조선후기 拳法의 군사무예 정착에 대한 문화사적 고찰

최형국(Choi, Hyeong-Guk) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2016 군사 Vol.- No.101

This thesis is to examine the implementation process of unarmed fighting skill(拳法) and its change of training in the late of Joseon dynasty with cultural and historical point of view. It may be summarized as follows. Firstly, diffused unarmed fighting skill to military camp in the late of Joseon dynasty was come into widely use as "Bo(譜)" format which was made by connecting Chinese unarmed fighting skill. This format had become a background unlike unarmed fighting skills’ training method of the time and used for unarmed fighting skill test and evaluation for Joseon’s soldiers. Secondly, the most important reason why Joseon soldiers learnt unarmed fighting skill was to use other weapons smoothly and set the common standard for body training. For instance, the height of punch from unarmed fighting skill was divided into 3 levels (上平, 中平, 下平) and the fact was confirmed that this method was used for spear fighting skill as well. Especially, weapons such as "Nang-sun(狼筅)" or "Dang-pa(鐺鈀)" were required with basic strength and flexibility of physical body because of its length and weight and unarmed fighting skill was most effective way to train soldiers for making fitted body to do martial art. Thirdly, It had improved from the form of "Bo(譜)" to face to face battle form and body movements also became realistic. The usage of unarmed fighting skill had enlarged with not only simple blow skill but also newly added "Jujitsu" skill to attack enemy in close distance. Last, the most distinctive point for settlement process of unarmed fighting skill in late Joseon dynasty was that this skill was spread focusing on soldiers. It was Joseon’s typical process unlike China or Japan to settle and spread martial art skill. Joseon’s unarmed fighting skill had settled through this way and stably trained as a subject for national military service examination.

조선초기 軍事 戰術체계와 제주 戰馬

최형국(Choi, Hyeong-guk) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2014 군사 Vol.- No.93

This study is on the correlations between productions of War-horses on Jeju Island with the progress of tactics and on strategy based on the change of international relations with northern race, Jurchen, in the Early period of Joseon. The reinforcement of the cavalry among the change of tactics according to the change of international relations in the early Joseon dynasty had brought expansion of policy for cavalry. Therefore, Jeju Island became the center for producing horses for battle under the best environment. First, primary and secondary conquests against northern race progressed with analysis of battle history during King Sejong’s reign had become a base for reorganization of cavalry oriented tactics. As a result, books on strategy『Jinbup』, 『Kyechookjinseol』published in King Sejong’s reign were composed in the way to reinforce calvary tactics. Especially, strong trends for reinforcement of cavalry would be found by the case which northern race’s cavalry tactic ‘Jounjin’ was directly accepted and spread to all the soldiers in Joseon dynasty from the strategy book 『Kyechookjinseol』. Additionally, the development for the cavalry oriented tactics was found as well and the ratio of Infantry to cavalry was 5:5 from the formation『Owuijinbup』, King MoonJong. According to the reinforcement for cavary policy, centralized management agencies had focused on Jeju horse ranch to produce War-horses since King Sejong’s reign. However, the limitation of producing war horses was emerged by loss in transit with distinct characteristics of the island and degeneration of breed caused by continuous horse collection. Consequently, import for breeding horses and reclamation of new horse ranch near Kanghwa island in Jeonla province where has similar regional characteristics as Jeju island to raise horses could be solutions to overcome the limitations of producing horses.

