Improved short-circuit photocurrent densities in dye-sensitized solar cells based on ordered arrays of titania nanotubule electrodes

Nicholas N. Bwana 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.1

We report on the synthesis of highly ordered arrays of titania nanotubules and their applications in enhanced photoelectrochemical cells. Ordered arrays of titania nanotubules of ~120 nm external diameter, ~100 nm internal diameter, and ~5 ㎛ length were fabricated on transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass substrates by sol–gel processes using in-house prepared anodic alumina templates. After thermal bonding and template removal, the resultant nanotubule structures were applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Overall photoconversion efficiency of nearly 4.8% was achieved with Ru-bipyridine dye, N719, and iodolyte liquid electrolyte. This remarkable performance, for electrodes only ~5 ㎛ thick, is attributed to an unexpectedly high short-circuit photocurrent density of 16 mA/㎠ for masked cells and up to 17 mA/㎠ for unmasked cells. The enhanced short-circuit photocurrent (Jsc) is attributed to the high surface area (roughness factor ca. 1207) of the nanotubules and thus improved dye adsorption to the electrodes. The improved Jsc is also attributed to the parallel and vertical orientation of the nanostructures and thus to a well-defined electron diffusion path. We report on the synthesis of highly ordered arrays of titania nanotubules and their applications in enhanced photoelectrochemical cells. Ordered arrays of titania nanotubules of ~120 nm external diameter, ~100 nm internal diameter, and ~5 ㎛ length were fabricated on transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass substrates by sol–gel processes using in-house prepared anodic alumina templates. After thermal bonding and template removal, the resultant nanotubule structures were applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Overall photoconversion efficiency of nearly 4.8% was achieved with Ru-bipyridine dye, N719, and iodolyte liquid electrolyte. This remarkable performance, for electrodes only ~5 ㎛ thick, is attributed to an unexpectedly high short-circuit photocurrent density of 16 mA/㎠ for masked cells and up to 17 mA/㎠ for unmasked cells. The enhanced short-circuit photocurrent (Jsc) is attributed to the high surface area (roughness factor ca. 1207) of the nanotubules and thus improved dye adsorption to the electrodes. The improved Jsc is also attributed to the parallel and vertical orientation of the nanostructures and thus to a well-defined electron diffusion path.

Semantic Representations in Monolingual and Bilingual Connectionist Networks

( Nicholas Rendell ),( Eddy J. Davelaar ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2015 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.16 No.3

Repeated practice of inhibitory processes in bilinguals leads to an advantage in tasks requiring control processes. This advantage has been postulated to contribute to cognitive reserve as an offset to age and dementia related decline. Two models are presented which have learned the names of a series of pictures belonging to two categories. The first model learned the names of both categories in a single language, the second in two languages. In line with the dopamine hypothesis, change in gain of the log-sigmoidal transfer function was applied to provide a valid age related change. The results demonstrated greater separation of representations for monolinguals than for bilinguals. This occurred both for individual representations within a category and between categories. Furthermore, an interaction between brain reserve capacity, a biological category of cognitive reserve, and whether or not the model was bilingual or monolingual was observed for measures of separation. The results are discussed in terms of retrieval induced inhibition which suggest that the closer representations are to each other, the greater the recruitment of inhibitory processes.

미술교육에서 우리는 무엇을 가르치는가?

Nicholas Houghton,고홍규(옮김) 한국국제미술교육학회 2017 미술과 교육 Vol.18 No.2

논문은 오늘날 미술교육에서 가르쳐지고 있는 것을 이해하기 위해 미술교육과정의 역사적 측면을 다룬다. 어떻게 현재 미술의 개념이 낭만주의와 계몽주의의 영향 아래 유럽에서 발생한 사회 체제에 의존하고 있는지 설명한다. 이러한 개념들은 60년대부터 현대에 이르기까지 모더니즘에 의해 조절되고 방해되어 왔다. 미술교육과정은 기술을 가르치는 도제제도와 드로잉, 미학을 가르치는 아카데미의 혼합 형태라고 볼 수 있다. 단지 20세기에 모더니즘 미술만이 그 영향에서 벗어났고, 그것은 자기표현과 형식주의의 영향 때문이었다. 이 두 가지 영향은 미술 생산의 기계화된 방식을 옹호하고, 전통적인 위계를 전복시키는 아이디어와 이론을 강조하는 동시대 미술에 의해 도전을 받았다. 동시대 미술은 학과중심(discipline-based), 이슈기반(issue-based), 시각문화에 관한 학습, 그리고 렌즈기반의 미디어와 같은 기계적인 방식의 사용과 같이 중요한 미술교육 운동에 영향을 주었다. 이제 미술교육의 핵심은 미술작품에 대해 설명하고, 맥락화하며, 이론화하는 능력을 길러주는 것이 되었다. 하지만 미술교육은 생각을 고무하고, 즐기며, 움직이는 것과 같이 미술이 할 수 있는 것들을 피하지 말고 받아들여야 할 필요가 있다.

