사포(Sappho) 시의 자연 Imagery

강방영 제주한라대학 1999 論文集 Vol.23 No.-

Sappho(circa 625 B.C.) enjoyed fame and was honored in ancient times. There were perhaps nine complete volumes of her poetry, but her work was lost. Late in the 19th century manuscripts were discovered in the Nile Valley. Some of these manuscripts proved to contained Sappho's work. Many translations of these fragments are available today, offering a different approach to her work. The fragmental nature of the material, reconstructing a poem the translator must trail off into oblivion periodically, or speculate on the missing pieces and take the risk of introducing elements that Sappho did not intend. So to read multiple translations is good to obtain several view points. In this survey of Sappho' s some 30 poems translated in English, I tried to present Sappho's natural imagery in her poems. She portraits many kinds of human feelings with natural imagery. For example, love is a wind which has irresistible power that effects a change to an individual and enforces obedience. And love is venom that strikes one down. At the same time love is the warm light which gives beauty and meaning to life. Beautiful girl is like the full moon rising after sundown erasing all stars around it. And girls also with flowers represent something essential in our life. Her work of creating songs and poems is like that of a cricket and a nightingale. Endless time and repeated life in natural world is considered by the motions of stars and morning light. As we read Sapho's poems taking notice of her natural imagery we can understand her poem more deeply. And we can track her feelings about 2500 years later.

現代廣告의 倫理意識과 課題

方康雄 韓社大學 1981 대학논문집 Vol.11 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the matter of the ethical consciousness of advertisement among advertising movements which take the greatest position in modern enterprise. Advertisement can be said to be given much weight in the highly developed industrial society, so much so that it is mentioned as the flower of capitalism. And this advertisement is not familiar to, but causes serious complications among, modern consumers with the so-called "advertisement pollution", "advertisement indigestion" and "advertisement distrust." There has been some severe criticism and problems of the ethical consciousness of enterprise about advertisement. However, from the structure of modern enterprise with the system of mass-consumption which depends on mass-production, it is sure that the advertising movement of enterprise will be increasing, highly developing and multifarious. Business ethics-advertisement ethics can occur as a result of the conscience of managers. One of the most important business of modern managers is to perform changes. These changes, which is accompanied with the social duties of mangers, must be expressed from the ethical dimension. The task of advertisement about ethical consciousness is the matter of mangers conscience before any legal regulation is performed. And so there must be established the ethical system of value from managers. The draft of advertisement must have agreement and identification with the social ethics and legal regulation, and also it should be objective in stimulating purchasedesire. And advertisement movement should be oriented to produce the greatest consumer satisfaction, the greatest freedom of choice and further the greatest national interests, and show the duty consciousness for the public and reduce its vulgarity through self-control. Modern times can be safely said to be times of advertisement. However, the advertisement movement of enterprise, on the one hand, should keep advertisement ethics in connection with its social duty and be performed from the consumeroriented point of view.

하얀 절망의 양식 : Emily Dickinson의 연시 Emily Dickinson's Love Poems

강방영 제주한라대학 1996 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

Emily Dickinson realized that "To renounce is to possess the more." It also becomes her strategy as a poet. Her desire to possess everything made her look for the new value by which she could find a spiritual home. This home is a Heaven for Dickinson, and it is not heaven in the sense of religion, but that of her own subjectivity. This thesis is an examination of Dickinson's love poems. Some of her love poems deal with intense sexual pleasure describing the intimate act of love. The man and woman in these poems desire the security in each other's arms, the safe harbor of sexual embrace. The poems are like a New Testament of passion and devotion. Dickinson says that; "The sweet Heresy received/ That Man and Woman know―/ Each other's convert―/ Though the Faith accomodate but Tow―"(#387), "Love is like Life―merely longer/ Love is like Death, during the Grave/ Love is the Fellow of the Ressurection ... (#491) ... Sometimes love is awakening from childhood, ordinary Heaven of husband and home, and sometimes love is a festive marriage ceremony after death. The lovers come together after death, the Judgement Day, here God takes up His role as the master of Ceremonies, entirely obscured by the glory of the lovers. And in some poems the beloved is identified with a husband figure. Given her choice, the speaker would elect a life in which marriage gives passion a permanent home. Through several sensuous, emotional, psychological reactions of the lovers in her poems, Dickinson creates her heaven of yearning toward love, desire and attraction of the sexual pleasure. Love is a way of getting to Eden on Earth, getting eternity in this life. Dickinson also deals with a deep frustration and the feeling of loss, and her love poems gradually move to choose renunciation as a strategy for love. For the spiritual union with beloved, the woman in the love poems chooses to part, thinking it is only the possible way of keeping their love. These process shows how much can passion have a deep influence on human spirit. It also tells that Dickinson chooses art rather than relations with peole, longing for an immortal voice through powerful poems.