TV 역사물의 考證한계와 그 대안

최형국(Choi hyeong guk) 한국사학회 2014 史學硏究 Vol.- No.114

본 논문은 지난 2013년 10월에 3부작으로 제작?방영된 KBS 역사 다큐멘터리 <의궤 8일간의 축제>을 중심으로 TV 역사물의 고증 한계와 그 대안에 대하여 집중적으로 살펴보았다. 이를 간단하게 요약해 보면, 먼저 관련 작품의 역사 고증에 대한 문제에 대하여 TV 역사물 제작과 관련하여 사극의 경우 제작진의 입장은 주로 작가의 창작성에 기반 한 예술적 산물이기에 고증에 집착하는 것은 극의 창의성을 가로막는 장벽이 될 수 있다는 점이다. 반대로 교육계 및 역사학계에서는 사극이라 할지라도 역사의식과 직결되는 교육적 가치가 크기에 고증에 좀 더 객관적이고 치밀함을 강조하였다. 양쪽의 의견 모두 현장의 상황을 반영하고 있기에 무조건적으로 비난할 수는 없다. 그러나 TV 역사물 중 사극의 고증 오류로 인하여 발생하는 또 다른 문제는 가장 사실적이어야 하는 역사 다큐멘터리에서도 그러한 문제가 반복된다는 것이다. 구체적으로 KBS 역사 다큐멘터리 <의궤 8일간의 축제>에 드러난 고증 상의 문제 중 정조의 호위무관이 일본도를 일본도 패용 방식으로 착용한 것을 비롯하여 대표적인 여섯 가지의 고증 오류를 지적하였다. 그리고 이러한 TV 역사물의 고증 한계를 극복하기 위하여 지나친 시청률 지상주의 폐해를 극복해야 하는 것과 관련 방송 콘텐츠의 사전제작제 등을 비롯한 일곱 가지의 대안을 제시하였다. This study is to examine TV historic contents and the alternative based on KBS documentary “Euigwe (儀軌), The festival during 8days” which was on air in October 2013. To sum up, in the case of produce TV historical program, it is a work of art based on writers’ creativity. Obsession with the historical research and evidence can be the barrier to block drama’s creativeness. On the other hand, Historical programs have great educational value related historical consciousness. Subsequently education and history fields emphasize objectivity and accuracy for historical research. Unconditional criticism is not necessary as both opinions are reflected the circumstances of the site for producing programs. However, the problem of occurred errors by historical research for TV history programs is that this kind of mistake is repeated for historical documentary which has to be most realistic. Six errors based on historic research from KBS documentary “Euigwe (儀軌), The festival during 8days” have pointed out with the facts that King Jeonjo’s body guards wear Japanese sword in Japanese way. To overcome the limit of historical research for TV Historic contents, seven alternatives are suggested with the solution such as setting pre-production system for broadcast contents and overcoming viewer rating supremacy.

조선 肅宗代 地方 騎兵部隊 창설과 馬上武藝의 변화

최형국(Choi Hyeong-Guk) 역사실학회 2011 역사와실학 Vol.44 No.-

This study explores the creation of a new local cavalry unit during the reign of king Sukjong in Joseon era as well as the concomitant changes taking place with horseback martial arts. After the Manchu War of 1636, Joseon continued to enlarge the cavalry to respond to the cavalry tactics of the Qing dynasty. Especially during the reign of king Sukjong, confusion increased due to internal revolts in Qing China and to the spread of the notion that Japan will invade Joseon again. Thus, Joseon sought to set up a special cavalry unit in the localities. Representatively, Joseon consolidated the cavalry by newly creating Chingiwi in Hamgyeongdo and Byeolmusa in Pyeongando. During this process, the use of spear among the horseback martial arts which the cavalry trained changed from a form of training that was centered on a simple connection of posture to a form where actual combat took place with the spears striking each other. Such a change can be seen as a development of realistic training for the purpose of increasing the capability of the cavalry.

