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Global fine-mode aerosol radiative effect, as constrained by comprehensive observations
Chung, Chul E.,Chu, Jung-Eun,Lee, Yunha,van Noije, Twan,Jeoung, Hwayoung,Ha, Kyung-Ja,Marks, Marguerite Copernicus GmbH 2016 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.16 No.13
<P>Abstract. Aerosols directly affect the radiative balance of the Earth through the absorption and scattering of solar radiation. Although the contributions of absorption (heating) and scattering (cooling) of sunlight have proved difficult to quantify, the consensus is that anthropogenic aerosols cool the climate, partially offsetting the warming by rising greenhouse gas concentrations. Recent estimates of global direct anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing (i.e., global radiative forcing due to aerosol-radiation interactions) are −0.35 ± 0.5 W m−2, and these estimates depend heavily on aerosol simulation. Here, we integrate a comprehensive suite of satellite and ground-based observations to constrain total aerosol optical depth (AOD), its fine-mode fraction, the vertical distribution of aerosols and clouds, and the collocation of clouds and overlying aerosols. We find that the direct fine-mode aerosol radiative effect is −0.46 W m−2 (−0.54 to −0.39 W m−2). Fine-mode aerosols include sea salt and dust aerosols, and we find that these natural aerosols result in a very large cooling (−0.44 to −0.26 W m−2) when constrained by observations. When the contribution of these natural aerosols is subtracted from the fine-mode radiative effect, the net becomes −0.11 (−0.28 to +0.05) W m−2. This net arises from total (natural + anthropogenic) carbonaceous, sulfate and nitrate aerosols, which suggests that global direct anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing is less negative than −0.35 W m−2. </P>
Acidic pH-activated $Cl^-$ Current and Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ Response in Human Keratinocytes
Park, Su-Jung,Choi, Won-Woo,Kwon, Oh-Sang,Chung, Jin-Ho,Eun, Hee-Chul,Earm, Young-E,Kim, Sung-Joon The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2008 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.12 No.4
The layers of keratinocytes form an acid mantle on the surface of the skin. Herein, we investigated the effects of acidic pH on the membrane current and $[Ca^{2+}]_c$ of human primary keratinocytes from foreskins and human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Acidic extracellular pH ($pH_e{\leq}5.5$) activated outwardly rectifying $Cl^-$ current ($I_{Cl,pH}$) with slow kinetics of voltage-dependent activation. $I_{Cl,pH}$ was potently inhibited by an anion channel blocker 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS, 73.5% inhibition at 1${\mu}$M). $I_{Cl,pH}$ became more sensitive to $pH_e$ by raising temperature from $24^{circ}C$ to $37^{circ}C$. HaCaT cells also expressed $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^-$ current ($I_{Cl,Ca}$), and the amplitude of $I_{Cl,Ca}$ was increased by relatively weak acidic $pH_e$ (7.0 and 6.8). Interestingly, the acidic $pH_e$ (5.0) also induced a sharp increase in the intracellular [$Ca^{2+}$] (${\triangle}[Ca^{2+}]_{acid}$) of HaCaT cells. The ${\triangle}[Ca^{2+}]_{acid}$ was independent of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$, and was abolished by the pretreatment with PLC inhibitor, U73122. In primary human keratinocytes, 5 out of 28 tested cells showed ${\triangle}[Ca^{2+}]_{acid}$. In summary, we found $I_{Cl,pH}$ and ${\triangle}[Ca^{2+}]_{acid}$ in human keratinocytes, and these ionic signals might have implication in pathophysiological responses and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes.
