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이효민,박송자,김명수,윤은경,최시내,김선태,박종세 한국독성학회 1997 Toxicological Research Vol.13 No.1
PCBs are classified as B2 (Probable human carcinogen) based on the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in rats and mice from IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System). About 20 years ago, PCBs were phased out for electrical use in Korea, but PCBs were continuously used in the other field. Lately, there has been increasing concern on possible effects of contaminated soil to the other environment and human health. The purpose of this study is to determine PCBs level in soil at some site and to assess the human exposure doses according to exposure routes for people living within sites which expected to be exposed to PCBs. Pollution level of PCBs on the site was monitored using gas liquid chromatography. To assess the transport of PCBs in soil to plant and to air, various transfer factors(diffusion coefficient, bioconcentration factor etc.) were considered in simple calculations. To calculate the residential exposure doses by routes, some equations were considered using assumption value, which define inhalation, ingestion (soil, plant) and derreal uptake pathway. Computated results will be used as risk assessment information for human health evaluation on contaminated soil.
Food $MicroModel^\circledR$과 황색포도상구균의 모니터링 자료를 활용한 시중 유통 김밥의 최대섭취유효시간 산정
이효민,이근영,윤은경,김현정,강윤숙,이동하,박종석,이순호,우건조 한국식품위생안전성학회 2004 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.19 No.1
전국 4개 대도시(서울, 부산, 대전, 광주)를 중심으로 시중에서 유통되는 김밥 중 황색포도상구균의 오염도 자료와 환경조건별 미생물 변화를 예측하는 Food MicroModel$^{(R)}$ 을 활용하여 김밥 중 황색포도상구균으로 인해 식중독이 발생하지 않을 유효기간을 산정 하였다. 분식점(n=79), 백화점(n=10),편의점(n=20)으로 구분하여 분석한 여름철 평균 황색포도상구균 모니터링자료(검출률 각각 39.2%, 30%, 15%)를 시중에서 유통되는 김밥 중 황색포도상구균의 최대섭취유효시간 산정에 활용하였으며, 모델 운영 시 김밥 중 황색포도상구균으로부터 enterotoxin이 생성되는 균수인 2 ${\times}$ $10^{7}$ 에 도달하는데 소요되는 시간을 최대섭취유효시간으로 추정하였다. 하절기의 환경조건을 고려하기 위하여 $25^{\circ}C$∼3$0^{\circ}C$ 온도 조건 하에서, pH 5.4, NaCl 0.2%, aw 0.99의 조건을 적용하였다. 추정된 최대섭취유효시간은 일반적인 성인이 김밥 1인분(171g)을 섭취하는 것을 기준으로 하였을 때 구입 이후 28∼3$0^{\circ}C$에서 방치할 경우 분식점은 3.9∼4.5시간, 백화점은 6.7∼7.9시간, 편의점은 7.4∼8.7시간이었다. 또한 구매한 김밥이 황색포도상구균에 기인한 식중독으로부터 안전할 최대섭취 유효시간은 99%안전 확률에서 여름철 분식점 자료를 근거하여 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 1.9시간이었으며 15$^{\circ}C$인 경우는 17.7시간이었다. The prevention of infectious disease from contaminated foods is very important in public health. Quantitative microbial risk assessment has been used in advance countries to achieve the safety of public health against hazardous microbial causing contaminated foods. This study was conducted to estimate maximum edible time without producing enterotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus in Kimbap selling at different domestic store using Food MicroModel and monitoring data and to compute maximum edible time by temperature with 99th percentile safety probability based on only restaurant data. For estimating maximum edible time, model operation conditions like reaching time at 2 ${\times}$ 10$^{7}$ , which enterotoxin was known as producing point from S. aureus, temperature of 28∼3$0^{\circ}C$, pH 5.2, NaCl 0.22%, aw(water activity) 0.99, and intaking one serving size of 171g in Kimbap were considered. Estimated maximum edible times by regarding outdoor temperature in summer were 3.9∼4.6 hrs in restaurant, 6.7∼7.9 hrs in department store and 7.4∼8.7 hrs in convenient store. Based on restaurant data, estimated maximum edible times with 99th percentile safety probability by temperature were 1.9 hrs in 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 17.7 hrs in 15$^{\circ}C$.