조선시대 馬上才의 軍士 武藝 정착과 그 실제

최형국(Choi, Hyeong-Guk) 한국역사민속학회 2015 역사민속학 Vol.0 No.48

본 연구는 조선시대 군사들이 훈련한 마상재의 본질적 의미 파악을 위하여 무예사적 연구를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 구체적으로 임진왜란을 거치면서 기병 무용론을 비롯한 기병력 약화가 상당히 진행된 상황에서 마상재가 성행하게 된 무예사적 흐름을 밝힌 것이다. 또한 이론적인 틀거리 및 사료 중심의 연구한계를 벗어나 실제로 마상재의 다양한 자세를 복원 및 연구하며 얻어진 실기적 내용을 더하여 보다 무예 원형적인 의미파악에 주력하였다. 조선초기 북방의 여진족에 대한 방비 중 가장 확실한 것이 기병력 강화를 통한 맞대응 전술체제였다. 임진왜란을 거치면서 기병 위주의 전술체제 대한 한계에 직면했을 때에도 훈련도감의 아동대에 마상재를 지속적으로 가르치고 시험 본 이유 역시 뛰어난 기마술이 핵심 군영에는 필요했기 때문이다. 이후 조선통신사의 일행으로 일본에 건너가 조선의 무예문화를 알렸던 마상재인들 역시 군사무예적 속성과 연희적 속성을 잘 담고 있다고 할 수 있겠다. 정조대에는 국왕의 친위군영적 성격인 장용영의 선기대 훈련에서 마상재만을 집중적으로 훈련하고 시취를 해서 마상재의 군사훈련 가치를 높였다. 마상재의 실기사적 특성을 보면, 다른 마상무예와 가장 핵심적인 차이는 말안장의 좌우에 달린 등자를 서로 묶어 마상재인의 다양한 자세유지를 가능케 한 것이다. 또한 고삐의 길이를 수시로 조절해서 말 위에 서서도 손으로 고삐를 잡을 수 있도록 하였다. 반면 등리장신이나 좌우초마 등의 자세에서는 고삐를 짧게 묶어 말안장 안쪽에 끼워 넣어 말의 직진성을 강화시키는 수단으로 활용하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 마상재의 다양한 자세에 대한 분석을 통해 격구나 기사와 같은 마상무예에 활용 가능한 효과적인 기병훈련법임을 알 수 있었다. This research is to examine the history of martial arts for the intrinsic meaning of Masangjae(馬上才- equestrian skill that the cavalry trained in Joseon period). The prevalent flow of Masangjae is clarified despite of uselessness and weakened cavalry power through the war of Imjinwearan. Moreover exceeding the limit of theoretical frame and record-oriented research, various positions and practical content of Masangjae were restored and added to focus on acquiring the meaning of original martial art. Confrontational strategy with strength the power of cavalry was most effective defense against Yeojin tribe from North area in early Joseon Period. When there was moment to face limit of war strategy focused on cavalry through the war of Imjinwearan, Masangjae was trained by youth troops of Hoonryundogam in need of outstanding cavalry strategy for the key military camp. Masangjae performers who went to Japan for spreading Joseon’s martial arts’ culture as members of Joseon delegation had characteristics of military martial art and play. Masangjae was mainly trained and examined by Jangyongyoung, Seonkidae (Cavalry for King Jeongjo’s royal guards) and its value was increased as military training method. To understand practical characteristic of Masangjae, essential difference with other equestrian skill is tying up stirrups to maintain various positions for Masangjae. The length of halter could be adjusted any time to be able to hold as standing position on horseback. The halter was tied short and put inside of the saddle for equestrian skill with ‘Jwa-wu-cho-ma’(riding on and getting off while a horse is running) or ‘Deung-li-jang-sin’ (Hang oneself on the side of horse) and used as the way to strength a horse’s instinct to run. Through the research of various positions of Masangjae, It has been defined as effective cavalry training method to be utilized for other mounted martial arts such as Gyukgoo or archery.

