OsMSR15 encoding a rice C2H2-type zinc finger protein confers enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis

Xin Zhang,Bin Zhang,Ming Juan Li,Xu Ming Yin,Li Fang Huang,Yan Chun Cui,Man Ling Wang,Xin Jie Xia 한국식물학회 2016 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.59 No.3

Zinc nger proteins (ZFPs) play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Through microarray analysis, an Oryza sativa L. multi-stress-responsive gene, OsMSR15, was identied and subsequently cloned from rice Pei’ai 64S (Oryza sativa L.). Expression of OsMSR15 was strongly up-regulated by cold, drought and heat stresses in different tissues at different developmental stages of rice. OsMSR15 contains two C2H2-type zinc nger motifs, a nuclear localization signal (B box), a Leu-rich domain (L-box) and a conserved EAR-motif close to its C-terminus. The OsMSR15-GFP fusion protein was localized to the nucleus. Yeast-one hybrid assay showed that OsMSR15 possesses transcriptional activation ability. Expression of OsMSR15 in Arabidopsis conferred drought tolerance, and transgenic plants showed hypersensitivity to exogenous ABA during the seed germination and post-germination stages. Transgenic plants also showed higher levels of free proline, less electrolyte leakage and increased expressions of a number of stress-responsive genes, including LEA3, RD29A, DREB1A and P5CS1 under drought stress. The obtained results indicate that OsMSR15 is an important regulator involved in plant response to drought stress.

Ginsenoside Rb1 increases macrophage phagocytosis through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/Akt pathway

Xin, Chun,Quan, Hui,Kim, Joung-Min,Hur, Young-Hoe,Shin, Jae-Yun,Bae, Hong-Beom,Choi, Jeong-Il The Korean Society of Ginseng 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.3

Background: Ginsenoside Rb1, a triterpene saponin, is derived from the Panax ginseng root and has potent antiinflammatory activity. In this study, we determined if Rb1 can increase macrophage phagocytosis and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Methods: To measure macrophage phagocytosis, mouse peritoneal macrophages or RAW 264.7 cells were cultured with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Escherichia coli, and the phagocytic index was determined by flow cytometry. Western blot analyses were performed. Results: Ginsenoside Rb1 increased macrophage phagocytosis and phosphorylation of p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK), but inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with SB203580 decreased the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Rb1 also increased Akt phosphorylation, which was suppressed by LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor. Rb1-induced Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by SB203580, (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol, and small-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of $p38{\alpha}$ MAPK in macrophages. However, Rb1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation was not blocked by LY294002 or siRNA-mediated knockdown of Akt. The inhibition of Akt activation with siRNA or LY294002 also inhibited the Rb1-induced increase in phagocytosis. Rb1 increased macrophage phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized beads but not unopsonized beads. The phosphorylation of p21 activated kinase 1/2 and actin polymerization induced by IgG-opsonized beads and Rb1 were inhibited by SB203580 and LY294002. Intraperitoneal injection of Rb1 increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Akt and the phagocytosis of bacteria in bronchoalveolar cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 enhances the phagocytic capacity of macrophages for bacteria via activation of the p38/Akt pathway. Rb1 may be a useful pharmacological adjuvant for the treatment of bacterial infections in clinically relevant conditions.

Ginsenoside Rb1 increases macrophage phagocytosis through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/Akt pathway

Chun Xin,Hui Quan,김정민,허영호,신재윤,배홍범,최정일 고려인삼학회 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.3