우리나라 성인남녀의 비만 및 주관적 체형인식과 불안ㆍ우울과의 관련성: 국민건강영양조사(2010–2014년) 분석
이효민,정우진,임승지,한은아 한국보건행정학회 2018 보건행정학회지 Vol.28 No.1
Background: Both objective body shape and perceived body image have been known to influence the mental health. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of a combination between actual body mass index (BMI) status and perceived body image with anxiety·depressive condition (ADC) in Korean men and women. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data of 26,239 subjects ≥20 years old from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2014). This study performed a Rao-Scott chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analyses reflecting survey characteristics and used a variety of independent variables such as socio-demographics and health behavior factors. Results: With all independent variables considered, people with normal weight who perceived themselves as overweight were more likely associated with ADC than a referent group with normal weight who perceived themselves as normal weight, as shown for both men (odds ratio [OR], 1.52; confidence interval [CI], 1.07–2.15) and women (OR, 1.25; CI, 1.06–1.48). Meanwhile, compared to the referent group, men with underweight who perceived themselves as underweight showed a lower association with ADC (OR, 0.63; CI, 0.41–0.97), whereas women with underweight who perceived themselves as underweight showed its higher association (OR, 1.47; CI, 1.10–1.96). Conclusion: A certain group of people categorized as a combination between actual BMI status and perceived body image showed a relatively high likelihood of having ADC, and the gender difference in the likelihood of having the condition for a group was clear. Therefore, this study suggests the need to identify the group at a high risk of ADC on the basis of actual BMI status and perceived body image and to develop an appropriate mental health management program for the group.
사립학교법 위반행위에 대한 업무상 횡령죄의 의제적 인정에 대한 비판적 검토 -대법원 2015. 2. 26 선고 2014도15182 판결 중 ‘소송비용 지출행위’를 중심으로-
이효민,류화진 한국범죄심리학회 2019 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.15 No.2
Prosecutors have been charged with embezzlement along with charges of violating the Private School Act, and the Supreme Court has concluded that the use of funds for a purpose other than the limited use of funds that are strictly for which the use originated for personal purposes and, as a result, illegally acquired in its own use, without any change of precedent. If a school was founded by a corporation, it would be reasonable to assume that ownership was transferred to the university president, which is a legal substitute for money, by hiring the university president. There will be no room for embezzlement because he is not a "storage of other people's property". 사립학교 총장이 소송비용을 교비회계에서 지출한 경우 검사는 사립학교법 위반죄와 함께 횡령죄로 기소하고 있고, 대법원은 과거와 달리 “타인으로부터 용도가 엄격히 제한된 자금을 위탁받아 집행하면서 그 제한된 용도 이외의 목적으로 자금을 사용하는 것은 그 사용이 개인적인 목적에서 비롯된 경우는 물론, 결과적으로 자금을 위탁한 본인을 위하는 면이 있더라도 그 사용행위 자체로서 불법영득의 의사를 실현하는 것이 되어 횡령죄가 성립한다.”는 입장을 유지 하고 있다. 이러한 대법원의 입장은 교비의 사용행위 자체가 곧 불법영득의 의사의 실현이라는 것이다. 이러한 논리 구성은 사립학교법 위반에 해당하는 행위에 대해서 횡령죄의 성립 여부를 별도로 검토하지 않고, 곧바로 횡령죄의 성립을 ‘의제적으로’ 인정하고 있는 것으로 문제가 있다. 법인이 학교를 설립한 경우는 법인이 총장을 임용함으로써 교비에 대한 편성・확정・집행의 임무를 부여한 것이고, 법적으로 금전 기타 대체물인 교비는 소유권이 총장에게 넘어간다고 보는 것이 타당하다고 본다. 이렇게 되면 총장은 ‘타인의 재물을 보관’하는 자가 아니고 불법영득의사도 인정할 수 없으므로 횡령죄가 성립될 수 없다고 보아야 한다.