Roethke 시에 나타나는 삶의 질서와 생명의 원칙

강방영 제주한라대학 1993 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

Many poems of Theodore Roethke show a faith that the roots of life can be found in nature. He believes that the primeval sources of being lie embedded eternally in nature and we can rediscover them through true relationship with nature. To live to the fullest, to break through a more intense and nobler life human beings have to maintain a feeling of the onesess of the universe, profound inner union with the integrating principle of the universe. We once had it when we were children. Childhood is the matrix of man wherein lie the sense of being, his source of integrity and inner harmony, his identity with mankind. The adult has lost unity and joy of the childhood, but can restore them through tenderness and love. The purpose of this study is to have a comprehensive view of his poetry through the human relationship with nature. I deal with about thirteen poems from The Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke (1975). Evolution of the self, individual's growth, and its attainment of marurity and independence are connected with poems of sexual initation and love. These are the process of the self struggling to grow, to overcome adolescent conflicts and to come out into a new harmonious relationship with the world, and finding one's place in the world. And these poems show love is the integrating principle of the universe. Love gives meaning to the world, pervades the world, fulfills the supreme achievement of mystic insight. With love an adult can return to his original self and recover true energy of life, joy. Through love one can sense the absolute life and the absurdity of fear of death. Man becomes and participates eternally in a circularity in the life of the narural world with its cycles of decay and renewal. By experiencing love man goes through a developing stage of restoring and discovering life principle in the natural world and can share fulfilled moments of living.

Theodore Roethke의 Lost Son : 진전을 위한 퇴행 SLIPPING-BACK FOR PROGRESS

강방영 제주한라대학 1994 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

Theodore Roethke shows a faith that the roots of life can be found in nature. The primeval sources of being lie embedded eternally in nature, and he seeks vision of the rootedness of human beings in the natural world through his poems. His childhood in the family greenhouse provides a feeling of the oneness of the universe, everything that lives is holy, and profound inner union with the integrating principle of the universe. These powerful experiences repeat themselves throughout his life. Whenever he needs he goes back to his past and greenhouse, attains opportunities for discoveries of the mysterious quality of life force. In this study I deal with fifteen poems from his second collection The Lost Son and Other Poems (1948) . Some greenhouse poems concern plant and work of men. And Lost Son sequence and other poems are about evolution of the self, individual's birth and growth, and its attainment of a maturity and independence. The process of a plant struggling to grow seems, for the poet, like human efforts to overcome adolescent conflicts and to come out into a new harmonious relationship with the world. Through plants the lost son understands what he is and finds his place in the world. And the poet is engaged in the struggle to reestablish the earlier time, not as an escape from reality or a step toward the return to undifferentiated chaos, but as a positive state that causes him to be affirmed and developed. Slipping-back to his past expeirence he recovers his sense of being, his source of integrity and inner harmony. Roethke seeks "ingathering", the process of realizing a potential that was then present but can now be brought to life. After the dark way to the past is traveled, he discovers joy of the adult and comes back to the present reality. This is, for Roethke, a going-forward and a way of achieving a spiritual progress. This reality is filled with light and communion and the poet can affirm his present existence because of the knowledge of the darkness that is also part of his identity. The affirmation of the nature does not deny the darkness, the terror of reality, but through it the poet finds in that reality joy and unity. The poet's affirmation is filled with things of the natural world and with human participation with them. In the moment of stillness and fullness in which life is shared in al its abundance, life has about it a wholeness.

광범위 베타 락탐계 항생제 분해 효소를 생성하는 폐렴간균에 의한 균혈증이 발생한 환자에서 감영의 위험 인자 및 치료 결과

강철인,김성한,방지환,김홍빈,박상원,최영주,오명돈,김의종,최강원 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.2

