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      • KCI등재후보

        明淸時代 對外關係史의 成果와 課題

        崔韶子 명청사학회 2003 명청사연구 Vol.19 No.1

        韓國歷史學界在剛過去的二十世紀有關中國史著硏究累積了輝煌的成果, 尤其是有關明淸時期中國與周圍國家和民族之間的直接和間接關係,多注意硏究和發展了許多專論, 探討的範圍包括了政治,外交, 軍事, 經濟關係, 文化交流以及其衍生的種種問題. 這日篇論文主旨在於,要將韓國學界至今有關明淸時代對外關係史的大約850餘篇硏究論著進行檢討和展望未來硏究課題. 這篇論文大分爲三個章而成, 前兩個章分別前時代和近代來檢討了中外關係的硏究成果和中朝關係的硏究成果, 後一個章是, 筆者簡單地回顧了自從1960年代後半以來一直硏究中外交流史的個人硏究歷程. 首先, 有關縱 關係的硏究論者而言, 屬於前近代時期的論者大約100多篇, 而探討近代中外關係的論著則多達170餘篇. 有關前近代中外關係的大部分論著, 其焦點多集中於英國對中國的交涉之上, 此外還有主要透過基督敎的傳敎和傳敎士的活動事迹來探討了明淸時期中西文化交流和互相認識的問題, 主要問題可說是漢人知識分子對西學的認識, 基督敎的受容和反應, 中西思想的相見以及中國文化向西方的傳入. 又關於近代中外關係的硏究論著而言, 其硏究時段多集中於阿片戰爭時期, 洋務運動時期以及淸日戰爭時期, 來深入硏究了有關國際關係, 淸朝與西歐列强之間的外交政策, 各個範圍上的活動, 互相認識的問題, 以及引進西歐思想的問題, 例如宗敎問題. 近代中外關係的主要硏究特色可說是, 比文化方面更傾向於由政治, 國際關係派生出來的懸案問題. 此中有關文化方面的硏究觀心, 都集中於多姿多樣的反基督敎運動在中國現代化過程當中起了什마樣的作用, 此外還有一些探討西歐思想引進當中有關社會進化論的硏究, 又最受注意硏究的人物便是梁啓超一人. 其次, 關於中朝關係的硏究論著而言, 有關前近代時期的論著多達380餘篇, 主要是明朝與朝鮮之間的關係,後金和淸朝與朝鮮之間的關係, 探討了政治, 軍事, 經濟方面的中朝關係, 此中有關倭亂的兩國關係和長白山定界碑的論著特別多, 還有文化方面的硏究也占有一半. 値得注意的是, 大部分論著都將硏究焦點置之於從韓國觀點看中國的關係之上, 而站在中國立場看中國的關係之硏究却不多. 關於兩國文化交流而言, 此一時期中國認識朝鮮文化的水平比較低, 而中國文化影響朝鮮的程度亦到17,18世紀替之際以來生産了由盛而衰弱的局面. 又 進入近代時期以後, 中朝關係亦反映出來比較複雜的兩國關係, 其重點由從前的文化方面轉移到外交和通商狀況, 除此之外, 還有隨著朝鮮與西歐列强和日本的關係之進展而中國的介入干涉也更爲深入, 留下了豊年的硏究資料. 特別是有關19世紀後半時期以後的硏究, 大部分集中於淸朝對朝鮮的政策, 從朝鮮觀點看的朝鮮對淸朝的認識和政策以及朝鮮對外的危機認識. 又隨著朝鮮與西歐列强締結外交關係的進程而淸朝從中扮演了種種角色, 起了一些作用和結果, 有關這一方面的深入硏究累積了可觀的成果. 綜合而言, 有關兩國關係的硏究, 除了政治以外, 還擴大到經濟和文化方面, 生産了各個方面的硏究成 果. 其三, 筆者從進學硏究所以來一直主義硏究了, 西歐在中國所起的意義和中國對此認識如何, 到1987年將這些硏究結果整理和出版了傳書, 就是《東西文化交流史硏究-明淸時代西學受容》(漢城, 三英社), 此中除了韓中關係之外, 筆者還注意了中韓關係, 從這一觀點去硏究了從明末淸初到18世紀末的中韓關係. 當初在1960年代, 筆者爲了企圖突破那一些繼承朝鮮時期漢學傳統的從前硏究範圍去出發, 不僅選擇16世紀末, 17世紀前半時期發生的倭亂和胡亂, 又比政治或者經濟方面注意文化交流方面來開始硏究, 將這些硏究結果整理出來《明淸時代中韓關係史硏究》(漢城, 梨花女子大學出版部, 1997年). 近幾年以來, 筆者又在中國與韓國的關係史當中國注意於中國與韓國之間互相認識的觀點去硏究了, 18世紀淸朝對朝鮮的政策, 此一時期朝鮮人對中國的認識, 中國文獻所反映的有關朝鮮之認識, 燕行錄所記載的朝鮮知識분子有關18世紀中國的認識, 英國使行馬알爾尼來訪中國的報告, 以及有關朴趾源《熱河日記》(1780年)的比較分析, 都置重於文化方面. 最後, 據如上所述硏究成果來展開未來硏究課題而言, 韓國歷史學界內有關中國對外關係史的硏究者, 目前仍占有少數, 不僅如此, 有關硏究資料亦不多, 此後希望這兩個方面的改善. 又, 有關對外關係史的硏究, 也與其他方面的硏究一般, 奠基於史實考證之上才能升入其探討全般的議論階段, 目前從這一觀點來看, 韓國學界有關中國對外關係史的整個硏究, 將此從前那些從韓國觀點去硏究韓中關係史的硏究比較起來, 的確有持長期改善的積累. 如此改善當中, 韓國學界應當據中國與韓國之間關係的硏究成果去, 深入比較硏究中國餘其他國家或者其他民族之間的關係史, 才能達到最有理想的中國對外關係史硏究.

