지속성 외래 복막투석 환자에서 염증 지표와 고해상도 B 모드 경동맥 초음파 소견의 연관성에 관한 연구

송현용,송영수,안철우,강신욱,최규헌,하성규,이현철,이호영,한대석 대한신장학회 2002 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.21 No.2

배 경 : 저알부민혈증 및 C-반응 단백(C-reactive protein, CRP)이 증가된 지속성 외래 복막투석 환자의 사망률이 높은 정확한 이유는 밝혀져 않다. 혈액투석 환자에서처럼 복막투석 환자에서 저알부민혈증 및 염증반응이 심혈관계 질환 위험인자 인지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 비당뇨병성 말기 신부전, 지속성 외래 복막투석 환자 93명의 심혈관계 질환 위험인자들과 복막 투과 특성 및 알부민, CRP 등의 염증지표에 따라 고해상도 초음파를 이용한 경동맥내막-중간막 두께, 내막-중간막 면적, 플라크의 유무 등을 단면적으로 비교하였다. 결 과: 복막 투과 특성은 고투과막군 14명, 중간 고투과막군 38명, 중간 저투과막군 31명, 저투과막군 10명으로 각 군간의 경동맥 내막-중간막 두께, 플라크 유무 및 내막-중간막 면적의 차이는 없었다. 기존 관상동맥 질환 환자는 8예(8.6%)로 내막-중간막 두께는 관상동맥 질환이 없는 환자보다 증가되었고(0.79±0.21 vs 0.60±0.11 mm, p<0.05) 플라크 형성은 더 많이 보이나 통계적 유의성은 없었다(75.0 vs 63.5%, p>0.05). 혈청 알부민치와 경동맥 내막-중간막 면적은 역상관관계를 보였다(r=-0.27, p<0.05). 저알부민혈증 환자(혈청 알부민 <3.5 g/dL)는 정상 알부민혈증 환자보다 내막-중간막 두께가 증가되었고(0.67±0.15 vs 0.61±0.12 mm, p<0.05), 플라크도 유의하게 많았다(68.0 vs 55.8%, p<0.05). 혈청 CRP치와 경동맥 내막-중간막 면적은 양의 상관관계가 있었으며(r=0.21, p<0.05) CRP가 높은 환자(≥0.8 mg/dL, n=18)에서플라크가 많이 관찰되었으나(65.8 vs 50.0%, p<0.05) 경동맥 내막-중간막 두께 및 내막-중간막면적은 양군간에 차이가 없었다. 다변량 회귀 분석상 경동맥 내막-중간막 두께에 영향을 미치는 인자는 고령, 높은 CRP, 기존 심혈관계질환, 낮은 혈청 알부민 순이였다. 결 론 : 복막투석 환자에서 고해상도 초음파를 이용한 경동맥 내막-중간막 두께 측정은 심혈관계 질환 유무 예측의 비침습적 검사가 될 수 있고 저알부민혈증 및 높은 CRP과 같은 만성염증 지속상태가 복막투석 환자에서 죽상 동맥 경화증의 발생을 증가시킨다고 가정할 수 있다. Background : Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) patients with low albumin(LA) and signs of inflammation reflected by increased C-reactive protein(CRP) level have an increased mortality, but the mechanism of this phenomenon is not clear yet. Methods : To answer whether LA and inflammation also enhance cardiovascular risk in CAPD patients, we performed cross sectional study measuring carotid artery intima-media thickness(IMT), calculated intima-media area(cIM area) and the presence of plaque by high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography in 93 non-diabetic CAPD patients. Results : Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD, n=8) had significantly increased IMT(0.79± 0.21 mm vs. 0.60±0.11 mm, p<0.05) and higher prevalence of carotid plaques(75.0% vs. 63.5%) compared to the non-CAD patients. Significant inverse correlation was observed between serum albumin (SA) level and cIM area(r=-0.27, p<0.05). Those patients with LA(SA <3.5 g/dL) had significantly increased IMT compared to non-LA patients(0.67±0.15 mm vs 0.61±0.12 mm, p<0.05). Prevalence of carotid plaques was also significantly higher in LA patients (68.0% vs. 55.8%, p<0.05). CRP level revealed a significant positive correlation with cIM area(r=0.21, p< 0.05). Patients with high CRP(≥0.8 mg/dL, n=18) had higher prevalence of carotid plaques (65.8% vs. 50.0%, p<0.05) compared to those patients with CRP <0.8 mg/dL, but IMT and cIMT area were not different. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, old age, high CRP, history of CAD and low SA were the independent risk factors affecting IMT. Conclusion : Our study strongly suggests that low albumin and chronic inflammatory state of CAPD patients could be associated with increasing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. (Korean J Nephrol 2002;21(2):285-294)