목적 : 본 연구는 ESBL을 생성하는 K. pneumoniae에 의한 균혈증 환자에서 감염의 위험 인자 및 치료 결과를 알아보고자 시행하였다. 방법 : 1998년 1월부터 2002년 4월까지 혈액 배양 검사에서 동정된 K. pneumoniae를 대상으로 NCCLS guidelines과 이중 디스크 확산법(double-disk diffusion test)을 이용하여 ESBL 생성 여부를 확인하였다. ESBL 생성 균주에 의한 균혈증 환자 60명(환자군)에 대해 ESBL을 생성하지 않는 균주에 의한 균혈증 환자들(대조군)을 연령, 성별, 균혈증 발생 시점을 고려하여 1:2 또는 1:3으로 배정하였다. 총 159명의 대조군을 선정하였고 후향적인 환자-대조군 연구를 시행하였다. 결과 : 환자군과 대조군 사이에 연령, 성별, APACHE Ⅱ score, 주된 감염 부위의 유의한 차이는 없었다. ESBL을 생성하는 K. pneumoniae에 의한 균혈증이 발생할 독립적인 위험 인자에는 요관 삽입, 균혈증 발생 이전 72시간 동안 침습적인 시술을 받은 경우, 균혈증 발생 이전 30일 동안 투여받은 항생제 개수가 있었다. 초기 항생제 치료 72시간 후의 반응을 평가하였을 때, 완전 반응(complete response)은 대조군에서 더 많았고(13.3% vs. 40.3%, P<0.001), 치료 실패(treatment failure)는 환자군에서 더 많았다(33.3% vs. 11.9%, P<0.001). 7일 사망률은 환자군에서 20% (12/60), 대조군에서 15.6% (25/159)이었고(P=0.451), 30일 사망률은 환자군에서 30% (18/60), 대조군에서 24.5% (39/159)이었다(P=0.410). ESBL 생성 균주에 의한 균혈증이 있는 환자들에서 최종 항생제 치료가 부적절했던 환자들을 제외하고 30일 사망률을 분석하였을 때 효과적인 항생제 치료의 지연은 사망률을 높이지 않았다(11.1% vs. 9.1%, P=1.000). 결론 : ESBL을 생성하는 K. pneumoniae에 의한 균혈증이 있는 환자에서 초기 항균제 치료 72시간 후의 치료 반응률은 낮지만 사망률은 유의하게 증가하지 않았다. 원인균이 동정된 후 최종 치료 항생제의 선정이 적절하다면 초기에 효과적인 항생제 투여의 지연은 사망률을 유의하게 증가시키지는 않았다. Background : This study was conducted to evaluate risk factors for infection and treatment outcome of bloodstream infection due to extended spectrum β-lactamases(ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae. Methods: ESBL production was evaluated by NCCLS guidelines and/or double-disk synergy test in K. pneumoniae blood isolates stored from January, 1998 to April, 2002. Sixty patients with bloodstream infection due to ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (case patients) were compared with 159 matched control patients with bloodstream infection of non-ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. Retrospective case-control study was performed. Results : There were no significant differences in age, sex, APACHE Ⅱ score, and the primary site of infection between the case and control groups. In multivariate analysis, significant independent risk factors associated with bloodstream infection due to ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae were urinary catheterization, invasive procedure within previous 72 hours, and the number of antibiotics administered within previous 30 days. In clinical response at 72 hours after initial antibiotic treatment, complete response rate was higher in the controls (13.3% vs. 40.3%, respectively, P<0.001), however, treatment failure rate was higher in the cases (33.3% vs. 11.9%, respectively, P<0.001). Overall 7-day mortality rates in the cases and the controls were was 20% (12/60) and 15.7% (25/159) (P=0.451), respectively, and overall 30-day mortality rates were 30% (18/60) and 24.5% (39/159), respectively (P=0.410). When the patients with bloodstream infection of ESBL-producing organism were evaluated and the patients who received inadequate definitive antibiotic treatment were excluded, delayed effective antibiotic treatment was found to be not associated with higher mortality. Conclusion : In patients infected with ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae bacteremia, clinical response rate at 72 hours after antimicrobial therapy was lower, but the increase of mortality rate was not significant. Delayed effective antibiotic treatment was not associated with higher mortality, when definitive appropriate antibiotic treatment was prescribed.