Background: Ginsenoside Rb1, a triterpene saponin, is derived from the Panax ginseng root and haspotent antiinflammatory activity. In this study, we determined if Rb1 can increase macrophagephagocytosis and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Methods: To measure macrophage phagocytosis, mouse peritoneal macrophages or RAW 264.7 cellswere cultured with fluorescein isothiocyanateeconjugated Escherichia coli, and the phagocytic index wasdetermined by flow cytometry. Western blot analyses were performed. Results: Ginsenoside Rb1 increased macrophage phagocytosis and phosphorylation of p38 mitogenactivatedprotein kinase (MAPK), but inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with SB203580 decreased thephagocytic ability of macrophages. Rb1 also increased Akt phosphorylation, which was suppressed byLY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor. Rb1-induced Akt phosphorylation was inhibited bySB203580, (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol, and small-interfering RNA (siRNA)emediated knockdown of p38a MAPKin macrophages. However, Rb1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation was not blocked by LY294002 orsiRNA-mediated knockdown of Akt. The inhibition of Akt activation with siRNA or LY294002 alsoinhibited the Rb1-induced increase in phagocytosis. Rb1 increased macrophage phagocytosis of IgGopsonizedbeads but not unopsonized beads. The phosphorylation of p21 activated kinase 1/2 andactin polymerization induced by IgG-opsonized beads and Rb1 were inhibited by SB203580 andLY294002. Intraperitoneal injection of Rb1 increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Akt and thephagocytosis of bacteria in bronchoalveolar cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 enhances the phagocytic capacity of macrophagesfor bacteria via activation of the p38/Akt pathway. Rb1 may be a useful pharmacological adjuvantfor the treatment of bacterial infections in clinically relevant conditions.

Analysis on the Self under the Vision of Confucian Values: A Case Study of Confucius and Cheng Hao

( Wang Xin-chun ) 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2010 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.0 No.13

中華文化, 无疑是一底蘊厚重深湛、未來意義不可低估的文化。 歷史上, 對于此一文化及其核心价値的形成與確立, 儒家无疑發揮了擧足輕重的作用。孔子(前551 年―前479 年)與程?(1032―1085 年), 是本文探討儒家視域下的自我的切入点。與西方突顯基于肉體感性生命而來的鮮明而强烈的個我之自我觀念形成對照的, 是中華文化語境下的自我觀念。儒家視域下的自我, 奠定于先秦時期人的發現的時代主題與孔子于其中所作出的劃時代意義的杰出貢獻。孔子契接禮樂之統, 意味着對于人的發現的時代主題的契接。繼此契接, 孔子着力突顯了禮樂之統在直接性的生命存在本身之存在上的究竟意義, 予以自覺的此一意義上的創造性轉化, 進而幷從人自身那里爲其尋得了眞切可靠的价値根基, 卽仁。仁被詮顯爲內在于人的生命之中的崇高价値。人本身直下卽成爲擁有崇高价値的存在。禮樂之統有了來自于生命存在本身的价値根基與直接承當, 與人的生命存在接通。仁禮合一的全新哲學文化价値系統最終建構完成。在孔子的視域下, 自我非孤立性存在, 自我之在, 上以通天, 下以接所有的天地人物。自我卽是如此地與天地人物相連一體, 以此而在, 以此而實現着人生的一切。孔子之后, 自先秦時代起, 儒家漸次確立起自身涵納天人、貫通古今、放眼未來的哲學天人之學。置身由漢唐經學向宋明理學轉型過程中的程颢, 推出了他的理學體系。程颢首先開示了一個充滿盎然生机、生意的有机整體宇宙圖景, 繼之揭示了此一生机、生意之所自來的終極宇宙根基, 卽天理, 幷指出天理是一終極的令物生生之理, 卽是一最高的絶對之善本身, 由此天理卽仁體。此一天理、仁體令天地万物涵具幷彰顯出盎然生机、生意, 且一體无隔。人稟受它而具備了存在的所以然的終極宇宙根基和充足的价値根据與資源, 應据之一則珍視自己生命的內在价値, 令其原發性暢然舒展、展現與實現, 再則珍視幷善待他人他物的內在价値, 視天地人物一體无隔的有机宇宙整體中的一切皆爲我生命的有机組成部分, 期其亦皆能原發性暢然舒展、展現與實現自我, 從而成就起一宇宙式大我, 達到成爲天理、仁體自覺圓融化身的最高的生命境界, 卽天地境界。經程颢的創造性解讀, 自我不僅僅是基于肉體感性生命之自我的自我, 更是, 抑或毋寧更應是基于終極大宇宙根基之天理的天地人物无一例外地皆我之的大我。此一大我, 才是自我之在的本然、實然與應然。這一解讀, 爲孔子所開創的儒家之視域所容許, 而令其得到了空前之升華。 The self is a unique concept in the Confucianism, which was laid by Confucius and elucidated by later Confucians. Theories on benevolence were the core of Confucianism, which showed the intrinsic value of human life firstly under its unique vision at the times of “discovery of man”. Cheng Hao who was in the process of transition between classical learning of Han and Tang Dynasties and neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming dynasties blended Confucius’s theory on benevolence with Yi-ology to give benevolence a new life. A dynamic and organic picture of universe lied in the theory which revealed that “Tian Li” was the basis of everything. Meanwhile, “Tian Li” was absolute goodness, namely benevolence. All the things were regarded as an organic whole due to it. Human possessed the ultimate cause of being and sufficient value resources. human’s intrinsic values of life should be cherished and fulfilled naturally as well as other beings’ intrinsic values which were regarded as inevitable parts of my life. Cheng Hao pursued a kind of undistinguishable state with all things on earth as an integral whole, which was named as the world realm. The intrinsic values of human and other beings which were based on the course of heaven were demonstrated fully in Cheng Hao’s new theory of benevolence,which claimed that the fundamental value should be conserved, including all beings on earth. In the global and contemporary social cultural context, all studies on how to transform creatively and explore its modern value and significance in the future are very important. [Article in Chinese]

Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum Multidrug Resistance Strain S06004 from China(s)

( Qiu Chun Li ),( Ya Chen Hu ),( Yin Fei Wu ),( Xiao Chun Wang ),( Xiao Lei Xie ),( Ming Xin Tao ),( Jun Lei Yin ),( Zhi Jie Lin ),( Yang Jiao ),( Li Juan Xu ),( Xinan Jiao ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.5

As Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum remains a major economic problem for the poultry industries of countries with no efficient control measures, we presented a multidrug resistance strain S06004 (isolated from a clinically sick chicken in China in 2006) for genome sequencing. The genome comparison showed that the strain contained two prophages, the ST104 and prophage-4 (Fels2) of E. coli LF82, which were not detected in the only published genomes of S. Pullorum RKS5078 and CDC1983-67. In addition, the GyrA Ser83 point mutation, drugresistant genes, and many antibiotic pump systems that are present in S06004 may be contributing to the multidrug resistance of this strain.

Thalidomide Combined with Chemotherapy in Treating Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer

Huang, Xin-En,Yan, Xiao-Chun,Wang, Lin,Ji, Zhu-Qing,Li, Li,Liu, Meng-Yan,Qian, Ting,Shen, Hui-Ling,Gu, Han-Gang,Liu, Yong,Gu, Ming,Deng, Li-Chun Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.17

Objective: To assess the safety and effectiveness of thalidomide (produced by CHANGZHOU PHARMACEUTICAL FACTORY CO.LTD) combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Method: A consecutive cohort of pretreated patients with advanced colorectal cancer were treated with thalidomide combined with chemotherapy. And chemotherapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer were administered according to the condition of patients. Thalidomide was orally administered at a dosage of 50mg/day to 150mg/day before sleeping for at least 14 days. After at least 14 days of treatment, safety and side effects were evaluated. Results: There were 12 female and 3 male patients with advanced cancer recruited into this study, including 9 patients with colon, 6 patients with rectal cancer. The median age of patients was 57(41-82) years. Partial response was observed in 2 patients (2/15), and stable disease in 3 patients(3/15). Incidences of Grade 1 to 2 myelosuppression was observed in 1/15 patients, and Grade 1 to 2 elevation of hepatic enzyme was recorded in 1/15 patients. Adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract were documented in 1/15 patients, and were Grade 1. No Grade 3-4 toxicities were diagnosed. No treatment related death was found. Conclusions: Thalidomide combined with chemotherapy was safe and mildly effective in treating patients with advanced colorectal cancer. However, further study should be conducted to clarify the effectiveness of this combination.

Strong convergence theorems for asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive mappings and inverse-strongly monotone mappings

Xin-feng He,Yong-chun Xu,Zhen He 영남수학회 2011 East Asian mathematical journal Vol.27 No.1

In this paper, we consider an iterative scheme for finding a common element of the set of fixed points of a asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive mapping and the set of solutions of the variational inequality for an inverse strongly monotone mapping in a Hilbert space. Then we show that the sequence converges strongly to a common element of two sets. Using this result, we consider the problem of finding a common fixed point of a asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive mapping and a strictly pseudocontractive mapping and the problem of finding a common element of the set of fixed points of a asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive mapping and the set of zeros of an inverse-strongly monotone mapping.

