Evaluation of Fermentation Characteristics and Nutritive Value of Green Tea Waste Ensiled with Byproducts Mixture for Ruminants

Kondo, Makoto,Kita, Kazumi,Yokota, Hiro-omi Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.4

In this study, the possibility of green tea waste (GTW) as a new ingredient of byproducts-mixed silage was investigated. Characteristics of GTW were low in dry matter (DM) content (20%), and high in crude protein (30 to 36%) and tannins (8.5%). The GTW was added to mixed silages composed of tofu cake, rice straw and rice bran that are locally available in Japan. In experiment 1, the effect of GTW addition to silage made from various patterns of byproducts mixture based on tofu cake was studied. In experiment 2, the effect of GTW addition and storage temperature on fermentation characteristics, nutrient contents and in vitro ruminal gas production of byproducts-mixed silages were examined. In experiment 1, GTW addition on tofu cake accelerated acetic, propionic and butyric acid accumulation in the silage. When rice straw was mixed with tofu cake, DM content was increased from 47 to 56%, lactic acid was the main acid and the pH was decreased below 4.2. In this case, GTW addition to those mixtures did not affect acid concentrations of the silage. In experiment 2, GTW addition to the byproducts mixture increased lactic acid concentration, decreased the pH and DM loss of the silages. In GTW treatments, tannin concentration was lower in the silage stored at $30^{\circ}C$ than $15^{\circ}C$. Addition of GTW into the silage also increased in vitro ruminal gas production. It was concluded that addition of GTW into byproducts-mixed silage enhanced lactic acid fermentation when there were insufficient materials for lactic acid production. Utilization of GTW as an ingredient in mixed silages would be effective in enhancing fermentation characteristics, lowering tannin content and in vitro ruminal gas production.

Assessment of Anti-nutritive Activity of Tannins in Tea By-products Based on In vitro Rumen Fermentation

Kondo, Makoto,Hirano, Yoshiaki,Ikai, Noriyuki,Kita, Kazumi,Jayanegara, Anuraga,Yokota, Hiro-Omi Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.11

Nutritive values of green and black tea by-products and anti-nutritive activity of their tannins were evaluated in an in vitro rumen fermentation using various molecular weights of polyethylene glycols (PEG), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl polypyrrolidone as tannin-binding agents. Significant improvement in gas production by addition of PEG4000, 6000 and 20000 and PVP was observed only from black tea by-product, but not from green tea by-product. All tannin binding agents increased $NH_3$-N concentration from both green and black tea by-products in the fermentation medium, and the PEG6000 and 20000 showed relatively higher improvement in the $NH_3$-N concentration. The PEG6000 and 20000 also improved in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy contents of both tea by-products. It was concluded that high molecular PEG would be suitable to assess the suppressive activity of tannins in tea by-products by in vitro fermentation. Higher responses to gas production and $NH_3$-N concentration from black tea by-product than green tea by-product due to PEG indicate that tannins in black tea by-product could suppress rumen fermentation more strongly than that in green tea by-product.

Ensiled Green Tea Waste as Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal and Alfalfa Hay in Lactating Cows

Kondo, Makoto,Nakano, Masashi,Kaneko, Akemi,Agata, Hirobumi,Kita, Kazumi,Yokota, Hiroomi Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.7

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein supplementation of green tea waste (GTW) on the performance of lactating cows. Another aim was to increase resource utilization and to eliminate any environmental negative impact from the tea waste. GTW from a beverage company was ensiled at a low pH (<4.0) and high acetic acid and lactic acid concentration, and it contained high crude protein (CP, 34.8%), total extractable tannins (TET, 9.2%) and condensed tannin (CT, 1.7%). Two experiments were conducted to investigate the palatability and performance in lactating cows fed GTW. In the palatability trial, three lactating cows were allocated to three dietary treatments in a 3$\times$3 Latin square design. The animals were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) including GTW at rates of 0, 2.5 and 5.0% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Total DM intake was not different among the treatments. In the performance trial, four lactating cows were used in a 2$\times$2 Latin square design with a 3 week sampling period. GTW was incorporated into TMR at a rate of 5.0% on a DM and 10.0% on a CP basis. Thus GTW replaced alfalfa hay and soybean meal at a level of 25.0% on a DM. DM and CP intake were not affected by the inclusion of GTW, whereas TET and CT intake were significantly increased (p<0.001). Milk production, milk composition and the efficiency of milk production were not altered by the GTW inclusion. Although ruminal pH and VFA, and blood urea nitrogen were not changed, ruminal $NH_{3}-N$ and plasma total cholesterol were relatively low in the GTW group, but not significantly different. The excretion of urinary purine derivatives and estimated MN supply were also not significantly affected by GTW treatment. It is therefore concluded that GTW can be used as a protein source without any detrimental effects on the performance of lactating cows.