『무예도보통지』「등패」의 그림 배치 오류와 진법 연관성

최형국(Choi, hyeong-guk) 한국무예학회 2021 무예연구 Vol.15 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 『무예도보통지』에 실린 등패의 원전 그림과 비교자세 분석을 통해 도판 배치 오류를 짚어내고, 향후 연구에서 올바른 시각으로 원전을 읽는 방식에 대하여 설명하였다. 또한 단순히 무기 하나에 치중하는 것이라, 그것의 실제적인 군사 운용법인 진법 속에서 다른 무기들과 조화로운 움직임을 연결지어 연구하여 보다 근원적인 이해를 돕고자 하였다. 본 논문에서 제기한 것들을 몇가지 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 『무예도 보통지』에 실린 그림 중 자세의 연결된 그림인 ‘총도’의 중요성과 그 의미성을 확인하였다. 둘째, 『무예도보통지』에 실린 등패보의 낱개 그림을 연결그림인 ‘등패총보’와 비교해 보았을 때, 목판을 제작하는 시점에서 설명과 그림이 어긋나 있었음을 확인하였다. 이를 검증하기 위하여 이 병서의 바탕이 되는 『무예제보』와 『기효신서』를 교차검증했을 때에도 역시 『무예도보통지』에 실린 등패의 낱개 그림들의 판본이 뒤바뀌어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 등패는 단독으로 전투에 참가하는 것이 아니라, 낭선과 함께 한 쌍을 이뤄 전술을 전개하는 방식이기에 등패의 오류는 낭선을 이해하는데 혼란을 가중시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구를 통하여 원전에 대한 맹목적인 믿음 보다는 상호 교차검증을 통해 그 오류를 파악하여 『무예도보통지』의 올바른 이해가 필요한 것임을 확인하였다. The purpose of this study is to confirm the fundamental error by comparing the original picture of 「Deungpae(藤牌)」published in 『Muyedobotongji(武藝圖譜通志)』with the posture. Future studies have described how to read the appropriate visual Original book. Nor is it simply focused on one weapon which is mong the practical martialarts of the military group, I tried to connect and study the movements in harmony with other weapons, and try to help a more fundamental understanding. The following is a summary of some of the issues raised in this paper. First, I confirmed the importance and meaning of ‘Deungpaechongbo(藤牌總譜)’, which is a linked figure of the posture of 『Muyedobotongji』. Secondly, I compared it with ‘Deungpaechongbo(藤牌總譜)’ of 『Muyedobotongji』. This confirmed that there was an error in the explanation and figure at the time of making the woodblock. To verify this, I cross-validated the original book in 『Muyejebo(武藝諸譜)』and 『Gihyosinseo(紀效新書)』in this book. After all, I was able to know that the original woodblock version of the piece figure of 『Muyedobotongji』has errors. Third, 「Deungpae」was a method of developing tactics by pairing with ‘Nangseon(狼筅)’, rather than participating in battle alone. I"ve confirmed that 「Deungpae(藤牌)」error can add confusion to understanding ‘Nangseon(狼筅)’. It is important to understand the error through cross-validation rather than blind trust in the original book through these studies. This confirmed that a correct understanding of 『Muyedobotongji』was required.

朝鮮時代騎兵의 戰術的운용과 馬上武藝의 변화 : 壬辰倭亂期를 中心으로

최형국(Choi Hyeong-guk) 역사실학회 2009 역사와실학 Vol.38 No.-

Through the Japanese invasion in 1592, Joseon Dynasty has suffered an absurd change in the society, culture, political etc. This military setup was not the exception and changed from O-ui-gin-bup(五衛陣法) to new battle formation, include u sing short sword to respond effectively to the Japanese trooper, which adds musketeer(use the cannon and match-lock fire ),shooter (use the bow), the sword man (use the sword and spear). Being specially, the defeat of cavalryman battle in the process was not only confirming the limit of the cavalryman but also caused increasing the infantry instead of the cavalryman substitution. This reinforcement of the infantry in strategy applied the child unit (boy trooper) to training the Japanese swordsman ship very actively, and caused that infantry trained new tactics from 『Kihyoshinser(紀效新書)』 which is the Chinese book on strategy. Also the horseback martial arts, as called a specialty of Chosun’s cavalrymen, changed the training method, using the general circular target, to using actual model which made with straw because of the Japanese invasion. These changed means that the horseback martial arts had to pursue the practicality of cavalryman In order to overcome the special situation. Finally, the paper conducted not only literature research but also researching the practicality of horseback martial arts even minor issues. In future China and Japan hope a research magnification about cavalry tactic and horseback martial arts, also Western horseback cavalry tactics and martial arts to expand the research.