『樸素村話』를 통해 본 18세기 보수적 지식인의 모습

송철호 釜山大學校 韓國民族文化硏究所 2003 한국민족문화 Vol.21 No.-

There was much debate about "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)" in the eighteenth century. But it was the natural process for change of idea in the those days when the demand toward modernization was strong. Since the theorists of "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)" who have been estimated much lower than the ones of "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)", or kept at a distance by investigators, I hope to explain the value of persons, "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)", who tried to play important roles from the middle to modern ages, with the feature of conservative intellectual as seen through "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)", written by Lee dong-yun(이동윤)During from the post the eighteenth to the early the nineteenth century, not only the result of prosperity and stability of "Cheong(淸)", ignored as barbarians, but also the realism instead the just cause made the concept of "BanCeongBookBeol(反淸北伐)" that followed "Song See-yeol(송시열)" account little step by step. But Lee dong-yun(이동윤) is a real scholar who tried to recover the national bases of self-respect that had been injured by "Cheong(?)", only to fail. He considered deeply for his whole life the importances of "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)", exclusive theory for "HwaLee(華夷)", and national bases of self-respect. In Lee dong-yun(이동윤)‘s sense, "Hwa(華)" was different from "Lee(夷) at "Mulseong(物性)" and "Inseong(人性)". What was worse, Choseon lost "Cheong Country's Invasion df Korea in 1636 to "Cheong(?)", He advocated that Choseon," Hwa(華), must tried to recover the national bases of self-respect from "Cheong(?)", founded by Lee(夷) as barbarians. Lee dong-you(이동윤) could not accept the fact that Cheong(?) had gained the victory over "Myeong(明)", Hwa(華) like Choseon. So he seemed to think that only the choice of "BanCeongBookBeol(反淸北伐) was the shorter road, where the people of Choseon could recover the national bases of self-respect but also existing order from the wrong world of Lee(夷). Human history has been developed through conflict and confrontation by the forces that were different from their goals. It is not right if only one is good and the other bad. Human history has existed with the two other forces. Finally, such idea and literature as Lee dong-yun(이동윤)‘s are full of suggestions for us in our won day.There was much debate about "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)" in the eighteenth century. But it was the natural process for change of idea in the those days when the demand toward modernization was strong. Since the theorists of "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)" who have been estimated much lower than the ones of "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)", or kept at a distance by investigators, I hope to explain the value of persons, "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)", who tried to play important roles from the middle to modern ages, with the feature of conservative intellectual as seen through "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)", written by Lee dong-yun(이동윤)During from the post the eighteenth to the early the nineteenth century, not only the result of prosperity and stability of "Cheong(淸)", ignored as barbarians, but also the realism instead the just cause made the concept of "BanCeongBookBeol(反淸北伐)" that followed "Song See-yeol(송시열)" account little step by step. But Lee dong-yun(이동윤) is a real scholar who tried to recover the national bases of self-respect that had been injured by "Cheong(?)", only to fail. He considered deeply for his whole life the importances of "Inmulseongdonglee(人物性同異)", exclusive theory for "HwaLee(華夷)", and national bases of self-respect. In Lee dong-yun(이동윤)‘s sense, "Hwa(華)" was different from "Lee(夷) at "Mulseong(物性)" and "Inseong(人性)". What was worse, Choseon lost "Cheong Country's Invasion df Korea in 1636 to "Cheong(?)", He advocated that Choseon," Hwa(華), must tried to recover the national bases of self-respect from "Cheong(?)", founded by Lee(夷) as barbarians. Lee dong-you(이동윤) could not accept the fact that Cheong(?) had gained the victory over "Myeong(明)", Hwa(華) like Choseon. So he seemed to think that only the choice of "BanCeongBookBeol(反淸北伐) was the shorter road, where the people of Choseon could recover the national bases of self-respect but also existing order from the wrong world of Lee(夷). Human history has been developed through conflict and confrontation by the forces that were different from their goals. It is not right if only one is good and the other bad. Human history has existed with the two other forces. Finally, such idea and literature as Lee dong-yun(이동윤)‘s are full of suggestions for us in our won day.

