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陽明學과 明末 江西 吉安府의 紳士 : 書院 講學을 中心으로
吳金成 명청사학회 2004 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.21
During the Ming period the Ji'an prefecture was a well known place for its highly developed intellectual circumstances, though it was not an economically prosperous region. It had the huge number of civil service examination degree holders (jinshi 進士), with the ration of 1/3 relative to the total number of the degree holder in the Jiangxi province. About for 100 years during the reigns from Hungwu (洪武 1368~1398) to Chenghua (1465-1487), the ratio of the number of jinshi reached to the 10% of the total number of jinshi through whole country. During his stay in the official position as the governor of southern Jiangxi(南??巡撫), Wang Yang-ming concretely developed his own philosophy, later called the Learning of Wang Yang-ming. Though he was obsessed with military work in his official position, he energetically conducted academic activities including opening private academy (shuyuan 書院) and teaching students. That is the reason why he had many disciples from Jiangxi province, especially from the Ji'an prefecture. The number of private academy in Jiangxi province was higher than that of any other province in the country due to the activities of Wang Yang-ming and his disciples, and also due to the Jiangxi gentries who were provoked by the former. The gentries of the Ji'an prefecture, influenced by Wnag Yang-ming, also actively opened private academies as a part of their works in the public sphere. Ji'an had the highest number of private academy in the whole province. Regardless it was established before or after the stay of Yang-ming, any private academy of Jiangxi was under the influenced of Yang-ming and his school. When a private academy was to be built or repaired, gentries decided to do that work first before they asked permission from local government. Gentries actively intervened the whole process of construction or of repair including operating public opinion, mobilization of manpower, collection of donation, and even the directing of the work. The management of the academy was also the responsibility of the gentries. Scarcely, local officials raised suggestion for the construction or repair first, but they could launch that work only with an agreement from the side of gentries, and they could complete the work only by the support of the gentries. Any official positioned to this ji'an prefecture maintained a close and friendly relationship with the gentries of this region whether they were Yang-ming's disciples or not. Gentries, on the other hand, secured leadership in their society by the close connection with the local officials, as well as by strengthening the sense of integrity among the members of the gentry group through the scholarly activities in the academy such as lecture and discussion on philosophical issues.
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