朝鮮後期 倭劍交戰 변화 연구

최형국(Choi, Hyeong-guk) 한국역사민속학회 2007 역사민속학 Vol.- No.25

18세기 활쏘기(國弓) 수련방식과 그 실제 -『림원경제지(林園經濟志)』『유예지(遊藝志)』射訣을 중심으로

최형국 ( Hyeong Guk Choi ) 제주대학교 탐라문화연구소 2015 탐라문화 Vol.0 No.50

본 연구는 『林園經濟志』 「遊藝志」에 수록된 射訣을 실제 수련을 바탕으로 한몸 문화의 관점에서 분석하여 18세기 활쏘기 수련방식과 그 무예사적 의미를 살펴보았다. 또한 『射法秘傳攻瑕』와 『조선의 궁술』 중 射法要訣에 해당하는 부분을 서로 비교하여 전통 활쏘기의 보편적 특성을 살펴보았다. 『임원경제지』의 저자인 서유구는 대표적인 京華世族으로 家學으로 전해진 농업에 대한 관심을 통해 향촌생활에 필요한 여러 가지 일들을 어릴 적부터 접할 수 있었다. 또한 관직에 오른 후에는 순창군수를 비롯한 향촌사회의 일을 직접 살필 수 있는 관력이 있었는가 하면, 閣臣으로 있을 때에는 수많은 서적들을 규장각이라는 거대한 지식집합소를 관리했기에 백과사전적 공부를 진행할 수 있었다. 그리고 『鄕禮合編』 등 다양한 서적들의 편찬을 담당하면서 의례를 비롯한 전통지식을 물론이고, 청나라에서 수입한 새로운 實學書들을 정리하는 과정에서 지식의 체계적인 관리와 정보의 중요성을 인식하여 『임원경제지』를 저술하게 되었다. 『임원경제지』 중 사결에는 당대 활쏘기의 수련방식과 활과 화살을 제조하는 것에 이르기까지 활쏘기와 관련한 다양한 정보를 수록하고 있다. 특히 서유구 자신이 활쏘기를 젊을 때부터 익혔고, 활쏘기 역시 家學으로 여겨질 만큼 집안의 거의 모든 사내들이 익혔기에 보다 실용적인 부분을 중심으로 체계화시킬 수 있었다. 이러한 사결의 내용 중 실제 활쏘기 수련시 나타나는 다양한 몸문화적인 측면을 요즘의 활쏘기와 비교 분석하며 정리하였다. 이를 통해 『임원경제지』의 사결에 실린 활쏘기의 모습이 당대의 몸문화를 가장 잘 반영하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. In this research, we observed archery training methods in the 18th century and it``s military artistic meaning from somatic cultural perspective by reviewing Sagyul(射訣, instructional description on archery collected in 『ImwonGyeongjeji』(林圓經濟志, encyclopedia written by Seo Yu-gu) Yuyeji (遊藝志, arts and crafts of gentry class). In addition, this study recognized universal characteristics of Korean traditional archery by examining related contents including Sabupbijeon-gongha(『射法秘傳功瑕』, book on archery published by Pyongyang-Gamyeong in late Joseon dynasty) and Sabup-yo-gyul(射法要訣, condensed archery manual) collected in 『Archery of Joseon』, which is an instructional book on archery written in 20th century. Seo Yu-gu, the writer of 『ImwonGyeongjeji』, was a representative Kyung Hwa Sa Gok(京華士族, privilege rank that monopolized a honor and an official post in the 18th in Korean governing class). Affected by agricultural academic tradition of his family, he was able to experience variety of things necessary to rural environment. Furthermore, after filling the office, he had an authority to take care rural society directly including Sunchang District Governor. When he worked in Gyujanggak (奎章閣, royal library built in late Joseon dynasty), he even arranged encyclopedic research as he managed all the databases collected in the library. In the process of handling various book publication including ritual book such as 『Hyangryehap-pyun』(鄕禮合編, integrated book on rural ritual) and arranging new practical science books imported from Qing dynasty, he felt necessity of systematic management of knowledge and information and its outcome was 『ImwonGyeongjeji』. In Sagyul, there are different kinds of information on archery from training types to manufacturing methods of bow and arrows. Especially, he organized it by putting more stress on practicality as Seo Yu-gu himself trained archery since childhood and almost every men in his family mastered it in their life. According to this, various somatic cultural aspects that appeared in Sagyul were examined by comparing current archery.

朝鮮後期 陣法 鴛鴦陣의 軍士武藝 特性

최형국(Choi, Hyeong-guk) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2011 군사 Vol.- No.78

This paper describes the background information on the introduction and the settlement process of Weonangjin(Mandarin Duck Battle Formation), which was the troop disposition rule that was used by the Ming Dynasty, in Joseon during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. In particular, we tried to reveal the special characteristics of the military martial arts used during the late period of the Joseon Dynasty not only by reviewing literature but also by analyzing the actual movement of the martial arts that were applied in the Weonangjin method. Through this, we tried to track the changes in the disposition of troops and militaiy martial arts that occurred in accordance with the changes in the combat environment during the late Joseon Dynasty. In conclusion, we found that the application of the Weonangjin method, which was widely used during the late Joseon Dynasty, led to an organization of a variety of branches of the army, which were created to facilitate small units in combat. Also, we found that there was a method in place to select soldiers with the optimal physical conditions in consideration of the nature of the military martial arts. It could be said that the disposition of troops and the military martial arts that the individual soldiers were trained in were able to quickly accommodate the changes that occurred in the battlefield.