      • KCI등재후보

        明淸時代 社會經濟史의 成果와 課題

        吳金成 명청사학회 2003 명청사연구 Vol.19 No.1

        朝鮮時代士大夫對明淸史的認識, 已經到達了連當時的中國紳士也能認可的相當水平. 但是現代史觀來看, 應該說韓國的明淸史硏究是光復以後才開始的. 特別是1983年10月, 東洋史學會下明淸史學會以來, 我們可以期待着타飛躍的發展了. 韓國的明淸時代社會經濟史硏究的先驗者是聞斗基敎授, 聞敎授爲了解明中國近代社會的源流, 硏究了明末淸初的紳士層問題, 幷于1973年出版了 「中國近代史硏究」. 以後, 筆者的「中國近世社會經濟史硏究」(1986), 兪長根敎授的「近代中國秘密結社」(1996), 宋正洙敎授的「中國近代鄕村社會史硏究」91997), 田炯權敎授的「中國近代社會經濟史硏究」(1997) 等論者相續出版. 2002年祐出版了朴元고敎授的「明淸徽州宗族史硏究」, 金衝鐘敎授的「淸末新政期的硏究-江蘇省的新政和紳士層-」, 李俊甲敎授的「中國四川社會硏究 1644∼1911」, 鄭哲雄敎授的「歷史和環境-以中國明淸時代爲中心-」等論者. 而且, 也飜譯出版了25種外國的重要著作, 解決了明淸史硏究者迫切的渴望. 영一方面, 從個別論文可以看出, 這一時期對農業方面, 手工業方面, 稅役制度方面, 人口移動, 商人和長途販運, 都市和定期市, 民衆運動, 宗族結合, 民間信仰和宗敎結社, 社會階層, 寺廟問題, 大運河等方面, 都進行了大量的硏究, 可以說包含了社會經濟史的全部領域. 更加可喜的是, 以新進學者爲中心, 利用宏觀和微觀的硏究方法, 正在活躍的進行着區域史和宗族問題的硏究. 綜上所述, 在過去的半個世紀, 韓國的明淸史硏究取得了飛速的發展. 但是, 也存在許多値得我們反省的問題. 卽, (1) 分明的問題意識, (2) 徹底收集和檢索與硏究對象有關的基本資料及理解的問題, (3) 尊重和充分消化現存的硏究成果, (4) 論文구成和展開論旨的論理性, (5) 古典漢文的解讀等方面還存在着不足之處. 還需要我們經常地與自己的硏究主題不斷地接觸, 對話, 自然而然地到我們的硏究主題所處的當時時代去漫遊的姿態. 而且, 還要擴大我們硏究的對象和眼光, 使我們硏究的主題更加豊富多彩. 幷且, 要將我們的硏究範圍擴大到淸末, 筆者不認爲19世紀中葉是我們硏究的下限. 可以說韓國的中國史硏究條件比較好, 我們要互相激勵, 切嵯, 在以後的日子里就期待着取得更加豊厚的果實파.