국내 의료기관의 항생제 사용 실태와 규제 시스템 조사

방지환,송경호,박완범,김성한,조재현,김홍빈,김남중,오명돈,최강원 대한감염학회 2006 감염과 화학요법 Vol.38 No.6

목적 : 이전 연구들에 따르면 아직까지 국내에서 불필요한 항생제 사용은 무시할 수 없는 수준이며, 특히, 수술환자들에 대한 예방적 항생제 투여가 문제로 지적되고 있다. 많은 병원에서 불필요한 항생제 처방을 제한하려는 노력을 하고 있지만 구체적인 현황에 대한 자료는 적은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구자 등은 국내 의료기관의 항생제 규제 시스템의 현황과 수술시 예방적 항생제 사용의 적정성을 알아보고자 한다. 재료 및 방법 : 전임 감염내과 전문의가 근무하는 의료기관 55곳에 대해 설문조사를 시행하였다. 설문의 내용은 적정한 항생제 사용을 유도하기 위한 정책 및 규제 프로그램, 실제 각 의료기관의 예방적 항생제 사용 현황 등으로 이루어져 있다. 결과 : 55개의 의료기관에 보낸 설문 중 44개가 회수되었다. 회신한 의료기관에서 항생제 처방 관리는 제한항생제 시스템을 가장 많이 이용하고 있었고(95.5%), 항생제에 대한 교육(79.5%), 전산시스템에서 관리(59.1%), 감염내과에 의뢰(54.5%), 항생제 사용 실적 검토(52.3%) 등의 순이었다. 대개의 병원에서 glycopeptides (100.0%), carbapenems (93.0%), quinupristin/dalfopristin 또는 linezolid(93.0%), 4세대 cephalosporin (74.4%), caspofungin 또는 voriconazole (62.8%), liposomal amphotericin B (60.5%) 등을 제한항생제로 분류하여 관리하고 있었다. 모든 의료기관에서 위절제술 및 유방절제술시에 불필요하게 예방적 항생제를 사용하고 있었다. 슬관절치환술의 경우 2세대 cephalosporin을 예방적으로 사용하는 경우가 가장 많았으며(30.2%), 관상동맥우회술의 경우 3세대 cephalosporin을 예방적으로 사용하는 경우가 가장 많았다(47.2%). 예방적 항생제의 투여 기간을 살펴보면 위절제술시 70.5%에서 4일을 초과하여 사용하고 있었고, 유방절제술시에는 63.6%에서, 슬관절치환술시에는 81.8%에서, 관동맥우회술시에는 81.1%에서 4일을 초과하여 장기간 예방적 항생제를 투여하고 있었다. 한편, 예방적 항생제 투여시 aminoglycoside계 항생제를 병용하는 경우도 많았다. 결론 : 아직까지 국내 의료기관에서 항생제 오남용을 막기 위한 노력이 더 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 특히 수술시 예방적 항생제의 올바른 투여에 많은 관심이 필요하다. Background : Previous studies in Korea showed that unnecessary antibiotic use could not be neglected, especially in prophylactic use. Currently many hospitals employ diverse antibiotic stewardship programs, but there are few studies on surveillance of such programs. So, we planned this study to evaluate current status of antimicrobial stewardship and adequacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Materials and Methods : We sent questionnaires about policy on antibiotic usage, control program for adequate antibiotic prescription, and actual status of prophylactic antibiotic usage to 55 infectious disease physicians in each hospital. Results : Of 55 contacted infectious diseases clinicians, 44 answered the questionnaire. Majority of hospitals employed restricted antimicrobial system (95.5%), education (79.5%), control by order communicating system (59.1%), consult to infectious disease physicians (59.1%), and review of cumulative antimicrobial usage (52.3%) to prevent inadequate antibiotic use. Glycopeptides were designated as a restricted antimicrobial agent in 100.0% of hospitals; carbapenems, 93.0%; quinupristin/ dalfopristin or linezolid, 93.0%; the 4th generation cephalosporins, 74.4%; caspofungin or voriconazole, 62.8%; liposomal amphotericin B, 60.5%, and so on. Unnecessary perioperative prophylactic antimicrobial agents were prescribed in gastrectomy and mastectomy in all the hospitals. The second generation cephalosporins and the third generation cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed prophylactic antimicrobial agents in total knee replacement arthroplasty (TKRA) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) respectively. In 70.5% of institutes they use prophylactic antimicrobial agents more than four days in gastrectomy; 63.6% in mastectomy; 81.8% in TKRA; 81.1% in CABG. Unnecessary combination of aminoglycosides with other antimicrobial agents for prophylactic use was another common problem. Conclusion : This study shows that more effort is required to diminish antimicrobial misuse or overuse, especially in prophylactic use for surgical patients.

企業環境變化와 中小企業의 마아케팅戰略

方康雄 충남대학교 경상대학부설 경영경제연구소 1982 경영논집 Vol.4 No.1

大學에서 測量敎育 : 大學에서 敎科課程開發을 中心으로

强泰煥,全芳珍 청주대학교 대학원 1995 우암논총 Vol.12 No.-

Maintaining the content of a surveying curriculum so that it is current requires regular reassment of the expected future tasks of surveyors. The surveyor must be able to respond to rapid developments in computing, satellite positioning, computer graphics, image management, and spatial information system. This paper presents a view of the expected future role of a professional surveyor and its impact on the development of the curriculum of a surveying course. Discriptions are goven of the goals and principles used for the development of the revised Bachelor of Surveying Course at the University of New South Wales. The course was developed on the basis of a flexible structure comprising strands in basic science, computing surveying, high surveying, land information management and professional practice. The expectation is that future modifications can be achieved with in this strands without a major restructuring.

가족기능도지수(Family APGAR Scores)에 관한 기초조사 연구

강성규,윤방부,이혜리,이동배,심운택 대한가정의학회 1984 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.5 No.12