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Takayoshi Koike,Qiaozhi Mao,Naoki Inada,Korin Kawaguchi,Yasutomo Hoshika,Kazuhito Kita,Makoto Watanabe 한국대기환경학회 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.2
We studied the effects of elevated ozone ([O3]) and CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) on the growth and photosynthesis of the hybrid larch F1 (F1) and on its parents (the Dahurian larch and Japanese larch). F1 is a promising species for timber production in northeast Asia. Seedlings of the three species were grown in 16 open top chambers and were exposed to two levels of O3 (⁄10 ppb and 60 ppb for 7 h per day) in combination with two levels of CO2 (ambient and 600ppm for daytime) over an entire growing season. Ozone reduced the growth as measured by height and diameter, and reduced the needle dry mass and net photosynthetic rate of F1, but had almost no effect on the Dahurian larch or Japanese larch. There was a significant increase in whole-plant dry mass induced by elevated [CO2] in F1 but not in the other two species. Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] was observed in all species. The net photosynthetic rate measured at the growing [CO2] (i.e. 380ppm for ambient treatment and 600 ppm for elevated CO2 treatment) was nevertheless greater in the seedlings of all species grown at elevated [CO2]. The high [CO2] partly compensated for the reduction of stem diameter growth of F1 at high [O3]; no similar trend was found in the other growth and photosynthetic parameters, or in the other species. We studied the effects of elevated ozone ([O3]) and CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) on the growth and photosynthesis of the hybrid larch F1 (F1) and on its parents (the Dahurian larch and Japanese larch). F1 is a promising species for timber production in northeast Asia. Seedlings of the three species were grown in 16 open top chambers and were exposed to two levels of O3 (⁄10 ppb and 60 ppb for 7 h per day) in combination with two levels of CO2 (ambient and 600ppm for daytime) over an entire growing season. Ozone reduced the growth as measured by height and diameter, and reduced the needle dry mass and net photosynthetic rate of F1, but had almost no effect on the Dahurian larch or Japanese larch. There was a significant increase in whole-plant dry mass induced by elevated [CO2] in F1 but not in the other two species. Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] was observed in all species. The net photosynthetic rate measured at the growing [CO2] (i.e. 380ppm for ambient treatment and 600 ppm for elevated CO2 treatment) was nevertheless greater in the seedlings of all species grown at elevated [CO2]. The high [CO2] partly compensated for the reduction of stem diameter growth of F1 at high [O3]; no similar trend was found in the other growth and photosynthetic parameters, or in the other species.
Korin Kawaguchi,Yasutomo Hoshika,Makoto Watanabe,Takayoshi Koike 한국대기환경학회 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.3
The effects on birch (Betula spp.) of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3), which are both increasing in the troposphere, are surveyed in detail based on the literature. Birches establish themselves in the open field after disturbances, and then become dominant trees in temperate or boreal forests. Ecophysiological approaches include the measurement of photosynthesis, biomass, growth, and survival of seedlings and trees. Elevated CO2 levels give rise to a net enhancement of the growth of birch trees,whereas high O3 generally reduces growth. Although the effects of the two are opposed, there is also an interactive effect. Basic physiological responses of the single genus Betula to CO2 and O3 are set out,and some data are summarized regarding ecological interactions between trees, or between trees and other organisms.
Kawaguchi, Korin,Hoshika, Yasutomo,Watanabe, Makoto,Koike, Takayoshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.3
The effects on birch (Betula spp.) of elevated carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and ozone ($O_3$), which are both increasing in the troposphere, are surveyed in detail based on the literature. Birches establish themselves in the open field after disturbances, and then become dominant trees in temperate or boreal forests. Ecophysiological approaches include the measurement of photosynthesis, biomass, growth, and survival of seedlings and trees. Elevated $CO_2$ levels give rise to a net enhancement of the growth of birch trees, whereas high $O_3$ generally reduces growth. Although the effects of the two are opposed, there is also an interactive effect. Basic physiological responses of the single genus Betula to $CO_2$ and $O_3$ are set out, and some data are summarized regarding ecological interactions between trees, or between trees and other organisms.
A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan
Makoto Watanabe,Masahiro Yamaguchi,Hideyuki Matsumura,Yoshihisa Kohno,Takayoshi Koike,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
Ozone (O_3) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric O_3 in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species,risk assessments of O_3 impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of O_3 on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of O_3 impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). O_3 sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, O_3 exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of O_3 impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high O_3 exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to O_3 and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the O_3 sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high O_3 exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of O_3 on forest tree species in East Asia.
A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan
Watanabe, Makoto,Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Matsumura, Hideyuki,Kohno, Yoshihisa,Koike, Takayoshi,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4
Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric $O_3$ in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of $O_3$ on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). $O_3$ sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, $O_3$ exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of $O_3$ impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high $O_3$ exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to $O_3$ and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the $O_3$ sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high $O_3$ exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of $O_3$ on forest tree species in East Asia.
Kim, Yong Suk,Yi, Myong Jong,Lee, Yoon Young,Son, Yowhan,Koike, Takayoshi Institute of Forest Science 2012 Journal of Forest Science Vol.28 No.4
We investigated the relationship between vegetation type and soil carbon dynamics in even-aged alder (Alnus hirsuta) and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantations in central Korea. Both forests were located on the same soil parent material and occupied similar topographic positions. Soil $CO_2$ efflux in the two plantations was determined using a dynamic chamber method accompanied by measurements of soil moisture content and temperature. Mean soil temperature was similar in the two plantations, but mean soil water content was significantly higher in the alder plantation than in the pine plantation. In both plantations, seasonal patterns in soil $CO_2$ efflux exhibited pronounced variation that corresponded to soil temperature. Soil water content did not affect the seasonal variation in soil $CO_2$ efflux. However, in summer, when soil temperature was above $17^{\circ}C$, soil $CO_2$ efflux increased linearly with soil water content in the alder plantation. Estimated $Q_{10}$ was 3.3 for the alder plantation and 2.7 for the pine plantation. Mean soil respiration during the measurement period in the alder plantation was 0.43 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, which was 1.3 times higher than in the pine plantation (0.33 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$). Higher soil $CO_2$ efflux in the alder plantation might be related to nitrogen availability, particularly the concentration of $NO_3{^-}$, which was measured using the ion-exchange resin bag method.
Yong Suk Kim,Myong Jong Yi,Yoon Young Lee,Yowhan Son,Takayoshi Koike 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2012 Journal of Forest Science Vol.28 No.4
We investigated the relationship between vegetation type and soil carbon dynamics in even-aged alder (Alnus hirsuta) and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantations in central Korea. Both forests were located on the same soil parent material and occupied similar topographic positions. Soil CO2 efflux in the two plantations was determined using a dynamic chamber method accompanied by measurements of soil moisture content and temperature. Mean soil temperature was similar in the two plantations, but mean soil water content was significantly higher in the alder plantation than in the pine plantation. In both plantations, seasonal patterns in soil CO2 efflux exhibited pronounced variation that corresponded to soil temperature. Soil water content did not affect the seasonal variation in soil CO2 efflux. However, in summer, when soil temperature was above 17oC, soil CO2 efflux increased linearly with soil water content in the alder plantation. Estimated Q10 was 3.3 for the alder plantation and 2.7 for the pine plantation. Mean soil respiration during the measurement period in the alder plantation was 0.43 g CO2 m−2 h−1, which was 1.3 times higher than in the pine plantation (0.33 g CO2 m−2 h−1). Higher soil CO2 efflux in the alder plantation might be related to nitrogen availability, particularly the concentration of NO3 −, which was measured using the ion-exchange resin bag method.