      • KCI등재

        예수회 선교사들의 明淸交替에 대한 인식변화와 선교의 모색

        송미령 명청사학회 2011 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.35

        The Ming-Qing Transitional Period was important in the history of the missions of the Jesuits in China. Before the Qing troops control of southwest of China, the Jesuit had to decide switch their allegiance to the Qing empire or not. So I aim to explain how the Jesuit was able to accept the Manchu as a China's new masters. This paper is based on Jesuit missionaries' descriptions, especially Martino Martini's De Bello Tartarico Historia. Martini's report offers some of the result of his researches in China, for Martini himself had lived through the frightful occurrences which brought about the overthrow of the Ming dynasty. The fall of the Ming Dynasty and the conquest of the Qing regime brought some difficult years for the Jesuits. Some Jesuit missionaries managed to impress Manchu commanders with a display of western science and to be politely invited to join the new order, others endured imprisonment and privations, as did Lodovico Buglio and Gabriel de Magalhaes in Sichuan in 1647-48 or Alvaro Semedo in Canton in 1649. In the Ming-Qing Transitional Period, it was not uncommon for some Jesuits to find themselves on different sides of the front lines: while Adam Schall was an important counselor of the Qing Shunzhi Emperor in Beijing, Michał Boym travelled from the jungles of south-western China to Rome. As you know, the jesuit missionaries introduced Western science, to Chinese society, and carried on significant inter-cultural with Chinese scholars, particularly representatives of Confucianism. According to the Matteo Ricci's policy of accommodation, they described him as an emperor who just tried to learn Chinese culture and the scientific accomplishments of the Jesuits. Also, they emphasized that the Qing empire inherited many important institutions from the preceding Ming Dynasty. This process brought about the success of missionary work. In Qing Court, Jesuit missionaries enabled themselves him to procure from the emperor permission for the Jesuits to build churches and to preach throughout the country.

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        명청시대(明淸時代) 종교와 사회 : 나교보권 『 5 부 6 책 』 과 명중기 민간사회사상