Fermentation Characteristics, Tannin Contents and In vitro Ruminal Degradation of Green Tea and Black Tea By-products Ensiled at Different Temperatures

Kondo, Makoto,Hirano, Yoshiaki,Kita, Kazumi,Jayanegara, Anuraga,Yokota, Hiro-Omi Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.7

Green and black tea by-products, obtained from ready-made tea industry, were ensiled at $10^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$. Green tea by-product silage (GTS) and black tea by-product silage (BTS) were opened at 5, 10, 45 days after ensiling. Fermentation characteristics and nutrient composition, including tannins, were monitored and the silages on day 45 were subjected to in vitro ruminal fermentation to assess anti-nutritive effects of tannins using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a tannin-binding agent. Results showed that the GTS and BTS silages were stable and fermented slightly when ensiled at $10^{\circ}C$. The GTS stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ showed rapid pH decline and high acetic acid concentration. The BTS was fermented gradually with moderate change of pH and acid concentration. Acetic acid was the main acid product of fermentation in both GTS and BTS. The contents of total extractable phenolics and total extractable tannins in both silages were unaffected by storage temperatures, but condensed tannins in GTS were less when stored at high temperature. The GTS showed no PEG response on in vitro gas production, and revealed only a small increase by PEG on $NH_3$-N concentration. Storage temperature of GTS did not affect the extent of PEG response to both gas production and $NH_3$-N concentration. On the other hand, addition of PEG on BTS markedly increased both the gas production and $NH_3$-N concentration at any ensiled temperature. It can be concluded that tannins in both GTS and BTS suppressed rumen fermentation, and tannins in GTS did more weakly than that in BTS. Ensiling temperature for both tea by-products did not affect the tannin's activity in the rumen.

Ensiled or Oven-dried Green Tea By-product as Protein Feedstuffs: Effects of Tannin on Nutritive Value in Goats

Kondo, Makoto,Kita, Kazumi,Yokota, Hiro-omi Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.6

Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by-products (GTB) were evaluated in goats for their nutritive potential as protein feedstuffs based on in vitro and in vivo digestibility. To elucidate the effects of tea tannin on in vitro digestibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a tannin binding agent. Both ensiled and dried GTB contained 31.9 to 32.6% of crude protein (CP) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Phenolics and tannins in soybean meal and alfalfa hay were low or not detected, but they were high in both ensiled and dried GTB (7.3-10.1% DM as total extractable tannins). In vitro protein digestibility in the rumen ranked: soybean meal>alfalfa hay cube>ensiled GTB = dried GTB. The protein digestibility post-ruminally of these feedstuffs showed a similar trend to that in the rumen, but the digestibility of ensiled GTB was significantly higher than that of dried GTB. Addition of PEG improved the in vitro protein digestibility of both kinds of GTB in the rumen and post-ruminally, indicating that tannins suppressed the potential protein digestibility of GTB. The increased protein digestibility by PEG addition was not significantly different between ensiled and dried GTB in the rumen, but the percentage increment of ensiled GTB was higher than dried GTB post-ruminally. In the in vivo digestibility trial, ensiled and dried GTB were offered to goats as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes. Offering both GTB to goats as 5-10% on a DM basis did not affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia concentration. However, the eating time of the GTB-incorporated diet was longer than that of the basal diet. It took 1.4 and 1.6 times longer than the control diet, to eat the diet completely when GTB silage was offered at 5 and 10% levels, respectively, of the total diet. These results show that ensiled and dried GTB are useful as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes for goats with respect to nutritive value. Because of lessened palatability, it is recommended that GTB be incorporated into the diet at 5% on a DM basis.

Heterologous expression and characterization of endocellulase encoding gene (cel3A) from basidiomycete Polyporus arcularius

Hiroki Ishihara,Keisuke Takahashi,Makoto Kita,Tadanori Aimi,Yutaka Kitamoto 한국버섯학회 2004 한국버섯학회 국제학술대회 Vol.3 No.-

Enhancement of the CMCase reaction of a novel Polyporus arcularius endocellulase by accumulation of cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides

Hiroki Ishihara,Kimitoshi Imamura,Makoto Kita,Tadanori Aimi,Yutaka Kitamoto 한국버섯학회 2004 한국버섯학회 국제학술대회 Vol.3 No.-

Negative Muon Capture on Nitrogen Oxide Molecules

Kazuhiko Ninomiya,Takashi U. Ito,Wataru Higemoto,Makoto Kita,Atsushi Shinohara,Takashi Nagatomo,Kenya Kubo,Patrick Strasser,Naritoshi Kawamura,Koichiro Shimomura,Yasuhiro Miyake,Taichi Miura 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.41

The characteristic muonic X-ray measuring system for low pressure gas sample was constructed to investigate the initial process of muonic atom formation. Low background characteristic muonic X-ray spectra were obtained for neon (1.0 bar) and nitrogen mono-oxide samples (0.99 bar) by muon irradiation with 19 MeV/c. The deviation of characteristic muonic X-ray intensity patterns both for muonic nitrogen and oxygen atoms in nitrogen mono-oxide sample between our low pressure experiment and the previous high pressure experiment was found. Muon capture probability was also determined and compared with the previous work and empirical estimations.

