials on the consumers’ perceived value of side dish and of the commercially sold HMR food, and on the revenue, this study seeks to recommend container’s role and use of adequate container materials when it comes to department store and sales of other HMR products. This study photographed containers for large scale display and sales at the side dish specialized stores situated in four leading department stores in Seoul (Galleria Department Store, Lotte Department Store, Shinsegae Department Store and Hyundai Department Store) of the same price levels. Then, the photographs were presented to 10 experts who have at least three year long experience in foodservice industry, and in-depth discussions were held on the preference for container, reasons for preference and selection of the container that is suitable for certain side dish, effect of container on consumers’ perceived value of side dish in particular based on their basic knowledge of each container materials. Research results are as follows: (1) Purchase is stimulated depending on container materials used by securing side dish’s high quality look, sanitation and safety. (2) Sense of trust towards side dish’s safety and perceived value of side dish increase depending on the types of container materials used.

컨테이너에 의한 조경수 생산방식이 이식 후 활착에 미치는 영향

김태진,김학범 한국조경학회 2001 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.29 No.1

This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of containerized landscape tree production methods on post-transplant stress. Two types of container such as plastic pot(pot), fabric growing bag(bag) were adopted to restrict tree roots. Each types of containers was divided into seven sub-types. One traditional production method was included as comparison. Two landscape woody plants species (Magnolia denudata, Albizzia julibrissin) were implanted in the 7 sub-types of container. After one or two growing season in the container, each types of container trees was transplanted. Half of the trees were transplanted in the mild spring season, and another half of trees were transplanted in the improper summer season. The data were collected on the crown wilting ratio and trunk die-back ratio. The result of the analysis based on these data were as follows; 1) The container production methods were lower than the traditional production methods by 3 times in the average wilting ratio of summer season's transplanting point. 2) Post-transplant stress was more successfully mitigated, in case the "pot" type as was the "bag" types of container. 3) The effective and economic way of mitigating post-transplant stress by container production methods was selecting container plants of vigorous and deep root systems. 4) The "pot" type of container was to restrict tree roots more successfully, But, winter chilling and low temperature attacked the "pot" type tree's twigs and suckers. These results indicated that "pot" grown container plants should managed carefully during the winter after transplanting. Based upon the results of this study, a subsequent research on the development of container material, growth type of the container trees, and other maintaining method will be required.es, and other maintaining method will be required.

컨테이너 터미널내의 수출 컨테이너 재취급 감소를 위한 반입 컨테이너 선처리 방안

박영규(Young-Kyu Park),곽규석(Kyu-Seok Kwak) 한국항해항만학회 2011 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.35 No.1

컨테이너 터미널의 수출 컨테이너 처리 과정은 장치장에 반입하는 작업과 선박에 적하하는 작업으로 이루어진다. 선박에 적하할 때는 선박의 안전성을 고려하여 무거운 컨테이너를 선박의 아래쪽에 배치하는 것을 원칙으로 한다. 이 때문에 적하를 위하여 장치장에서 컨테이너를 반출할 때 재취급이 발생하게 되며, 재취급 횟수는 전체 작업의 성능에 중요한 영향을 미치게 된다. 재취급을 줄이기 위한 방안으로 컨테이너가 장치장에 반입이 완료된 뒤의 유휴시간을 이용하는 방안이 많이 연구되었으나 본 논문에서는 컨테이너가 장치장에 반입되는 시점에 컨테이너의 무게 정보를 이용하여 선처리를 실행하여 재취급을 줄이는 방안들을 제안한다. 이 방안들은 적하를 위한 반출시 발생할 수 있는 재취급을 반입시에 줄이는 선처리 방법들로서, 시뮬레이션을 통한 실험 결과 선처리를 실행하지 않은 경우에 비하여 효과가 있음이 확인되었다. The export of the containers consists of two steps, carrying them into the container yard and, then, out to the ship. For the safety of the ship, the heavier container should be loaded at the lower part of the ship. Because of this, the container rehandling happens during carrying out to the ship, and the number of the rehandling container is an important factor for the loading and unloading capability. There has been many studies for utilizing the idle times after loading the containers in the container yard. This study suggests the method of decreasing the number of container rehandling by preprocessing the container using the information about the weight of the container. This method is the preprocessing one which can decrease, during carrying into the container yard, the number of container rehandling which can happen during carrying out to the ship, and, according to the simulation test, it showed to be more effective than other method.