        이경룡 명청사학회 2001 명청사연구 Vol.15 No.1

        羅夢鴻(1442-1527), 本來是軍丁, 28歲退役之後, 平時由於生死無常之煩惱而開始參究解脫之道, 經過十三年之後, 到四十歲才能能徹悟, 開始傳敎給民間下層老百姓. 他所創立的宗敎, 一般稱之爲羅敎, 或者是無爲敎, 到了万歷年間爲國家所禁止之後, 便變成地下的秘密宗敎. 他又在正德年間獄中口述自己徹悟的歷程, 這就是 《五部六冊》寶卷. 羅夢鴻本身徹悟的宗敎思想, 早在王陽明(1472-1529)之前, 先提出了內心之修養, 本性之本具現成. 万物之一體同觀, 以及儒佛道三敎的會合, 進而非常重視每個人的內修見性和靈魂解脫, 便歸結於無生父母的宗敎信仰. 羅敎的確是一種含有新的人生觀和世界觀的民間宗敎, 這些特色可說是一種劃時代的宗敎主張. 明代中期以來, 由羅敎派生出來許多民間秘密宗敎, 這些支派秘密宗敎的寶卷, 都受到 《五部六冊》的影響而産生了. 羅敎和其支派秘密宗敎, 一値流傳到廣大地域的民間社會, 타們對民間社會的影響力也是增大起來了. 羅敎的宗敎思想, 道德倫理以及各種宗敎儀式, 尤其在明末淸初急速成長的民間社會上, 起了一定的影響力和勢力, 羅敎之盛, 可相比於白蓮敎. 從前有關民間宗敎的硏究觀点, 過分地强調了革命性質, 却忽略了타們在民間社會上所起的和諧功能與整合功能. 尤其是羅敎的本性之本具現成, 便解除了聖人與凡人之間的隔애. 就是說, 使得明代知識빈子不必在靜坐當中追求神聖, 因爲是人的現成本性, 可在吃飯穿衣的俗世生活上顯現出來靈明, 來提高人生价値, 俗世老百姓也是不再仰慕神聖的, 因爲是他們正在現實生活當中表現出來了. 据他看來, 神聖與世俗都在實際上是混元的, 也就是要將神聖在俗世上實現的. 這可說是一種拉近上下階層之間距離的, 便起了社會整合的功能. 羅夢鴻在徹悟之後, 根據万物在本體和作用上一體的世界觀, 也就是他所說的一體同觀, 重視了救濟別人的倫理道德. 人若要求得解脫, 則應該在智慧和慈悲上同時實行功夫. 這可打破了當時先悟智慧而後行慈悲的先後倫理觀. 因此, 人人都實行布施, 布施有法施和財施, 法施是相助人人覺悟本性的, 財施是用以錢財救濟貧窮人的, 法施是우於財施的. 受到布施的人, 也應該報恩, 這些都雖然是一般宗敎的基本敎理, 不過, 羅夢鴻更强調了這些倫理道德. 人人要以正法和財物相助的倫理思想, 就是由本性上發出來的, 在實際社會上表現出來勸善和捐財. 這些倫理思想和敎條, 便助益於明末各種社會群體之間的疏通和整合. 羅夢鴻的宗敎思想還有령一個特色, 就是本性之如眞空一樣無垢無정的. 人的本性, 本來是無增減, 無生滅. 無垢淨的, 從而人人在俗世上所犯的罪惡, 實際上沒有影響到本性. 其實, 這種倫理觀是危險的, 因爲作惡也是不會影響本性的, 不過, 這幷不是要人人作惡的. 因此, 人人只要當場承當自己本具和現成的本性, 又只要改過從善, 則可作聖人, 永久解脫四生六道輪回之苦. 這種倫理思想, 可鼓勵那些有罪惡的人主動積極地改惡從善. 人人旣然有多少的罪惡, 這可解除人人在道德內心上向善的猶豫障碍. 這可說是使得整個社會向善的道德力量. 這也是民間社會在道德倫理上整合的功能. 他所提出有關三敎的見解, 都是他自己嘗試之後加以批判出來的. 至於佛敎和道敎的各種修養功法, 他揭破了其不足之處, 認定都是小乘二法. 不過, 他却在本體和心性上肯定了三敎之一體性, 從而可開出此後三敎合一之路. 他這樣的三敎觀, 不僅可減除民間社會的迷信成分, 又開始進行三敎之間的實質性對話, 這也是有助於社會整合的. 總言之, 羅敎的宗旨, 可說是 $quot;唯心淨土, 本性彌陀$quot; 在俗世社會上的實現. 也就是說, 人人相助開啓其本具的一点靈明, 來實現一種開明的民間社會. 這個由靈明開啓出發的杜會觀, 便向明末的民間社會提示了一種開明又開放的發展方向. 羅敎的民間社會思想, 主要是人人在本性和現成上的平等, 鼓勵人人向善, 使得民間社會追求和諧與整合.

