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Wind flow modification by a jet roof for mitigation of snow cornice formation
Ganesh Kumar,Ajay Gairola,Aditya Vaid 한국풍공학회 2021 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.32 No.2
The snow cornice mass on the formation zone had triggered avalanches which led to the loss of human life and property. Snow cornice is formed due to flow separation on the leeward side. Effect of lee slope is more prominent in the formation of snow cornices as compared to the windward slope. The analysis of wind flow pattern has been carried out to evaluate the performance of a jet roof. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of wind flow over a 2D hill model was carried out using RNG based k- turbulence models available in ANSYS Fluent. Effect of varying leeward hill slope (1:2 to 1:6) on flow separation for the given windward slope was observed and a critical slope of 1:4 was found at which the separation zone ceased to exist. The modification of wind flow over a hill due to the installation of jet roof was simulated. It was observed that jet roof had significantly modified the wind flow pattern around hill ridgeline and ultimately snow cornice formation had mitigated. The results of the wind flow pattern were validated with the wind data collected at the experimental site, Banihal Top (Jammu and Kashmir, India). The wind flow simulation over the hill and mitigation of cornice formation by the jet roof has been explained in the present paper.
Yashpal S. Malik,Kuldeep Sharma,Nirupama Vaid,Somendu Chakravarti,K. M. Chandrashekar,Sanjay S. Basera,Rashmi Singh,Minakshi,Gaya Prasad,Baldev R. Gulati,Kiren N. Bhilegaonkar,Awadh B. Pandey 대한수의학회 2012 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.13 No.3
The present study describes the genotypic distribution of rotaviruses (RVs) in an Indian bovine population with unexpectedly higher proportions of G3 alone or in combination of G8/G10. PCR-genotyping confirmed that 39.4% (13/33) of the prevalent RVs were the G3 type while 60.6% (20/33) were dual G3G10 or G3G8 types. P typing revealed that 93.9% (31/33) of the samples were P[11] while 6.1% (2/33) possessed a dual P[1]P[11] type. Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene from G3 strains viz. B-46, 0970, and BR-133 showed that these strains had sequence identities of 90.5% to 100% with other bovine G3 strains. The highest identity (98.9% to 100%) was observed with RUBV3 bovine G3 strains from eastern India. The G3 strains (B-46, 0970, and BR-133) showed 97.5% to 98.8% sequence homologies with the Indian equine RV strain Erv-80. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that G3 strains clustered with bovine RUBV3 and J-63, and equine Erv-80 G3. Overall, these results confirmed that the incidence of infection by RVs with the G3 genotype and mixed genotypes in the bovine population was higher than previously predicted. This finding reinforces the importance of constantly monitoring circulating viral strains with the G3 genotype in future surveillance studies.
Malik, Y.P.S.,Chakravarti, S.,Sharma, K.,Vaid, N.,Rajak, K.K.,Balamurugan, V.,Biswas, S.K.,Mondal, B.,Kataria, R.S.,Singh, R.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.7
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of invading pathogens and the modulation of innate immune responses in mammals. The TLR4 and TLR7 are well known to recognize the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and single stranded (ssRNA) ligands, respectively and play important role in host defense against Gram-negative bacteria and ssRNA viruses. In the present study, coding exon fragments of these two TLRs were identified, cloned, sequenced and analyzed in terms of insertion-deletion polymorphism, within bovine TLRs 4 and 7, thereby facilitating future TLR signaling and association studies relevant to bovine innate immunity. Comparative sequence analysis of TLR 4 exons revealed that this gene is more variable, particularly the coding frame (E3P1), while other parts showed percent identity of 95.7% to 100% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectivley with other Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds from different parts of the world. In comparison to TLR4, sequence analysis of TLR7 showed more conservation among different B. indicus and B. taurus breeds, except single point mutation at 324 nucleotide position (AAA to AAM) altering a single amino acid at 108 position (K to X). Percent identity of TLR7 sequences (all 3 exons) was between 99.2% to 100% at nucleotide and amino acid level, when compared with available sequence database of B. indicus and B. taurus. Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) analysis showed variations in the exon fragments located in the Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) region, which is responsible for binding with the microbial associated molecular patterns and further, downstream signaling to initiate anti-microbial response. Considering importance of TLR polymorphism in terms of innate immunity, further research is warranted.
Graded Category Structure in Chinese-English Bilinguals
Thomas B. Ward,Yuliya Kolomyts,Amy H. Chu,Jyotsna Vaid,Roberto R. Heredia 대한사고개발학회 2009 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.19 No.2
This study examined the extent to which Chinese-English bilinguals’ representations of common categories are similar or different in each of their languages. More specifically, it examined variations in a particular aspect of graded structure: the extent to which exemplars are differentially accessible from corresponding category labels in two languages. Archival category listing data were used to compare bilingual participants who responded in Chinese versus English to different groups of monolinguals who responded only in English. There was substantial overlap in the category exemplars listed across the bilinguals’ languages, but less overlap than for monolingual responses in the same language. The results indicate differences in graded structure of the categories across bilingual participants’ languages. Implications for cognitive processing in general and creative idea generation in particular are discussed.