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김교상,이동호,김윤기,이청,전세웅,서정국,유희구,김경헌,승익상 대한마취과학회 1989 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.22 No.6
Any factor which increases rebreathing (such as a decrease in inflow rate or an increase in ventilation) or increase uptake (such as an increase in solubility or in cardiac output) will lower the inspired anesthetic concentration. This in turn, will be reflected in an slower rate of anesthesia induction. In a circle absorption system, the inspired anesthetic concentration may be reduced from the inflowing concentration by rebreathing of anesthetic depleted gas. Semiclosed system, most widely used modern anesthetic system was tested to determine what effect the inflow rate had on the rate of rise of anesthetizing alveolar concentration of halothane and enflurane. The results were as follows: 1) High fresh gas inflow rate put the inspired anesthetic concentration close to that of inflow more rapidly. 2) In halothane anesthesia with 4 and 6 L/min of fresh gas flow, the anesthesia induction time was about 20 and 15 minutes respectively. But there was marked delay of the development of anesthesia by 2 L/min of fresh gas fiow. 3) In enflurane anesthesia, the anesthesia induction time was within about 10 minutes without respect to inflow rate. With these results, in general inhalation anesthesia with halothane or enflurane when a semiclosed technique and 100% oxygen are employed, a total gas flow at 4 to 6L per minute is recommended to establish a satisfactory induction and maintenance level of anesthesia.
全尙武,康世鎭,康承桂,具秀會,李明馥 최신의학사 1972 最新醫學 Vol.15 No.4
This study was undertaken to find out the developmental features of the carotid artery and its branches measureing the external diameter of these arteries based upon 508 dissections of Korean fetuses, which were injected with 8% vinylite solution added 3% fast red B in acetone. The results were summerized as follows: 1. All of these arteries developed rapidly until the sixth month of the fetal period and thereafter they develooped regularly as that of the external form of the fetuses. 2. The order of the size of the arterial branches of the external carotid arteries in the full term fetuses was (1) the maxillary artery, (2) the occipital artery, (3) the superficial temporal artery, (4) the facial artery, (5) the superior thyroid artery, (6) the lingual artery, (7) the posterior auricular artery, (8) the ascending pharyngeal artery and (9) the sternocleidomastoid artery,
Kang, Se Hun,Kim, Do Young,Jeon, Soung Min,Ahn, Sang Hoon,Park, Jun Yong,Kim, Seung Up,Kim, Ja Kyung,Lee, Kwan Sik,Chon, Chae Yoon,Han, Kwang-Hyub Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. 2012 European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology Vol.24 No.7
OBJECTIVE: α-Fetoprotein (AFP) and prothrombin induced by the absence of vitamin K or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) are useful tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, little is known about the clinical characteristics and prognosis of HCC with different levels of AFP and PIVKA-II. METHODS: Consecutive 1447 HCC patients were assigned to four groups according to the cutoff values of AFP (400 ng/ml) and PIVKA-II (100 mAU/ml): both values high (AP), one of the values high (Ap and aP), and both values low (ap). The clinical characteristics and the prognosis of group ap were compared with those of the other groups. RESULTS: HCC patients in group ap were more asymptomatic at diagnosis, and had smaller size, fewer numbers, and earlier stages of HCC, and more preserved liver functions (all, P<0.001). The survival rate of group ap was significantly higher than those of the other groups (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, the combined status of AFP and PIVKA-II values were independent predictors for survival (P<0.001), together with tumor size, number, portal vein thrombosis, Child–Pugh class, and treatment modality. CONCLUSION: HCC patients with low values of both AFP and PIVKA-II had more favorable clinical characteristics and showed a better prognosis than those with elevated levels of AFP or PIVKA-II.
( Hye Yeon Chon ),( Jae Seung Lee ),( Hye Won Lee ),( Ho Soo Chun ),( Beom Kyung Kim ),( Won Young Tak ),( Jun Yong Park ),( Young-oh Kweon ),( Do Young Kim ),( Sang Hoon Ahn ),( Se Young Jang ),( Soo 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1
Aims: Recently, CAGE-B and SAGE-B models were used to assess the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) under sustained antiviral therapy (AVT). We checked the predictive performance of these models in Asian patients with CHB. Methods: We reviewed 737 treatment-naïve patients with CHB who started entecavir between 2006 and 2011, and who were followed up for more than 5 years without HCC development within 5 years of AVT. The predictive performance of CAGE-B and SAGE-B scores were calculated using area under the receiver operating curves (AUROCs). Results: A total of 338 (45.9%) patients had liver cirrhosis at the start of AVT. And liver stiffness value at 5 years of AVT was 8.8 kPa. CAGE-B and SAGE-B scores at 5 years of AVT were 7.5 and 6.5, respectively. After 5 years of AVT, 66 (9.0%) patients developed HCC. The AUROC of CAGE-B and SAGE-B scores were 0.775 and 0.770 at 7 years and 0.805 and 0.793 at 10 years of AVT, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate of HCC was significantly higher in the high-risk group according to CAGE-B and SAGE-B-based risk stratification than in those of medium and low-risk groups (all P<0.05). The SAGE-B score showed a higher likelihood ratio (χ2) (55.2 vs. 52.0) and linear trend (χ2) (53.3 vs. 47.5) than the CAGE-B score, whereas the SAGE-B score showed lower akaike information criteria (50.4 vs. 63.7) than the CAGE-B score. Conclusions: Both SAGE-B and CAGE-B showed acceptable predictive performance in predicting HCC after 5 years of AVT in Asian patients with CHB.
pH-sensitive Swelling Behavior of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-hyaluronic Acid Polymer Hydrogel Membranes
Ji, Hye Won,Chon, Se Won,Yoon, Tae Il,Hwnag, Ho Sang,Kwon, Ji Young,Shin, Seung Hoon,Chung, Sung Il,Rhim, Ji Won The Membrane Society of Korea 2004 Korean Membrane Journal Vol.6 No.1
Poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) and hyaluronic acid(HA) hydrogel membranes were prepared with varying HA contents from 10 to 50 wt% of PVA. The water contents of the resulting PVA-HA hydrogel membranes in various pH conditions were measured. And the permeation coefficient of indomethacin was determined using several PVA-HA hydrogel membranes at various pH conditions and also 37$^{\circ}C$.