The Relationship between the Septuagint and the Hebrew Bible in Origen`s Exegesis

Christos Karakolis(크리스토스 카라콜리스) 한국신학정보연구원 2014 Canon&Culture Vol.8 No.2

오리겐의 성경 해석에서 어휘를 선택하는 것은 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있으며, 이것은 그가 70인경과 히브리어 본문 사이의 관계를 어떻게 설정했느냐는 문제와 직결된다. 우리는 먼저 이 두 본문에 대해 오리겐이 어떤 이론적 관계를 설정했는지 살펴야 하며, 구체적으로 이사야 7:14에 나오는 히브리어 알마(העלמה)와 그리스어 파르테노스(παρθένοϛ )의 번역 문제를 어떻게 다루었는지를 고찰하고자 한다. 오리겐은 먼저 히브리어 본문이 가장 정확한 헬라어 번역만큼 중요하다고 보았다. 가끔 오리겐은 70인 경의 번역이 잘못되었거나 히브리어 원문의 의미를 모호하게 만들었다고 주장한다. 두 본문 사이의 매우 작은 차이점까지도 그는 서로 비교하며, 원문에 더 가까운 독법을 선택하려고 한다. 그는 때때로 자신의 어휘연구와 주석의 방법론이 부족함도 인식하고 있다. 그는 자신의 기독론적이고 구원론적인 관점으로 모든 본문 상의 차이점들을 통합하며, 예수 그리스도를 전하는 한 관점으로 수렴하려고 한다. 오리겐은 70인경이 이사야 7:14의 히브리어 알마(העלמה)를 네아니스(νϵᾰις)가 아니라 파르테노스(παρθένοϛ)로 번역되었음을 관찰하며 신명기 22:23-26에서 알마(העלמה)와 베툴라(בתולה)가 동일한 의미로 사용 되었으므로, 이사야 7:14에서 알마는 ‘젊은 여인’과 ‘처녀’의 두 의미를 모두 가질 수 있다고 본다. 그는 문맥적, 윤리적, 역사적, 알레고리적 논증으로 자신의 분석에 대한 결론을 맺는다. 결론적으로 그는 이사야 7:14에서 70인경이 다른 그리스어 번역만큼 정확하지 않다는 점을 인정하지 않는다. A very important aspect of Origen’s philological work on the Bible is his particular understanding of the relationship between the Greek and the Hebrew text of the Old Testament. The aim of the present paper is to examine this aspect. In the first part we present Origen’s theoretical principles regarding the relationship between these two texts. As an example, in the second part we analyze his exegesis of Is 7:14 and specifically the was he dealt with the problem of the translation of the Hebrew word העלמה as παρθένοϛ in the Septuagint. Origen believed that the Hebrew text is at least as important as its most correct Greek translation. Having a variety of Greek translations and manuscripts at his disposal was extremely important to him. Occasionally Origen ascertained that Septuagint translated in a wrong way or in a way that obscured the original meaning of the Hebrew. In such cases he used to cite all known translations and comment on them, thus trying to find the most successful one, even if he had to prioritize the Hebrew text or other translations to the Septuagint. Even in cases of very small differences between the Septuagint and the Hebrew text, Origen would compare the Septuagint rendering to the ones of the other Greek translations in drder to choose the one closer to the original. On the other hand, Origen was also aware of the fact that all philological and exegetical problems due to dissonances among various manuscripts and translations could not always be definitively resolved. In such cases he accepted the insufficiencies of his phiological and exegetical method contending himself with presenting the various exegetical options at hand, and allowing his audience to choose the most correct one. His christological and soteriological perspective unified all textual variants and translations of the Old Testament under one scope, namely the preaching of and about Jesus Christ. Origen observes that the Septuagint translates the word of העלמה Is 7:14 as παρθένοϛ and not as νϵᾰις. He also notes that on the contrary the word העלמה is rendered as νϵᾰις in all other Greek translations. He then tries to demonstrate that the rendering of the Septuagint is also philologically possible by claiming that in the context of Deut 22:23-26 both העלמה and בתולה actually bear the same meaning. Thus, he is able to prove that also in the case of Is 7:14 the word העלמה can bear both the meaning of a young woman and of a virgin, which would mean that the Septuaint rendering is also correct. He concludes his analysis by offering a contextual, an ethical, an historical and an allegorical argument. In the case of Is 7:14 Origen follows at first his usual methodological procedure when dealing with translation issues. However, his aim is clearly to verify the Septuagint rendering, due to ecclesiastical and theological reasons. Therefore, he does not admit, as in other cases, that the Septuagint is at this point at least not as accurate as the other Greek renderings.