Designing container crane control learning model using deep learning

신현수,이승필,하윤수,김환성 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2023 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.47 No.6

Ports are crucial infrastructure in the global supply chain, and the digitalization and automation of ports have been recently promoted worldwide. Container terminals face increasing competition owing to expanding ships and increasing container throughput. Quay area container cranes are the key equipment for container loading and unloading; however, their level of automation is lower than those of yard cranes and automated guided vehicles (AGVs). Additionally, they have persistent issues such as variations in work speed depending on the operator's skill, potential human error, and the time and cost required for training and education to generate skilled personnel. This study designed a deep learning-based container crane control model to predict the input force values applied to the trolley and hoist to move a container to the target position, when its initial position, target position, and weight are provided. We designed a container crane simulator that emulates a skilled operator handling a container. Data on the trolley and hoist force values were collected for 1,008 cases with different initial positions, target positions, and weights. The recurrent neural network, long short-term memory, and gated recurrent unit (GRU) models were designed to learn the relationship between the target trajectory of the container and the input force values of the trolley and hoist. These values were predicted for three different vessel operation scenarios with different initial positions, target positions, and weights to evaluate the model performance. The GRU container crane control learning model exhibited high prediction accuracy for the input force values of the trolley and hoist. A dynamic simulation confirmed that the container crane could be controlled to move from the initial to the target position.

A Q-learning System for Group-Based Container Marshalling with A-Priori Knowledge for Ship Loading

Yoichi Hirashima 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

This paper addresses scheduling problems on the material handling operation at marine container-yard terminals. The layout, removal order and removal destination of containers are simultaneously optimized in order to reduce the waiting time for a vessel. The schedule of container-movements is derived by autonomous learning method based on a new learning model considering container-groups and corresponding Q-Learning algorithm. In the proposed method, the layout and movements of containers are described based on the Markov Decision Process (MDP), and a state is represented by a container-layout with a selection of a container to be removed or a selection of destination on where the removed container are placed. Then, a state transition arises from a container-movement, a selection of container-destination, or a selection of container to be removed. Only the container-movement takes a cost, and a series of container-movements with selections of destination and order of containers is evaluated by a total amount of costs. As a consequent, the total amount of costs reflects the number of container-movements that is required to achieve desired container-layout.