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        명말 휘주의 소송 양상과 특징 - 『 흡기 』 의 사례 분석

        김선혜(Sun Hye Kim) 명청사학회 2000 명청사연구 Vol.12 No.1

        隧着社會經濟的發展, 到了明末, 在社會整個方面, 發生了急激的變動. 那些變化, 引起各種矛循和對立, 以惹起了흔多紛爭. 這樣情況下, 徽州是特別訴訟頻發的代表地域之一. 所以本稿爲了把握明末徽州的訴訟實態, 要分析關于明末徽州人在日常生活中遇到的各種紛爭內容. 首先, 分析在知縣的判讀《흡紀》收錄的案件, 其結果可以分類五個方面 : 戶婚是特別由于繼承, 婚姻, 養贍問題在家族之間發生的. 有關田土訴訟, 發生了因爲賣買, 爭占, 侵占問題. 從那些案件可見, 明末土地賣買慣行和所有關係更複雜了. 錢債案可以分爲借貸, 資本侵食, 因爲有關金錢問題, 與商業關係更明顯. 通過行政訴訟案件, 可以確認, 實際上在地方政府徵稅和司法業務占着的比重흔大. 刑名項目包括由于强竊盜, 鬪毆, 人命事件發生的訴訟. 從以上分析, 可以看到的明末徽州地域訴訟的特徵 : 第一, 訴訟內容的不少部分是라색事情. 卽使比較重大案件, 從不和到于殺傷的原因, 也是大部分非常微小的事情. 這樣事實, 表示徽州社會經濟條件的劣惡, 同時又反映明末民間調停能力不可能充分發揮, 因此라색紛爭也由官來裁判的情況更多了. 第二, 因爲徽州在社會經濟各方面, 宗族影響力흔大的地域, 在訴訟方面也可見其形跡. 訴訟問題不僅發生在宗族之間, 而且宗族介入在處理過程的淸況흔多. 第三, 在《흡紀》最明顯地表明特徵, 是徽州地城訴訟頻繁與商業活動的關係非常密切. 因此筆者認爲, 徽州人在外地進行經商活動, 這眞是紛爭發生的重要原因. 本稿只剖析在《흡紀》呈顯的狀況, 所以不可能描寫關于明淸時代徽州訴訟實態的全貌. 商業活動與訴訟頻發的關係, 爲了得到更多的確切的結論, 必須要對照檢討흡縣以外其他縣的資料. 又在地域政府즘樣處理訴訟, 此問題有待進步的硏究. 但是在《흡紀》收錄的訴訟案件, 是因爲實際統治了明末흡縣的地方官記錄, 可以認爲當時的實態反映得흔生動. 所以, 以後通過多種多樣的資料分析, 爲了更深入地探討明代徽州的訴訟問題, 本文可以成爲一個墓礎.

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        명청시대(明淸時代) 환경사 연구의 성과와 전망 ― ‘환경 속 인간’에서 ‘인간 속 환경’으로 ―

        李楿紸 ( Lee Hyang-ju ),朴敏洙 ( Park Min-su ) 명청사학회 2020 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.53