수종의 불소방출 수복재의 탈회억제 효과 및 불소침투에 관한 연구

김송이,최성철,최영철,김광철,박재홍 大韓小兒齒科學會 2010 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.37 No.3

자이오머(Giomer)는 레진강화형글라스아이오노머에 견줄 만큼 불소방출량이 많다고 하나, 우식예방 효과에 관한 연구들이 많지 않아 임상적용에 대한 근거가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 자이오머(BF 군)를 포함하여 레진강화형글라스아이오노머(FF 군), 콤포머(DA 군)와 대조군인 콤포짓(FZ 군)의 우식억제 효과와 주변 치질로의 불소침투 양상을 비교하기 위하여, 공초점레이저주사현미경과 전자탐침미세분석기를 이용하여 각 수복재의 우식예방 효과를 비교하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 수복물 주위 이차 인공우식에서 법랑질 외측병변의 깊이는 FZ 군에서 가장 깊었으며, BF 군이 가장 작게 나타났다(p<0.05). 2. 수복물과 법랑질 계면에 나타난 탈회억제층의 두께를 관찰한 결과 FZ 군이 가장 작게 나타났으며, FF, DA, BF 간에는 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다(p<0.05). 3. 법랑질에 침투된 불소농도는 BF, FF, DA의 순으로 높게 나타났다. 4. 상아질에 침투된 불소농도는 DA, BF, FF의 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 이는 상아질-수복물의 접착 계면에 영향 받는 것으로 보인다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of light cured fluoride-releasing materials on the inhibition of demineralization. In addition, the pattern of fluoride uptake of adjacent tooth structure was analyzed with EPMA. Eighty intact premolars were restored with Filtek Z250(control group, composite), Fuji Filling LC(RMGI), Dyract AP (compomer) and Beautifil II(giomer). Restored teeth were stored in distilled water for 30 days. Thensixty teeth(n=15) were exposed to demineralizing solution(pH 4.3). Demineralized teeth were bisected and polished. The specimens were observed with confocal laser scanning microscope. The depth of outer lesion and the thickness of inhibition zone were measured. Remained twenty teeth(n=5) were bisected for fluoride uptake analysis. The fluoride analysis were taken at enamel-restoration interface and dentin-restoration interface by electron probe micro-analyzer. The results are as follows: 1. The depth of outer lesion of Fuji Filling LC, Dyract AP, Beautifil II was shallower than that of Filtek Z250 at the margin of restoration(p<0.05). 2. The thickness of caries inhibition zone of Fuji Filling LC, Dyract AP, Beautifil II was greater than that of Filtek Z250 at the margin of restoration(p<0.05). 3. Fuji Filling LC, Dyract AP, Beautifil II groups showed the greater fluoride uptake into enamel and dentine around restoration than Filtek Z250 group. 4. In dentin the difference of fluoride concentration were greater than in enamel, and Dyract AP showed the greatest fluoride concentration in dentin.

사회체육 측면에서 여가활용에 관한 연구

송철규 영남이공대학 산업기술연구소 2002 産業技術硏究 Vol.14 No.-

The results obtained by an investigation of junior college students leisure time activities from the viewpoint of social sports are as follows: 1.Quite a few students have positive recognition on the necessity of leisure time activities(4.32), and on the participation in social sports as leisure time activities(3.89) 2.They also think that the participation in social sports in their leisure time is very helpful for their spiritual health (3.86), physical health(4.10), and self-development(4.00) 3.Quite a few students want to participate in social sports activities if they are given opportunities, but their real percentage of participation is low(2.79) 4.They think negatively of the sports facilities(2.29), and the number of sports instructors(2.26), in their neighborhood. 5.It is shown that the frequency of education experience on the leisure time activities is 2.52

납착 방법이 치과용 금속의 성상에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김철형,송영균,이종혁 대한치과보철학회 2012 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.50 No.1