Long-Term Survival after Stroke in 1.4 Million Japanese Population: Shiga Stroke and Heart Attack Registry

Naoyuki Takashima,Hisatomi Arima,Yoshikuni Kita,Takako Fujii,Sachiko Tanaka-Mizuno,Satoshi Shitara,Akihiro Kitamura,Yoshihisa Sugimoto,Makoto Urushitani,Katsuyuki Miura,Kazuhiko Nozaki 대한뇌졸중학회 2020 Journal of stroke Vol.22 No.3

Background and Purpose Although numerous measures for stroke exist, stroke remains one of the leading causes of death in Japan. In this study, we aimed to determine the long-term survival rate after first-ever stroke using data from a large-scale population-based stroke registry study in Japan. Methods Part of the Shiga Stroke and Heart Attack Registry, the Shiga Stroke Registry is an ongoing population-based registry study of stroke, which covers approximately 1.4 million residents of Shiga Prefecture in Japan. A total 1,880 patients with non-fatal first-ever stroke (among 29-day survivors after stroke onset) registered in 2011 were followed up until December 2016. Five-year cumulative survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, according to subtype of the index stroke. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess predictors of subsequent allcause death. Results During an average 4.3-year follow-up period, 677 patients died. The 5-year cumulative survival rate after non-fatal first-ever stroke was 65.9%. Heterogeneity was present in 5-year cumulative survival according to stroke subtype: lacunar infarction, 75.1%; large-artery infarction, 61.5%; cardioembolic infarction, 44.9%; intracerebral hemorrhage, 69.1%; and subarachnoid hemorrhage, 77.9%. Age, male sex, Japan Coma Scale score on admission, and modified Rankin Scale score before stroke onset were associated with increased mortality during the chronic phase of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusions In this study conducted in a real-world setting of Japan, the 5-year survival rate after non-fatal first-ever stroke remained low, particularly among patients with cardioembolic infarction and large-artery infarction in the present population-based stroke registry.

Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Cuttings of a Hybrid Larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica x L. kaempferi) to Elevated Ozone and/or Carbon Dioxide

Takayoshi Koike,Qiaozhi Mao,Naoki Inada,Korin Kawaguchi,Yasutomo Hoshika,Kazuhito Kita,Makoto Watanabe 한국대기환경학회 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.2

We studied the effects of elevated ozone ([O3]) and CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) on the growth and photosynthesis of the hybrid larch F1 (F1) and on its parents (the Dahurian larch and Japanese larch). F1 is a promising species for timber production in northeast Asia. Seedlings of the three species were grown in 16 open top chambers and were exposed to two levels of O3 (⁄10 ppb and 60 ppb for 7 h per day) in combination with two levels of CO2 (ambient and 600ppm for daytime) over an entire growing season. Ozone reduced the growth as measured by height and diameter, and reduced the needle dry mass and net photosynthetic rate of F1, but had almost no effect on the Dahurian larch or Japanese larch. There was a significant increase in whole-plant dry mass induced by elevated [CO2] in F1 but not in the other two species. Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] was observed in all species. The net photosynthetic rate measured at the growing [CO2] (i.e. 380ppm for ambient treatment and 600 ppm for elevated CO2 treatment) was nevertheless greater in the seedlings of all species grown at elevated [CO2]. The high [CO2] partly compensated for the reduction of stem diameter growth of F1 at high [O3]; no similar trend was found in the other growth and photosynthetic parameters, or in the other species. We studied the effects of elevated ozone ([O3]) and CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) on the growth and photosynthesis of the hybrid larch F1 (F1) and on its parents (the Dahurian larch and Japanese larch). F1 is a promising species for timber production in northeast Asia. Seedlings of the three species were grown in 16 open top chambers and were exposed to two levels of O3 (⁄10 ppb and 60 ppb for 7 h per day) in combination with two levels of CO2 (ambient and 600ppm for daytime) over an entire growing season. Ozone reduced the growth as measured by height and diameter, and reduced the needle dry mass and net photosynthetic rate of F1, but had almost no effect on the Dahurian larch or Japanese larch. There was a significant increase in whole-plant dry mass induced by elevated [CO2] in F1 but not in the other two species. Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] was observed in all species. The net photosynthetic rate measured at the growing [CO2] (i.e. 380ppm for ambient treatment and 600 ppm for elevated CO2 treatment) was nevertheless greater in the seedlings of all species grown at elevated [CO2]. The high [CO2] partly compensated for the reduction of stem diameter growth of F1 at high [O3]; no similar trend was found in the other growth and photosynthetic parameters, or in the other species.