        The purpose of this study is to review the previous scholarship and offer perspectives for future researches on the environmental history of the Ming-Qing in Korean academia. Notably, it attempts to fill the void as there have been barely any critical reviews of pre-existing studies on this topic. The main objects of analysis were the articles registered on the Korea Citation Index (KCI) that covered “humanity within environment” and “environment within humanity.” These articles were classified into the following three sub-categories, namely classifying how humanity were “victims,” “developers,” or “overcomers” in their relationship with the environment. The best way to adapt to the surrounding environment that had already been disrupted beyond restoration, ironically, was continuing the development and thus holding the status-quo. Human-made development affected all aspects of the adjacent environment, including but not limited to vegetation, animals, and soil. In turn, the environment caused significant changes to the local community, such as the changes seen in the residential pattern, economy, and customs. Following the rapid population growth in the Qing and the ensuing imbalance between the population and resources, an ongoing process of conflict between the newly migrated people and the original local people, the cultivation of barren land, the exploitation of woods leading to the destruction of forests, the erosion of soil continued. Only after the environmental changes resulted in natural disasters did humanity realize the severity of the ecological damage. Through this process of trial and error, the state - among others various level or human-made organizations and institutions - understood the need for introducing a more systematic and organized reaction to the relations between humanity and the environment. Once we expand our scholarly inquisition to include long term environmental changes, we will have a better understanding of the humanity that sees people in a more various and enriched perspective.

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        明淸과 朝鮮, 朝鮮과 明淸 關係史 연구현황과 과제 ― 수교20주년에 즈음하여 ―

        최소자 명청사학회 2012 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.38

        这篇文章整理并分析了韩中建交二十年来, 明清与朝鲜两国关系史的研究现状与课题。在研究现状方面, 本文主要对以两国关系最为紧密的14世纪后期到18时期末为对象的研究进行了分析, 共包括一千多项研究。在第二章‘明淸与朝鮮关系史的硏究狀況’中, 整理了那些从中国的角度分析与朝鲜关系的研究。在第三章‘朝鮮與明淸關系史的硏究狀況’中, 整理了从朝鲜的角度分析与中国关系的研究。本文将两国关系分为政治关系(册封、朝贡等政治问题)、壬辰战争关系、明清交替期的两国关系、清统治中国以后的疆界及国境的确定问题(包括跨境、贸易等)、燕行使行与文化体验及相关认识、思想史等六个领域。通过整理以上各个方面, 得到如下结果:第一、在政治关系研究方面, 韩国的研究主要针对册封朝贡问题、事大论、明初两国关系的确立等问题;中国的研究则主要以明初明朝与朝鲜的关系尤其是15世纪中叶女真与朝鲜的纠纷、交涉等问题辽东问题为主。第二、在壬辰倭乱问题上, 韩国的除了对战争的相关问题进行了大量研究外, 还有很多研究针对倭乱后的对明关系认知的变化等与中国秩序的变化和性格相关的问题;中国方面的研究主要集中在抗倭援朝战争的出兵问题、战争的贡献问题、向朝鲜的文化东渐及其影响等问题。第三、在明清交替期的两国关系问题上, 韩国的研究主要针对后金成立时期光海君的双重外交、朝鲜与后金关系、战后俘虏等多种问题。相反, 中国的研究主要集中在努尔哈赤时期和1627․1636年战争和其后的对朝政策、战后俘虏的问题上。第四、在清代的疆界、国境问题上, 韩国的研究主要集中在北伐论、罗禅征讨时的出兵、朝贡事大问题、跨境贸易、北方领土问题。中国方面也将清建国到巩固政权之后的对朝关系(康熙、雍正、乾隆期)进行了具体的分析。第五、对使行关系的问题, 韩中双方都有大量的研究。对明代的研究以『漂海錄』为主, 对清代的研究则以朴趾源的『热河日记』为主, 此外也涉及了很多其他问题。第六、在思想史领域上, 对从小中华、朝鲜中华演变到脱中华的理念所进行的研究占多数。今后为了进行两国关系史的研究, 首先要致力于史料的发掘和运用问题。其次要对这些史料进行客观、专业的分析。与此同时, 将韩国的研究介绍到中国也是韩国的两国关系史研究者们的重要课题。

      • KCI등재
      • KCI등재

        명청교체기(明淸交替期) 동강진(東江鎭)의 위상과 경제적 기반

        徐源翊 ( Seo Won-ik ) 명청사학회 2020 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.53