연구 목적: 본 연구는 치과영역에서 많이 사용되는 비귀금속 합금인 니켈-크롬 합금을 산소-아세틸렌 불꽃 납착법과 적외선 용접법을 이용해 용접하고 용접부 및 그 주변을 광학 현미경과 EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer, 전자미세현미분석기)를 통해 관찰하여 용접방법이 금속의 성상(性狀)에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법:니켈-크롬 합금을 이용하여 3.0 mm 직경, 30 mm 길이의 시편을 제작하였다. 시편은 산소-아세틸렌 불꽃 납착법, 적외선 용접법의 두 개의 그룹으로 분류하였다(n = 4). 시편을 low-speed disc로 자른 후 각각을 산소-아세틸렌 토치와 적외선 용접기를 이용해 용접하였다. 용접과 마무리 후에 시편을 광학현미경으로 용접부, 5 mm 떨어진 지점, 10 mm 떨어진 지점의 3개 부위에서 관찰하고EPMA를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 광학 현미경 관찰 결과 용접부에서는 두 방법 모두 다수의 파절선이 관찰되었고, 10.0 mm 떨어진 거리에서는 두 방법 모두 시편의 표면에서 파절선이 발견되지 않았으나 5.0 mm 떨어진 거리에서는 적외선 용접법에서는 시편의 표면이 다소 거칠기는 했으나 파절선은 발견되지 않았고 산소-아세틸렌 불꽃 납착 표면에서는 다수의 파절선이 관찰되었다. EPMA분석에서 적외선 용접법에 의한 방법에서는 용접부위, 5.0 mm 떨어진 부위, 10.0 mm 떨어진 부위 모두에서 시편 금속의 구성성분 비율이 제조사의 구성성분 비율과 10.0%이내의 오차를 나타내었고, 산소-아세틸렌 불꽃 납착법에서는 5.0, 10.0 mm에서는 시편금속의 구성성분이 10.0%이내의 오차를 나타내었으나, 납착 부위에서는 Ni만이 검출되어 적외선 용접법과는 차이를 나타내었다. 이와 같은 분석결과를 살펴 볼 때 적외선 용접을 시행한 시편의 구성 성분이 모금속의 성분과 유사한 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 이상의 결과로 산소-아세틸렌 불꽃 납착법보다 적외선 용접법을 이용할 때, 금속의 결함 및 성분의 변화가 적어서 좀 더 우수한 금속 보철물의 제작이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to compare Ni-Cr alloy property of gas-oxygen torch soldering and infrared welding using optical microscope and Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ni-Cr alloys were casted for specimens. Specimens had 3.0 mm diameter, 30.0 mm length and were divided into two groups. Each group had 4 specimens. One group was for gas-oxygen torch soldering and the other was infrared welding. Specimens were cut with low-speed disc and soldered each other with gas-oxygen torch and infrared machine. After soldering and polishing, specimens were observed at 3 points (soldering point, 5 mm distance point, 10 mm distance point) with optical microscope and analyzed 3 points (soldering point, 5 mm distance point, 10 mm distance point with EPMA. RESULTS. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The observation of gas-oxygen torch soldering at 10 mm distance point under the optical microscope was not founded any specific surface properties, but some crack lines were observed at 5 mm distance and soldering point. 2. There were no crack lines were founded at the observation of infrared welding at 10 mm distance and 5 mm distance points under the optical microscope. However, at the 5 mm distance, the surface was not smooth enough compared with at 10 mm distance point. Some crack lines were observed at the welding point as well. 3. In the EPMA analysis of the gas-oxygen torch soldering, the component of Ni was increased by 4.5%, Cr was increased by 7.5% than that of the Ni-Cr alloy at the 10.0 mm distance. At the 5 mm distance, the component of Ni was decreased by 6.1%, Mo was increased by 9.0% than that of the Ni-Cr alloy but Cr was equally shown at the 5.0 mm distance. Only Ni was shown at the soldering point. 4. In the EPMA analysis of the infrared welding, the component of Ni was increased by 9.1%, Cr was increased by 0.4% than that of the Ni-Cr alloy but Al was equal at the 10.0 mm distance. At the 5 mm distance, the component of Ni was increased by 4.7%, Cr was increased by 4.7% and Al was increased by 0.1% than that of the Ni-Cr alloy. At the welding point, the component of Ni was increased by 8.8%, Cr was increased by 8.2% than that of the Ni-Cr alloy. CONCLUSION.From these results, at the 5 mm distance from the soldering point, the surface of the infrared welding was more smoother than that of the gas-oxygen torch soldering. On the EPMA analysis, the component of the specimens with infrared welding was more similar than that of the gas-oxygen torch soldering compared with the component of the Ni-Cr alloy.

