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Arrangements of conversational implicature diagnostics
William Salmon 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2021 언어연구 Vol.38 No.3
The question of properties and diagnostics for Gricean (1975) conversational implicature is a complex one, and it has been the subject of ongoing debate since the 1970s. At present, there is often a tendency for researchers to assume that the question has been answered decidedly and to move forward in further analyses without acknowledgment that it is in fact very much still an open debate. In a recent article, for example, entitled “Manner Implicatures and How to Spot Them” (Rett 2020), it is assumed with very little discussion that conversational implicatures of Manner are distinguishable with the following set of diagnostics: calculability, reinforceability, discourse sensitivity to the ‘Question under Discussion,’ and embeddability. The article goes on to assume as well that this set of properties can pick out all conversational implicatures in general. In this present paper, I show that this assumption is not justified and that there are serious problems with the proposed diagnostic arrangement. It is suggested at the very least that the arrangement should be presented as a tentative or exploratory one—rather than a settled one—before then going on to make larger claims about the conversational implicature category. (University of North Texas)
Angela K. Salmon,심은희 역 대한어린이교육협회 2010 어린이교육 Vol.- No.12
유아기 환경에서, 학습환경을 포함한 교실환경의 활력을 주기 위해 일과가 중요한 역할 을 한다는 것은 분명하다. 본 논문은 학습공동체를 구성하기 위한 일과의 중요성을 조명하 고; 교실 안에서 유아의 사고성향을 발현시키기 위한 일과 생각하기(thinking routines)의 영향력을 고찰하고; 유아들은 자신의 생각을 눈으로 볼 수 있고, 교사들은 유아들로부터 학 습하여 교육활동의 질을 개선할 수 있도록 사고를 시각화하는 방법에 관하여 탐구할 것이 다. 유아 교사들은 유아들이 ‘사고하기’와 ‘일과 생각하기’ 두 가지 모두를 할 수 있도록 도 와주어야한다. 본 논문은 현재 진행 중인 행동연구프로젝트(action research project)에 참여 하고 있는 두 개의 유아원의 교실현장 경험들을 종합하였다. 또한 유아들이 일과 생각하기 에 참여하기 위한 교육의 실제를 다룬 유아기 이론, 연구 및 의견에 초점을 두었다.
이나영,JH Salmon,BC Gilger 한국임상수의학회 2009 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.26 No.6
The purporse of this study was to evaluate the quantitative differences in mRNA expression of TLR-2, -4, and -9 in normal equine eyes and eyes with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). Normal equine eyes (n = 6) and eyes with naturally-occurring ERU (n = 6) were collected. Real time PCR assay was performed to compare mRNA expression of TLR-2, -4, and -9 between normal and ERU eyes. A significant up-regulation of TLR-2 and -9 mRNA in the ciliary body and TLR-2 mRNA in the iris was found in eyes with ERU compared to the mRNA levels in these same tissues of normal equine eyes. There were no remarkable differences observed in TLR-4 mRNA expression between normal eyes and eyes with ERU. The current data suggest the potential involvement of TLR-2 and -9 in the pathogenesis of ERU. However, further study is required to determine the role of TLRs in ERU.
Why Contemporary Medicine Is Failing
Berliner, Howard S.,Salmon, J. Warren 慶熙大學校 東西醫學硏究所 1986 國際東西醫學硏究論文集 Vol.1986 No.-
Beyond problems in the organization of health care are serious flaws in the paradigm and orientation of Western scientific medicine. After a brief historical review of how these problems arose, four related issues to the nature and content of conventional medicine are examined to point out the need for an new formulation. HEALTH CARE practitioners often see the U.S. health care system as immutable to progressive change. Indeed, health policy makers and planners seem unable to satisfactorily address spiraling costs, inadequate and unequal access to care, unresponsive practitioners and bureaucracies, and lack of comprehensive services. But beyond these problems of medical care organization and delivery lie problems with the actual content of medicine, which practitioners, if medicine, which practitioners, if they choose, can greatly affect. Whether it is called Western medicine, Flexnerian medicine, or technological medicine, the underlying essence of the predominant form of medical care in the united States remains the "medical model". This model emphasizes the detection and treatment of physical signs and symptoms to th exclusion or downplay of psycho-social and spiritual factors. The medical model results in a disease-focused medicine, which has little to say about health. Thus the system of medical care delivery in the united States that has followed from the premises of this orientation in medicine generates episodic, illness-oriented utilization of services by consumers. Medical care is provided chiefly by physicians specializing in a technological and invasive treatment of different parts of the body. The hospital-medical center ― a site for the already sick ― concentrates funds, personnel, and technology, to the detriment of an adequate system of preventive and primary care across the country. The fee-for-service system of medical practice, the cost reimbursement of hospital care, and uncoordinated and discontinuous patient services are also reasons that have traditionally been used to explain the absence of an effective and efficient health care system in the united States.
Sentiment, Beta Herding, and Cross-sectional Asset Returns
Soosung Hwang,Mark Salmon 한국재무학회 2013 한국재무학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.05
We investigate the effects of a behavioral bias in betas on cross-sectional asset returns. This bias, which we call beta herding, reflects the interaction between sentiment and herding in linear factor models. We demonstrate that beta herding is likely to arise when investors are more confident about the future direction of the market, regardless of whether the market is rising or falling, or when sentiment is high. Contrary to common belief that herding increases during market crises, our empirical evidence indicates that crises appear to lead investors to seek out the fundamental risk-return relationship rather than to herd. In terms of cross-sectional asset returns, we show evidence that beta matters conditionally on beta herding though it does not unconditionally. The conditional explanation of beta herding is distinct from other firm characteristics.