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Gellatly, Kyle J.,Krim, Sarah,Palenchar, Daniel J.,Shepherd, Katie,Yoon, Kyong Sup,Rhodes, Christopher J.,Lee, Si Hyeock,Marshall Clark, J. Oxford University Press 2016 Journal of medical entomology Vol.53 No.3
<P>Pediculosis is a prevalent parasitic infestation of humans, which is increasing due, in part, to the selection of lice resistant to either the pyrethrins or pyrethroid insecticides by the knockdown resistance (<I>kdr</I>) mechanism. To determine the extent and magnitude of the <I>kdr</I>-type mutations responsible for this resistance, lice were collected from 138 collection sites in 48 U.S. states from 22 July 2013 to 11 May 2015 and analyzed by quantitative sequencing. Previously published data were used for comparisons of the changes in the frequency of the <I>kdr</I>-type mutations over time. Mean percent resistance allele frequency (mean % RAF) values across the three mutation loci were determined from each collection site. The overall mean % RAF (±SD) for all analyzed lice was 98.3 ± 10%. 132/138 sites (95.6%) had a mean % RAF of 100%, five sites (3.7%) had intermediate values, and only a single site had no mutations (0.0%). Forty-two states (88%) had a mean % RAF of 100%. The frequencies of <I>kdr</I>-type mutations did not differ regardless of the human population size that the lice were collected from, indicating a uniformly high level of resistant alleles. The loss of efficacy of the Nix formulation (Prestige Brand, Tarrytown, NY) from 1998 to 2013 was correlated to the increase in <I>kdr</I>-type mutations. These data provide a plausible reason for the decrease in the effectiveness of permethrin in the Nix formulation, which is the parallel increase of <I>kdr</I>-type mutations in lice over time.</P>
Stocks, M.,Shepherd, D.,Lee, H.S.,van Hout, D.,Hautus, M.J. Published on behalf of the Canadian Institute of F 2017 Food Research International Vol.97 No.-
<P>Discrimination tests are used in food companies to quantify small differences between products. Within the diversity of methods available, some are quicker to conduct, whereas others are more sensitive or statistically powerful. One class of methods includes the reminder tasks in which the reference product is given before tasting the actual test stimuli. During the task, such a 'reminder' can be compared directly to each test stimulus, or alternatively, only serve to prime the memory of the judge without being taken into account in decision-making. Previous research with trained judges provided evidence for the latter process while research with untrained consumers has provided some evidence for the former process. Two studies were conducted with untrained consumers using the A Not-AR and 2-AFCR reminder tasks. Objectives were to determine the decision strategies used in, and the relative sensitivity of the tasks. In addition, the use of an 'authenticity test' was explored to see if this has a positive effect on test performance. In the first study, mayonnaise and ice tea with small stimulus differences (d' < 1) were used in A Not-AR and 2-AFCR. Results were compared to those from A Not-A and 2 AFC tasks, with and without an authenticity test. It was difficult to draw clear conclusions on the decision strategy used, though the use of an authenticity test increased the sensitivity for these small differences, as it improved the performance of 6 out of 8 tests. In the second study, ice teas with larger stimulus differences (at two levels) were tested using the A Not -AR and 2-AFCR tasks, in comparison to the same-different task. The results showed that consumers use the less optimal strategies and that the authenticity test decreases performance, which is contradictory to the results of the first study. It seems that for very small stimulus differences the authenticity test can improve performance, but with larger differences the authenticity test decreases performance; it seems to confuse the judges.</P>
Chetty, R.,Gill, P.,Govender, D.,Bateman, A.,Chang, H.J.,Deshpande, V.,Driman, D.,Gomez, M.,Greywoode, G.,Jaynes, E.,Lee, C.S.,Locketz, M.,Rowsell, C.,Rullier, A.,Serra, S.,Shepherd, N.,Szentgyorgyi, W. B. Saunders Co ; Centrum Philadelphia 2012 Human pathology Vol.43 No.11
The aim of this study was to ascertain the level of concordance among gastrointestinal pathologists for regression grading in rectal cancers treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Seventeen gastrointestinal pathologists participated using the Mandard, Dworak, and modified rectal cancer regression grading systems to grade 10 representative slides that were selected from 10 cases of rectal cancer treated with long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiation. The slides were scanned with a whole-slide scanner generating dynamic digitized images. The results showed very little concordance across the 3 grading systems, with κ values of 0.28, 0.35, and 0.38 for the Mandard, Dworak, and modified rectal cancer regression grading systems, respectively. In only 1 of 10 study cases was there unanimous grading concordance using the modified rectal cancer regression grading system. It was felt that these systems lacked precision and clarity for reproducible, accurate regression grading. The study concluded that there was a need for a simple, reproducible regression grading system with clear criteria, a cumulative or composite score taking into account all sections of the tumor bed that is sampled rather than the worst section (highest grade), and there should be a uniform method of sampling of these specimens.