        This study examined the establishment process and the cause of existence of Dongjiang-Zhen(東江鎭), which emerged from the complicated situation of the Ming-Qing transition period. After the expedition to Zhenjiang(鎭江) in 1621, Mao Wenlong(毛文龍) came to Joseon(朝鮮) and went into the Jia-Island(椵島). November 1622, where he was stationed DongJiang-Zhen. The Ming Dynasty expected Dongjiang-Zhen to defend The Later Jin Dynasty and checking The Joseon Dynasty. Joseon continued to live with Dongjiang-Zhen in an uncomfortable way to protect its loyalty to its upper kingdom. Even though Later Jin had found some uncomfortable with Dongjiang-Zhen which was constantly disrupting its own rear of the territory. They’d rather manage this problem with appeasement than they make a aggressive decision, due to its innerstances. As such, each force's view of Dongjiang-Zhen differed depending on its interests, which enabled Dongjiang-Zhen to existence among Ming, Joseon and Later Jin. Under these circumstances, Dongjiang-Zhen struggle to secure supplies through activities such as Tuntian(屯田) and trade while receiving support from people and Joseon to meet the huge budget of operating a camp. However the moment right after the first Manchu invasion of Joseon(丁卯胡亂), which was starting to cause the change of situation among the Ming-Joseon-Later Jin led to the collapse of their balance. Therefore Dongjiang-Zhen threatened with its international and economical base and reason why it should be existing. In the end, the Dongjiang-Zhen, which had existed as an overseas military camp for 16 years, disappeared into history as the Joseon-Qing combined forces advanced to the Jia-island after the second Manchu invasion of Joseon(丙子胡亂) in 1637.

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        조선시대 국제질서와 해양정책

        김경록 명청사학회 2017 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.48

        In the ancient times, where transportation and communication means were not developed, they interacted with the surrounding area through active maritime activities(海洋活動), and it was the influx of culture and the channel of propagation. Even if it is not necessarily a developmental historical viewpoint, if the transportation, communication, and various ship technologies have not declined, the maritime activities will be reduced as ancient times and modern times, and the maritime activities in the Joseon period(朝鮮時代) can not be said to be active. With the expansion of the state organization and the improvement of the governing system, the ocean showed a history path that would eventually turn into a path of danger in the path of infinite opportunities. That is looked Goryo(高麗), which was trying to expand the nation's financial power through trade through the establishment of aristocratic bureaucracy, actively engaged in maritime activities centering on trade routes, while Joseon, which can be said to have completed a more complete regime, tended not to engage in maritime activities. Despite the era of active maritime activities against the world history, the fact that the maritime activities of the Joseon were not active could be analyzed from various aspects. There is a reason for the internal stability of Confucian rule and social order stability based on farming, and there is also reason for the externally to be sensitive to the international order of East Asia which is Ming world order(明 中心 國際秩序), Ming-Qing Transition period(明淸交替期), Qing world order(淸 中心 國際秩序), and to recognize various marine factors and develop the maritime policy carefully. In the rapidly changing international order and situation in the Joseon period, Joseon sought a aristocrat bureaucratic society(兩班官僚社會) with the national security and the King as the peak. In the early days of the founding, Joseon established various national policies to solve the conflicts and tensions of the Ming and to establish a system of governance and systems. In this process, Joseon experienced history related marine such as Japanese raiders(倭寇), drifting people(漂流民), Jeju Island(濟州道), conquest of Tsushima(對馬島征伐) and Imjin War(壬辰戰爭). In the midst of the Ming-Qing Transition period, Joseon resumed diplomatic relations with Japan, and became a member of the Qing world order under the influence of the Manchu invasion of Joseon in 1627(丁卯胡亂), and the Manchu invasion of Joseon in 1636(丙子胡亂) caused by Ming general is illegally occupy the Ga island(椵島). For the oppressive diplomacy of the Qing, the Joseon used political and military affairs of the Japanese situation connected with the maritime forces of southern. Under the Qing world order, the Joseon actively responded to illegal fishing activities(不法漁業活動) and grasped overseas information through policy on drifting people(漂流民).

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