Preparation of minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K from American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848

Chun-Ying Liu,Rui-Xin Zhou,Chang-Kai Sun,Ying-Hua Jin,Hong-Shan Yu,Tian-Yang Zhang,Long-Quan Xu,Feng-Xie Jin 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.3

Background: Minor ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: DEAE (diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used in enzyme purification, thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used in enzyme hydrolysis and kinetics; crude enzyme was used in minor ginsenoside preparation from PPD-ginsenoside; the products were separated with silica-gel-column, and recognized by HPLC and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Results: The enzyme molecular weight was 75 kDa; the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed the C-20 position 20- O-b-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb1, then the C-3 position 3-O-b-D-Glc with the pathway Rb1/Rd/F2/C-K. However, the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed C-3 position 3-O-b-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb2 and Rc, finally hydrolyzed 20-O-L-Ara with the pathway Rb2/C-O/C-Y/C-K, and Rc/C-Mc1/C-Mc/C-K. According to enzyme kinetics, Km and Vmax of MichaeliseMenten equation, the enzyme reaction velocities on ginsenosides were Rb1 > Rb2 > Rc > Rd. However, the pure enzyme yield was only 3.1%, so crude enzyme was used for minor ginsenoside preparation. When the crude enzyme was reacted in 3% American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside (containing Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) at 45C and pH 5.0 for 18 h, the main products were minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K; average molar yields were 43.7% for CMc from Rc, 42.4% for C-Y from Rb2, and 69.5% for F2 and C-K from Rb1 and Rd. Conclusion: Four monomer minor ginsenosides were successfully produced (at low-cost) from the PPDginsenosides using crude enzyme.

Study on Photosynthesis Reaction of Plants at Different Light Wavelengths Mix Ratio under Low Power

( Chun-yu Tsai ),( Xin-yi Lin ),( Yung-fu Yen ),( Chyung Ay ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

The environmental factors such as light, carbon dioxide, temperature, and nutrition are very important and closely related to the stable control of plant growth in plant factories. However, how to configure the light source at different light wavelengths to increase the physiological response of chlorophyll is also a knowledge. In this study, Boston Lettuce and Red Lettuce (Ziyan) were used as samples and planted in the NFT (Nutrient Film Technology) cultivation system. The effects of different light wavelengths combination on photosynthesis were analyzed to find the optimal ratio of light sources. In addition, sample analysis was performed on these two plants to verify the correctness of the light wavelengths combination ratio. The preliminary results show that the green leaves Boston lettuce have the highest photosynthetic efficiency under the combination of the red wavelength (38.4 μmol) + blue wavelength (57.6 μmol) + green wavelength (24 μmol), while the red leaves Ziyan lettuce had the best photosynthetic efficiency under red wavelength (43.2 μmol) + blue wavelength (64.8 μmol) + yellow wavelength (12 μmol). At the end of the experiment, plant sample analysis will be performed using these two ratios of light wavelengths, verifying that the leaves of two different lettuces strains have its most suitable ratio of light wavelengths, allowing plants to grow efficiently, improve yield, quality and other advantages.

A dynamic asymmetrical crack model of bridging fiber pull-out in unidirectional composite materials

Xin-gang Li,Yun-hong Cheng,Nian-chun Lü,Guo-dong Hao,Jin Cheng 대한기계학회 2011 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.25 No.9

As a rule, when a crack happens in composite materials, the fibrous system will generate bridging fibers resulted in the asymmetrical extending of the crack. In this paper, a dynamic asymmetrical crack model of bridging fiber pull-out in unidirectional composite materials is built for analyzing the distributions stress and displacement with the internal asymmetrical crack under the loading conditions of an applied non- stress and the traction forces on crack faces yielded by the bridging fiber pull-out model. Thus the fiber failure is determined by the maximum tensile stress, the fiber ruptures, and hence the crack propagation should also occur in self-similar modality. The formulation involves the development of a Riemann-Hilbert problem. The analytical solution of an asymmetrical extension crack in unidirectional composite materials under the conditions of moving increasing loads Pt²/x² and Px²/t is concluded, respectively. Based on relative material properties, the variable law of dynamic stress intensity factors was depicted perfectly. After the conclusion of analytical solutions with the superposition theorem, the solutions of arbitrary complex problems could be acquired.