선진안전차량 개발을 위한 자동차의 절대속도 추정 (Ⅰ)

송철기 경상대학교 생산기술연구소 2001 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.1 No.-

In order to develop the advanced safety vehicles such as the automatic braking system, the collision warning system, the collision avoidance system, and the automated highway system, the absolute vehicle speed should be well-estimated during severe braking condition and severe tracking condition as well as normal condition. The absolute longitudinal speed of a vehicle is estimated by using vehicle acceleration data from an accelerometer and wheel speed data from standard ABS wheel speed sensors. The proposed algorithm is verified experimentally to estimate speed of a vehicle, and is also shown to estimate the absolute speed with a 6% worst-case error during a hard braking maneuver.

한국어 단모음의 음형 주파수 특성 연구

송철구,윤종락 釜山水産大學校 1994 釜山水産大學 硏究報告 Vol.34 No.1

The formant frequency is a key signature of speech signal and it is a main parameter in speech recognition and synthesis. The object of this study is to characterize and to standardize the formant frequencies of Korean single vowels. The measured people groups consist of man, woman, boy and girl and each group size is 30 persons. The LPC(Linear Predictive Coding) autocorrelation technique is adopted to analyze the formant frequencies and the LPC order is 15 which could be optimum value to figure out the effects of the glottis and the radiation including the vocal tract. The mean values and standard deviation of 1st formant frequeney F1 to 5th formant frequency F5 are obtained and the F1-F2 scatter diagrams of four groups are also presented. The result is compared with Japanese vowel formant frequencies. the overall characteristics is similiar each other but the Korean F2 of vowel/우/is 200 ㎐ lower than that of Japanese. Another finding is that it is difficult to characterize the children's formant frequencies due to their large diversity.

RFID System 환경에서의 보안 위협과 프라이버시 보호기술에 관한 연구

문송철 남서울대학교 2007 남서울대학교 논문집 Vol.13 No.3

ABSTRACT : This paper firstly points out the problem that engineer thinks thatUbiquitous computing and Radio Frequency identification(RFID)connected to network have become more complexes and distributed, butmost system-related research is still focused on the 'performance' or'efficiency'. For examples, most studied papers in privacy have beenfocused on encryption technology and protocols for securing thepersonal information data transaction. This paper secondly points outtheproblem that security researcher thinks that law can controllertechnology beyond human control. For that reason due to the complexityof the problem, new privacy-related research based on total solution isintegrative needed to consider laws,technology, economy, norms and soon. It is said that the Ubiquitous Computing Environment will be comeby the technological revolution in future.

印刷出版業 勤勞者 尿의 突然變異誘發性에 關한 調査硏究

宋東彬,車喆煥,金永煥 고려대학교 의과대학 1985 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.22 No.1

As a part of the human population monitoring on the mutagenicity of environmental pollutants in industrial working sites, this study was performed with a purpose of examining the mutagenicity in urine of printing workers who are exposed to pollutants such as lead and certain organic solvents. Also, environmental monitoring of major pollutants of ambient air in printing indutries, such as lead, toluene, xylene, benzene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), was carried out to correlate the relationship between mutagenicity and environmental chemicals. In addition, the relationship between mutagenicity and other factors such as age, career, smoking amount and the amount of urinary hippuric acid, the major metabolite of toluene, was evaluated. The test method employed in studying the mutagenicity in urine was Ames test using Salmonella typlumurium TA98. The mutagenic activity was calculated based on urinary creatinine levels and spontaneous revertants. The subjects of this study were 95 line-workers(esposed group) and 27 clerks (unexposed group) from 3 printing industries. The line-workers mere from the type picking and setting, photolithographing, offset printing and gravure printing part. The results are as follows : 1. The mutagenic activity in urine from printing works was 92.7, which is 2.5 times higher than that of the control group (35.0). Especially, the smokers of gravurers showed the highest mutagenic activity of 183.9. 2. The mutagenic activity of smokers in the unexposed group was 2.7 times higher than thar of the nonsmoker, while in the exposed group the mutagenic activity of smokers was only 1.3~1.5 times higher than that of the unexposed group. 3. The mutagenicity in urine of printing workers showed a strong correlation with the air concentration of organic solvents (r=0.54). On the other hand, little correlation was seen with the amount of hippuric acid in urine (r=0.11). 4. The age, career and smoking amount of the workers showed no remarkable correlation with the mutagenic activity in urine.

行政管理上의 Leadership에 關한 考察 : 行1政指導者를 중심으로

宋哲雄 中央大學校 法政大學 學生會 1967 法政論叢 Vol.12 No.2