Nomograms to predict overall survival for patients with endometrial carcinosarcoma

Christos Iavazzo,Alexandros Fotiou,Kalliopi Kokkali,Nikolaos Vrachnis 대한산부인과학회 2023 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.66 No.5

Usefulness of Computed Tomographic Perfusion Imaging for Appropriate Diagnosis of Acute Cerebral Vessel Occlusion in Case of Anatomic Variations of the Circle of Willis

Christos Krogias,Jeyanthan Charles James,Daniel Richter,Laura Tomaske,Ruth Schneider,Carsten Lukas,Felix Kaemmerer,Ralf Gold 대한신경중재치료의학회 2021 Neurointervention Vol.16 No.2

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is an effective treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to emergent large-vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation. Occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) affects up to 15% of these patients. Here we report a case of an elderly patient with an successful MT of an embolic A2-segment occlussion with the anatomic variation of a triplication. Triplication of ACA is a rare anatomical variation, and the occlusion could have been easily overlooked in case of not performing the CT-perfusion (CTP) sequences. As anatomical variations of the circle of Willis are present in most subjects, CTA alone might be limited in the acute setting, particularly for young residents performing the first view on call. This case highlights the importance of including CTP in the initial CT-diagnostic algorithm in AIS patients who are basically eligible for recanalization therapies, irrespective of inconspicuous initial findings in CTA.

Radiobiological analysis of preliminary results of a phase II study of pelvic hypofractionated and accelerated radiotherapy for high-risk prostate cancer patients

Christos Nanos,Vasilios Souftas,Athanasios Zissimopoulos,Michael I. Koukourakis 대한방사선종양학회 2022 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.40 No.2

Purpose: Conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (CRT) is widely applied for the treatment of high-risk prostate cancer. Pelvic node irradiation improves control of the disease. Although the therapeutic guidelines support the use of hypofractionated and accelerated radiotherapy (HypoAR), this is addressed to prostate and seminal vesicles. At the same time, the safety and efficacy of HypoAR for pelvic node irradiation remain obscure. Materials and Methods: In a phase II study, we evaluated the feasibility of pelvic HypoAR in 22 high-risk prostate cancer patients. The RT scheme delivers 14 consecutive fractions of 3.67 Gy (total 51.38 Gy) to the prostate, 3.5 Gy (total 49 Gy) to the seminal vesicles, and 2.7 Gy (total 37.8 Gy) to the lymph nodes, using image-guided volumetric modulated arc therapy. A comparative radiobiological analysis of dose-volume histogram is performed (HypoAR vs. hypothetical equivalent CRT regimens, without and with time correction). Results: Our clinical experience shows impressively low early and short-term late toxicities, without any grade III events, within a median follow-up of 30 months. Only one biochemical relapse was recorded 30 months after irradiation. In radiobiological analysis, considering an α/β-value of 4 Gy and a λ-value of 0.2 Gy/day for late effects, all comparisons predicted significantly lower toxicity for the HypoAR regimen (p < 0.05). For early toxicities (α/β = 10 Gy), a λ-value lower than 0.4 Gy/day favors the HypoAR regimen, which is along with the clinical results. Conclusion: Radiobiological analysis favors HypoAR as a safe and effective regimen for high-risk prostate cancer patients, which is confirmed in the current phase II clinical study.

Preservation of Ovarian Reserve after Laparoscopic Cystectomy

( Christos Iavazzo ),( Nikolaos Vrachnis ),( Ioannis D. Gkegkes ) 대한폐경학회 2022 대한폐경학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Cerebro-/Cardiovascular Collateral Damage During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fact or Fiction?

Christos S Katsouras,Michail I Papafaklis,Sotirios Giannopoulos,Theodoros Karapanayiotides,Georgios Tsivgoulis,Lampros K Michalis 대한신경과학회 2023 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.19 No.1

Numerous observational studies have identified a decline in cerebro-/cardiovascular (CV) admissions during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent studies and meta-analyses indicated that the overall decrease was smaller than that found in initial studies during the first months of 2020. Two years later we still do not have clear evidence about the potential causes and impacts of the reduction of CV hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has becoming increasingly evident that collateral damage (i.e., incidental damage to the public and patients) from the COVID-19 outbreak is the main underlying cause that at least somewhat reflects the effects of imposed measures such as social distancing and self-isolation. However, a smaller true decline in CV events in the community due to a lack of triggers associated with such acute syndromes cannot be excluded. There is currently indirect epidemiological evidence about the immediate impact that the collateral damage had on excess mortality, but possible late consequences including a rebound increase in CV events are yet to be observed. In the present narrative review, we present the reporting milestones in the literature of the rates of CV admissions and collateral damage during the last 2 years, and discuss all possible factors contributing to the decline in CV hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare systems need to be prepared so that they can cope with the increased hospitalization rates for CV events in the near future.

Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with a hybrid inorganic matrix - steel fiber retrofit system

Christos G. Papakonstantinou,Konstantinos Katakalos 국제구조공학회 2009 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.31 No.5

The aim of this study was to investigate the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with a novel strengthening system. Concrete beams were strengthened with a hybrid retrofit system consisting of high strength steel cords impregnated in an inorganic fireproof matrix (Geopolymer). The strengthened reinforced concrete beams along with non-strengthened control beams were tested monotonically under four point bending loading conditions. Moreover, an analytical model is introduced, that can be used to analyze the flexural performance of the strengthened beams. The experimental results indicate that the failure of the strengthened beams was based on the yielding of the reinforcement in the tension face of the beams, followed by a local slippage of the steel cords. The flexural stiffness of the strengthened beams was significantly improved compared to the stiffness of the non-strengthened beams. In conclusion, the strengthening system can provide an effective alternative to commercially available systems.

Streptococcus sanguinis Endocarditis Involving All Valves in a Patient with Ventricular Septal Defect

Christos Zivlas,Steve Ramcharitar,Badrinathan Chandrasekaran 한국심초음파학회 2017 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.25 No.3

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Leptin in Relation to the Lipodystrophy-Associated Metabolic Syndrome

Christos S. Mantzoros 대한당뇨병학회 2012 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.36 No.3

Leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, regulates energy homeostasis as well as reproductive, neuroendocrine, immune and metabolic functions. Subjects with decreased amounts of fat in their adipose tissue, i.e., lipoatrophy, have low leptin levels. In the context of open-label, uncontrolled studies leptin administration, in physiological replacement doses, has been shown to have metabolically salutary effects in the rare patients with the syndrome of congenital lipodystrophy accompanied by leptin deficiency. Much more patients with lipodystrophy suffer from lipodystrophy and the metabolic syndrome associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In this so called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome, patients demonstrate fat maldistribution with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and other metabolic complications. Leptin administration has been shown to decrease central fat mass and to improve fasting insulin/glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hypoleptinemic patients with HAART induced lipodystrophy and the metabolic syndrome. By contrast, the results of leptin treatment in leptin replete or hyperleptinemic obese individuals with glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus have been minimal or null, presumably due to leptin tolerance or resistance that impairs leptin action. In this review, we present the emerging clinical applications and potential therapeutic uses of leptin in humans with lipodystrophy and the metabolic syndrome. Leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, regulates energy homeostasis as well as reproductive, neuroendocrine, immune and metabolic functions. Subjects with decreased amounts of fat in their adipose tissue, i.e., lipoatrophy, have low leptin levels. In the context of open-label, uncontrolled studies leptin administration, in physiological replacement doses, has been shown to have metabolically salutary effects in the rare patients with the syndrome of congenital lipodystrophy accompanied by leptin deficiency. Much more patients with lipodystrophy suffer from lipodystrophy and the metabolic syndrome associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In this so called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-associated lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome, patients demonstrate fat maldistribution with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and other metabolic complications. Leptin administration has been shown to decrease central fat mass and to improve fasting insulin/glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hypoleptinemic patients with HAART induced lipodystrophy and the metabolic syndrome. By contrast, the results of leptin treatment in leptin replete or hyperleptinemic obese individuals with glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus have been minimal or null, presumably due to leptin tolerance or resistance that impairs leptin action. In this review, we present the emerging clinical applications and potential therapeutic uses of leptin in humans with lipodystrophy and the metabolic syndrome.

Laparoendoscopic Management of Midureteral Strictures

Christos Komninos,구교철,나군호 대한비뇨의학회 2014 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.55 No.1

The incidence of ureteral strictures has increased worldwide owing to the widespreaduse of laparoscopic and endourologic procedures. Midureteral strictures can be managedby either an endoscopic approach or surgical reconstruction, including open orminimally invasive (laparoscopic/robotic) techniques. Minimally invasive surgical ureteralreconstruction is gaining in popularity in the management of midureteralstrictures. However, only a few studies have been published so far regarding the safetyand efficacy of laparoscopic and robotic ureteral reconstruction procedures. Nevertheless,most of the studies have reported at least equivalent outcomes with the openapproach. In general, strictures more than 2 cm, injury strictures, and strictures associatedeither with radiation or with reduced renal function of less than 25% may be managedmore appropriately by minimally invasive surgical reconstruction, although theevidence to establish these recommendations is not yet adequate. Defects of 2 to 3 cmin length may be treated with laparoscopic or robot-assisted uretero-ureterostomy,whereas defects of 12 to 15 cm may be managed either via ureteral reimplantation witha Boari flap or via transuretero-ureterostomy in case of low bladder capacity. Caseswith more extended defects can be reconstructed with the incorporation of the ileumin ureteral repair.