Nonlinear response of mid-latitude weather to the changing Arctic
Overland, James E.,Dethloff, Klaus,Francis, Jennifer A.,Hall, Richard J.,Hanna, Edward,Kim, Seong-Joong,Screen, James A.,Shepherd, Theodore G.,Vihma, Timo Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2016 Nature climate change Vol.6 No.11
<P>Are continuing changes in the Arctic influencing wind patterns and the occurrence of extreme weather events in northern mid-latitudes? The chaotic nature of atmospheric circulation precludes easy answers. The topic is a major science challenge, as continued Arctic temperature increases are an inevitable aspect of anthropogenic climate change. We propose a perspective that rejects simple cause-and-effect pathways and notes diagnostic challenges in interpreting atmospheric dynamics. We present a way forward based on understanding multiple processes that lead to uncertainties in Arctic and mid-latitude weather and climate linkages. We emphasize community coordination for both scientific progress and communication to a broader public.</P>
A miR-155–Peli1–c-Rel pathway controls the generation and function of T follicular helper cells
Liu, Wen-Hsien,Kang, Seung Goo,Huang, Zhe,Wu, Cheng-Jang,Jin, Hyun Yong,Maine, Christian J.,Liu, Yi,Shepherd, Jovan,Sabouri-Ghomi, Mohsen,Gonzalez-Martin, Alicia,Xu, Shunbin,Hoffmann, Alexander,Zheng, The Rockefeller University Press 2016 The Journal of experimental medicine Vol.213 No.9
<P>MicroRNA (miRNA) deficiency impairs the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, but the contribution of individual miRNAs to this phenotype remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed deep sequencing analysis of miRNAs expressed in Tfh cells and identified a five-miRNA signature. Analyses of mutant mice deficient of these miRNAs revealed that miR-22 and miR-183/96/182 are dispensable, but miR-155 is essential for the generation and function of Tfh cells. miR-155 deficiency led to decreased proliferation specifically at the late stage of Tfh cell differentiation and reduced CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression on antigen-specific CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Mechanistically, miR-155 repressed the expression of Peli1, a ubiquitin ligase that promotes the degradation of the NF-κB family transcription factor c-Rel, which controls cellular proliferation and CD40L expression. Therefore, our study identifies a novel miR-155–Peli1–c-Rel pathway that specifically regulates Tfh cell generation and function.</P>
Room Temperature Magnetic Detection of Spin Switching in Nanosized Spin‐Crossover Materials
Hung, Tran Quang,Terki, Ferial,Kamara, Souleymane,Dehbaoui, Mourad,Charar, Salam,Sinha, Brajalal,Kim, CheolGi,Gandit, Philippe,Gural'skiy, Il'ya A.,Molnar, Gabor,Salmon, Lionel,Shepherd, Helena J.,Bou WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2013 Angewandte Chemie Vol.125 No.4
<P><B>Ein Prototyp</B> eines SQUID‐artigen magnetometrischen Messgeräts, das Schaltvorgänge in Spin‐Crossover‐Nanopartikeln bei Raumtemperatur indirekt detektiert, wurde entwickelt und an Nanopartikeln aus [Fe(hptrz)<SUB>3</SUB>](OTs)<SUB>2</SUB> getestet (hptrz=4‐Heptyl‐1,2,4‐triazol, OTs=<I>p</I>‐Toluolsulfonyl). Der mikromagnetometrische Ansatz hat klare Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen SQUID‐ und Nano‐SQUID‐Techniken.</P>