Su Jung Park,Won Woo Choi,Oh Sang Kwon,Jin Ho Chung,Hee Chul Eun,Yung E Earm,Sung Joon Kim 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2008 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.12 No.4
The layers of keratinocytes form an acid mantle on the surface of the skin. Herein, we investigated the effects of acidic pH on the membrane current and [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>c</sub> of human primary keratinocytes from foreskins and human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Acidic extracellular pH (pH<sub>e</sub>≤5.5) activated outwardly rectifying Cl<sup>−</sup> current (I<sub>Cl,pH</sub>) with slow kinetics of voltage-dependent activation. I<sub>Cl,pH </sub>was potently inhibited by an anion channel blocker 4,4`-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2`-disulphonic acid (DIDS, 73.5% inhibition at 1ՌM). I<sub>Cl,pH </sub>became more sensitive to pH<sub>e</sub> by raising temperature from 24<sup>o</sup>C to 37<sup>o</sup>C. HaCaT cells also expressed Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated Cl<sup>−</sup> current (I<sub>Cl,Ca</sub>), and the amplitude of I<sub>Cl,Ca</sub> was increased by relatively weak acidic pH<sub>e</sub> (7.0 and 6.8). Interestingly, the acidic pH<sub>e</sub> (5.0) also induced a sharp increase in the intracellular [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] (⁘[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>acid</sub>) of HaCaT cells. The ⁘[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>acid</sub> was independent of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and was abolished by the pretreatment with PLC inhibitor, U73122. In primary human keratinocytes, 5 out of 28 tested cells showed ⁘[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>acid</sub>. In summary, we found I<sub>Cl,pH</sub> and ⁘[Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>acid</sub> in human keratinocytes, and these ionic signals might have implication in pathophysiological responses and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes.
Chung Jong Min,Park Jie Eun,Hwang Hee Ju,Sang Min Kyu,Min Hye Rin,Cho Hang Chul,Kang Se Won,Park So Young,Baliarsingh Snigdha,Park Hong Seog,Cha Sung‐Jae,Shin E. Hyun,Patnaik Bharat Bhusan,Lee Yong Se 한국곤충학회 2020 Entomological Research Vol.50 No.12
Aedes vexans is the inland floodwater mosquito widely distributed in every continent excepting Antarctica and South America. They are opportunistic feeders preferring blood meal of larger animals including cattle, horses, deer, and humans. Further, the mosquito species is a compatible vector of several diseases, including West Nile virus and dog heartworm. In this study, we performed transcriptome characterization of Ae. vexans using Illumina HiSeq 4,000 sequencing and assembly of sequenced reads using Trinity. A total of 55,813,852 raw read and 54,630,771 clean reads (97.88% of raw reads) were obtained after Illumina paired-end sequencing and pre-processing steps. After Trinity de novo assembly, TransDecoder and TGICL clustering, a total of 37,111 unigenes were obtained. Out of the total unigenes count, 28,733, 17,893, 14,626, and 17,055 showed homologous matches against the PANM, UniGene, SwissProt, and KOG databases. A total of 9,483 unigenes were assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and 3,741 unigenes were mapped to 483 KEGG pathways. The zinc finger (C2H2-type), reverse transcriptase, integrase (catalytic core), protein kinase, and RNA recognition motif domain among others showed as the top InterProScan domains. The obtained datasets serves as a basis for future studies towards understanding ecology, metabolism, and parasitism potential of Ae. vexans.
Concentration and Environmental Loading of Veterinary Antibiotics in Agricultural Irrigation Ditches
Sung-Chul Kim,Doug Young Chung,Kye Hoon Kim,Ja Hyun Lee,Hyo Kyung Kim,Jae E. Yang,Yong Sik Ok,Yaser A.O. Almarwei 한국토양비료학회 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.6
The concentration of veterinary antibiotics in aqueous and sediment matrices was measured in agricultural irrigation ditches bordering several animal-feeding operations (AFOs) and then compared to its concentration in the watershed. Analytical determination in aqueous samples was based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and appropriate buffer solutions were used to extract residuals in sediment samples. Separation and detection of extracted veterinary antibiotics were performed with high performance liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). In general, higher concentrations of antibiotic were observed in the aqueous phase of irrigation ditches, with the highest concentration of erythromycin hydrochloride (ETM-H<sub>2</sub>O) of 0.53 μg L<sup>-1</sup>, than in aqueous watershed samples. In contrast, higher concentrations were measured in river sediment than in irrigation ditch sediment with the highest concentration of oxytetracycline of 110.9 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>. There was a high calculated correlation ( > 0.95) between precipitation and measured concentration in aqueous samples from the irrigation ditches for five of the ten targeted veterinary antibiotics, indicating that surface runoff could be an important transport mechanism of veterinary antibiotics from field to environment. Further, environmental loading calculation based on measured concentrations in aqueous samples and flow information clearly showed that irrigation ditches were 18 times greater than river. This result suggests the likelihood that veterinary antibiotics can be transported via irrigation ditches to the watershed. The transport via surface runoff and likely environmental loading via irrigation ditches examined in this study helps identify the pathway of veterinary antibiotics residuals in the environment.