Depression in pregnant and postpartum women during COVID-19 pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis

Nicholas Adrianto,Josephine Caesarlia,Fegita Beatrix Pajala 대한산부인과학회 2022 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.65 No.4

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a global pandemic in March 2020 and caused a big crisis, especiallythe health crisis. Pregnant and postpartum women experienced significant physical, social, and mental changes thatput them at higher risk for several conditions during the pandemic. This study aimed to report the prevalence ofdepression in pregnant and postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eligible studies were identified usingseveral databases. Prevalence analysis was conducted using MedCalc ver. 19.5.1. This systematic review and metaanalysiswas registered in PROSPERO on July 12, 2021 with registration number CRD42021266976. We included 54studies with 95.326 participants. The overall prevalence of depression was 32.60% among pregnant and postpartumwomen during the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate was higher among pregnant women (31.49%) compared topostpartum women (27.64%). The prevalence of depression among pregnant and postpartum women increasedduring the COVID-19 pandemic. 영어

미술가를 교육하는 미술가 교사: 교수법 정체성을 협상하며

Nicholas Addison,정옥희 한국국제미술교육학회 2010 미술과 교육 Vol.11 No.1

지속적인 전문적 발전의 맥락에서 미술교사들과 교육자들은 분석과 연구의 논증적인 형식의 글과 발표들을 통해 그들의 교육학을 반성한다. 그러나 최근에는 이런 연구물만큼 시각적인 실제(작품)들로 전환해서 발표하는 경향이 있다. 이글은 4명의 석사과정 학생들과 1명의 박사과정 학생이 어떻게 그런 가능성을 보여주고 있는지를 고찰한다. 그들은 그들의 교육적 상황의 한 대용물로서 미술 작업을 상상하기보다는 오히려 각기 더 확실하게 이 상황을 이해하기 위해서 그들의 실기 작업과 충분히 관련을 맺고 있음을 발견한다. 이런 식으로 그들은 그들의 예술적 실천과 동시에 교육적 실천들을 한꺼번에 모두 개선해나갈 수 있다. 그 첫 번째 석사과정 학생은 가정적 상황에서 그녀의 어린 시절의 교육을 다시 상상함으로 해서 미술 교수법을 개발하는 방식을 발견한다. 두 번째 학생은 우정을 발전시킨 미술 실기들과 관련하여 미술 교수법을 상기시키며, 세 번째 학생은 학교미술 결과물을 개선시키기 위해 학문적 주제의 경계들을 서로 교차시킨다. 네 번째 학생은 수행 전략을 통해 교육학적 권력 관계들을 탐색한다. 반면에 박사과정 학생은 미술과 미술교육을 별개의 범주들로 묶는 경계들을 풀어내는 시도를 하고 있다.

코로나19와 호주의 재택근무

Nicholas Biddle,Maria Jahromi 한국노동연구원 2021 국제노동브리프 Vol.19 No.8

REFORMED THEOLOGY AND CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY

( Nicholas Wolterstorff ) 한국기독교철학회 2014 기독교철학 Vol.19 No.-

The topic I was asked to address in this talk is the relation between Reformed theology and Christian philosophy. I am happy to do so. As many of you know, beginning in the 1970’s in the United States there was a tremendous surge of interest in Christian philosophy. In 1978 the Society of Christian Philosophers was formed; shortly thereafter it sponsored a new journal, Faithand Philosophy. The interest has continued; the Society now has around nine hundred members. In recent years interest has spread around the world; I understand that there is now a Society of Christian Philosophers here in Korea. The movement in the United States has been extraordinarily ecumenical. The only requirement for membership in the Society is that the applicant declare himself or herself to be a Christian -not any particular kind of Christian, just a Christian. I think no one would dispute, however, that the two dominant influences on the movement have been the Catholic tradition and the Reformed tradition. I will divide my talk into two mam parts. First, what is it about the Reformed tradition that encourages the study and practice of philosophy? And second, in what way does the Reformed tradition shape how philosophers who are members of the tradition engage in their discipline? Notice that I have framed these questions in terms of the influence of the Reformed tradition rather than the influence of Reformed theology. What we are dealing with here is not just the influence of Reformed theology but the influence of a broader Reformed way of thinking, a mentality.

TOWARDS ENHANCEMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN CULTURAL TOURISM IN TANZANIA : INNOVATIONS AND STRATEGIES

Nicholas T,A,Bangu 세계문화관광학회 2009 Conference Proceedings Vol.10 No.0

Landscape Changes: Assessing Pennsylvania State Park Viewsheds Across the Marcellus Shale Region

Nicholas, Kyle LX Spatial Information Research Institute 2016 지적과 국토정보 Vol.46 No.2

The Marcellus Shale industry has impacted Pennsylvania since 2005 and has been a major driver of land use change ever since. The Pennsylvania state park system has been facing encroachment from this industry ever since the first Pennsylvania wellpad was drilled in 2008. Previous research conducted overviews the impacts associated with this industry in regards to environmental quality, but there is limited research associated with the social impacts. The conducted research overviews the Marcellus Shale industry in regards to encroachment on Pennsylvania state parks through a GIS analysis. The purpose of the research is to evaluate how the viewsheds (areas of vision from a given point) of Pennsylvania state park land has been impaired by the Marcellus Shale industry. The results of the research show how the landscape of state parks have change due to the Marcellus Shale industry, and also a focus will be placed on scenic vistas (areas that highlight spectacular views within state parks) of selected parks to see to what extent that pristine landscape has been altered. The results of the research will help provide an idea of landscape change utilizing a GIS analysis and hopefully help to guide future growth.

중국경제: 성장 지속가능성과 한국에 미치는 영향

Nicholas R,Lardy 세계경제연구원 2003 세계경제연구원 간행물 Vol.- No.-