조선후기 명문 괘불궤 연구

허상호 불교미술사학회 2019 불교미술사학 Vol.28 No.-

조선후기 괘불궤는 목재로 만들어진 불전(佛殿) 장엄구(莊嚴具) 외에 사찰에 남아 있는 유일한 대형 불교용 가구이다. 괘불을 봉안하는 용도의 일차적인 목적으로 제작되었지만 불탁처럼 기물을 보관하는 수장구(修粧具)로써의 역할도 수행하며, 괘불 반·출입을 위한 수납 용구밑 야외 설단을 위한 재단의 역할도 겸했다. 현재 남아 있는 명문 괘불궤는 소수지만 괘불의 화기처럼 제작 경위를 기록하고 있어 조선후기 괘불의 가치를 짐작하게 한다. 또한 명문 괘불궤에는 괘불의 화기처럼 제작 연대와 제작 기간, 제작자, 시주 물품 및 시주자 등이 기록되어 있어 불교 목공예의 편년자료로써의 가치가 높다. 명문 분석을 통해 17-18세기 괘불궤는 ‘ 樻 櫃’, ‘掛佛 樻 ’ ‘掛佛欌’, ‘ 樻 欌’, ‘靈山廓’ 으로 기록되어 있어 함보다는 ‘괘불궤’라는 명칭을 선호했음을 알 수 있다. 또한 기록을 통해 괘불궤를 제작한 이는 나무를 다루는 ‘목수’, ‘목편수’, ‘작궤편수’이며, 철물을 다루는 이는 ‘야장 야공 야철편수 로야장’, 그리고 궤를 꾸미는 장인은 ‘궤장편수 장식편수 은장편수’ 등으로 소임을 통해 대형 사찰용 가구 제작에 장인들의 역할 분담을 확인할 수 있다. 괘불궤의 구조는 앞뒷 널, 좌우측 널의 사면을 상자형태로 결구한 긴 장방형의 몸체에 덮개와 바닥이 결합된 것으로, 덮개가 분리되는 분리형과 경첩이 달린 개폐형이 있다. 또한 표면 장식의 유무에 따라 기능적 철물을 가진 기본형과 장식형, 그리고 짜임은 앞뒷 널과 좌우측 널의 결구 방식에 따라 사개짜임과 맞짜임으로 구분된다. 특히 괘불궤 관련시설로 불전에 고정된 반·출입 문 외에 금탑사 극락전에는 조선후기 유일하게 남아 있는 굴림대 장치가 발굴되어 대형 괘불과 괘불궤의 야외 이동을 위한 설비를 확인할 수 있다. 이상 17-18세기 명문 괘불궤를 통해 명칭과 구조, 유형을 분류할 수 있으며, 특징과 표면 장식은 아래와 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있다. 첫째, 명칭은 묵서를 통해 조선후기 괘불궤를 ‘함’이라 부르지 않고 ‘궤’라고 칭했으며, 제작 장인 역시 ‘작궤편수’라고 부르고 있음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 구조와 형태는 문양과 재료의 구분 없이 괘불을 수납하는 용도의 일차적인 목적을 위해 장방형 상자의 기본 틀을 유지한다. 하지만 17세기 괘불궤가 몸체에 소수의 기본형 철물만 부착했다면, 18세기는 화원들의 참여로 체계적인 설계가 이루어진다. 화원의 역량 차이는 있지만 이 시기 괘불궤는 균형과 비례감이 정착되며, 철물을 다루는 야장, 야철, 장식편수 등의 참여로 공정의 분업화에 따른 수준 높은 불교식 가구 철물이 부착된다. 셋째, 구조와 표면 장식은 시대적·지역적 성향과 상관없이 불사에 동원된 재료 수급과 시주 물목, 그리고 제작에 참여한 제작자의 전문성에 따라 문양과 장식에 영향을 끼친 것으로 여겨진다. 특히 장식형 괘불궤인 흥국사, 금탑사, 법주사, 운흥사, 은해사는 목수와 화원이 제작한 괘불궤에 비해 전문 야장들의 참여로 철물의 장식성과 재단 기법의 세밀함이 돋보이며, 철물의 공간적 배치와 비례, 표면 도금 등 철물의 다양성을 엿 볼 수 있다. 넷째, 표면 채색 장식은 수도사노사나불괘불탱 괘불궤처럼 옻칠 바탕 후 문양을 시문한 유일한 사례가 있다. 시문된 문양은 사경 변상도처럼 연꽃, 보상화, 모란 등 불교적 길상화가 모본으로 쓰이며, 도상화되고 패턴화되... Wooden container for gwebul of late Joseon Period is the unique large-sized buddhist furniture besides the wooden ornamental objects. It has been made for the use of preserving gwebul painting but has been used for keeping buddhist objects as well as protective box for bring gwebul from a main hall. In addition it has been used for outdoor altar during a ritual. Remaining inscribed gwebul container are rare, however they have high value considering that it has recorded aims, year, and period of production, painter, donated offerings and donors as it did in scroll painting. Inscription analysis has informed that the 17th and 18th century container recorded ‘ 樻‧櫃’, ‘掛佛樻 ’ ‘掛佛欌’, ‘ 樻欌’, ‘靈山廓’, which indicates that crate is more popular terminology to call it rather than container. The records provides an information on carpenters, metal craftsmen, and decorative craftsmen and their responsibilities in its production. A container is combined of a front and rear, left and right, and top and botton plank board forming the shape of long in left and right. The structure of a container. There are two types of a container : 1. a container of a separated lid ; 2. a container of a lid connected to the body. In addition its type can be categorised by the existence of surface decoration. Other than a smaller door of a hall for moving a gwaebul, there is a rolling wheel in Amitabha hall of Geumtapsa temple to bring out it to the courtyard. The 17th and 18th century containers can be categorised by name, structure, and types. Following is the summary on distinctive characteristics and surface decoration during the period. Firstly, it was called ‘gwae’, which means crate without calling it ‘harm’, which means container. A craftsman who make it has been called ‘jakgwaepyeonsu’. Secondly, it has long container in left and right because its main function is to keep gwaebul. The 17th century container has a lid of few hinges whereas the 18th century one has been carefully designed due to the participation of painters. Proportion and balance as a artwork has been culminated in this period. Also role of metal craftsmen has been settled by the participation of related craftsmen in production. Thirdly, types of structures and surface decorative elements has affected to the design and ornamental forms, which has reflected artistic capability of painters, quality of materials, and list of offerings, regardless of historic or regional characteristics. In particular container of Heunguksa, Geumtapsa, Beopjusa, Woonheungsa, and Eunhaesa temple which are much decorative, dispays ornamental quality of metal objects through careful choice of location, proportions, and surface gilt skills of metal objects. Fourthly, the 17th and 18th century container has used the same types of metal objects which were used for furniture of daily use and similar wooden materials for body board of a container from pines, Tilia, soft pines, Pyrus. Fifthly, the container of Sudosa temple is the only remaining example, which has been carved after lacquer paintings examples surface decoration. Carved design includes buddhist ornamental flowers such as lotus, floral medallions, Peony, for line-drawings and settled into popular iconography and patterns. It also copies that of the painting, which shows the exchanges between craftsman and painters and the significant role of painters in making a container. This paper has exmined and analysed some distinctive aspects of the 17th and 18th container for large-sized buddhist paintings. Inscribed containes among 118 remaining containers would provide valuable information on periodic characteristics and developments of temple furniture as well as symbolic meaning of them. This paper has provided a platform to recognise a container as a religious objects for worship but also as a sacred space for buddha.

효율적인 컨테이너형 식물공장 개발에 관한 연구

형성은,홍정표,권태호,조광수 한국인더스트리얼디자인학회 2012 산업디자인학연구 Vol.6 No.1

This research was underway focusing on container-type plant factory design development with the help of agricultural LED technology. Although the container-type plant factory has the merits at mobility and installation, the problems about small cultivation space and operation are existed. Therefore, the study about container-type plant factory with improving effectiveness of plant cultivation was carried on. 1. The optimum container application method was made out though analyzing the Merit and Weakness, Mobility, Construction following different concepts and the environment of container-type. 2. The effectiveness about the design, production and installation of new container-type was improved by referring to existed stationary plant BED, LED BED design. 3. The research of container-type plant factory got the consultation from the experts related with plant factory, machine design experts and some abroad experts for practical production and installation, in order to insure practical developing. In this study the research and result was deducted focusing on the container-type plant factory, which has a high possibility to be a growth industry to cope with the agricultural and environmental problems in the future. 본 연구는 농업용 LED 기술을 접목한 Container형 식물공장 디자인 개발을 중심으로 연구를 진행하였다. Container형 식물공장은 이동성과 설치의 장점을 가지고 있지만, 재배 공간의 한계로 다양한 운영의 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 식물재배의 효율성을 높일 수 있는 Container형 식물공장 연구를 다음과 같이 진행하였다. 1. Container Type의 환경 분석과 각 컨셉에 따른 장단점, 이동성, 시공성, 디자인 등의 분석을 통해서 최적의 컨테이너 적용방법을 조사하였다. 2. 기존에 연구되었던 고정식의 식물 BED, LED BED 디자인을 Container형에 맞게 새롭게 디자인하여 제작과 설치의 효율성을 높였다. 3. Container형 식물공장 연구는 실제 생산과 시공에 맞게 식물공장 관련 전문가, 기구설계 전문가, 해외 관련 전문가의 자문과 협의를 통해서 실제 기술개발이 가능하도록 하였다. 위와 같이 본 연구는 농업과 환경문제에 있어서 미래 성장 산업으로서 주목받고 있는 Container형 식물공장을 중심으로 연구를 진행하여 결과를 도출하였다.

A Study on the Performance Improvement and Analysis Method of the LILW Disposal Container Cover

Hyungoo Kang,Hoseog Dho,Hyeonwoo Oh,Jungwoo Jo,Yeseul Cho,Chunhyung Cho 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.1

Radioactive waste disposal facility in Korea, radioactive waste packaged in 200 L drums is placed in a concrete disposal container and disposed of at an underground silo type (cave) disposal facility. At this time, the disposal container cover is seated on the top of the disposal container, and if the disposal container and the cover are not completely combined, the container cover is raised up from the top of the disposal container, so safety problems may occur when stacking the disposal container. Therefore, various methods exist to secure a margin for the pure height inside the disposal container. The disposal container cover only covers the upper surface of the container to shield radiation, and structural performance is not required. Therefore, the method of processing the cover, such as a method of making the cover of the disposal container thin, is the easiest method to apply. In this study, a method to reduce the thickness of the cover of a concrete disposal container was devised, and structural performance under usability conditions such as lifting and seating was analyzed. In addition, the disposal container cover has a reinforced concrete form in which dissimilar materials (concrete and steel) are combined, an integrated analysis was performed to secure the reliability of the analysis results for this, and the analysis results were described. It was found that the proposed disposal container cover structure can improve usability by reducing the stress concentration phenomenon.